英美概况知识点总结(吐血编写)

Survey of the USA Foundation: 1776.7.4. The fourth largest country in the world

Position: the central part of North America; Alaska in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii inthe central Pacific Ocean.Northern temperature zone.

North: Canada; South: Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico; East: Atlantic Ocean; West: Pacific Ocean

Area: 6% of the Earth ≈ the whole Europe

(三大河流体系)The three river systems in the USA ar e: the system of the Gulf of Mexico, the system of the Atlantic Ocean and the system of the Pacific Ocean.

(三大山脉) three great mountain ranges: the Appalachian Mountains, the Rocky Mountains and the Great Cordillera Mountain Range.

(the Pacific河流体系的两大河流) the Columbia River and the Colorado River.

(美国/世界最长的河流)the Mississippi Rive r is the most important river in the system of the Gulf.

The Rocky Mountains(落基山脉) are “the backbone of the continent”.

Great lake(美国五大湖) They are located in the northeast part of America. 由西至东:Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.

(黄石国家公园)Yellowstone National Park，Wyoming /(大峡谷)Grand Canyon/

Three basic geographical areas or surface regions:

1) The Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains in the east

Eastern Coastal Plain; The first 13 colonies：1624, Virginia 1629, New Hampshire 1632, Maryland

1662, Connecticut 1663, Rhode Island 1664, New York 1664, New Jersey 1681, Pennsylvania

1682, Delaware 1691, Massachusetts 1713, North Carolina 1713, South Carolina 1732, Georgia

2) The great Mississippi River Valley in the middle

Between Appalachian and the Rocky Mountains, 2,000 km from east to west

Chicago Great Plain: west part of Mississippi Valley

3) The Rockies west to the Pacific Ocean

Rocky Mountains: the backbone of the continent

Yellow Stone National Park,

Hoover Dam Las Vegas, the gambling city

Death Valley: 85m below the sea level, the lowest place with the highest temperature in America

The highest point: Denali in Alaska (20,320 feet)

Silicon Valley –the center of America’s electronic industry

Three river systems: one of the Gulf of Mexico, one of the Atlantic Ocean, one of the Pacific Ocean

Mississippi River: the third longest river in the world (Nile River, Amazon River) “Father of Waters”

Lake Superior: the largest fresh water lake of its kind in the world (only after the largest inland lake Caspian Sea –salt water lake)

Lake Michigan is wholly within the USA

Niagara Falls: Lake Erie & Lake Ontario

Great Salt Lake: the largest inland salt lake in North America

Three mountain ranges The Appalachian Mountains，The Rocky Mountains，The Great Cordillera Mountain People：European origin: 80% Melting pot Indians: original inhabitants

National Anthem: the Star-Spangled Banner

National Flag: The Stars and Stripes

At the left side on the top: blue background with white stars – 9 lines of stars (six, five); 13 stripes: red and white; red – bravery, white – freedom, blue – loyalty and justice

Fifty stars: fifty states; thirteen stripes: thirteen colonies

Survey of UK (=the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

Position: Northwestern Europe To the north of France, the west of the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway Composition(Capital): England(London), Scotland(Edinburgh), Wales(Cardiff), Northern Ireland(Belfast) Geographic features:

The Highland Zone: north and west

The Lowland Zone: south and southeast

The Pennines has been called “the backbone of England”.

(第一长河流)Severn River (第二长河流)Thames River

(最大的内陆湖)Lough Neagh which is located in Northern Ireland.

Weather: Dreary, the rain in protracted drizzle but not in heavy https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8b14515757.html,ck of sunshine: overcast skies and fog Factors influencing English weather

A. the shores of the British Isles: warm stream North Atlantic Drift北大西洋暖流

B. westerly wind belt: the west wind from the Atlantic Ocean is mild and moist西风带

C. the configuration of Britain, particularly numerous inlets make oceanic influences penetrate more effectively National Anthem: God Save the Queen (King).The anthem demonstrates the spirit of the social system in terms of constitutional monarchy.

National Flag: Union Jack: combines the crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick

(England)St. George’s cross was rectangular, red on a white background

(Scotland)St. Andrew’s cross was diagonal, white on a blue background

(Ireland)St. Patrick’s cross was red on a white background

People: Anglo- Saxons, Celts

British History:

Roman Occupation(55 B.C. – 410)

55 B.C., the Romans under Julius Caesar invaded Britain; influence Celtic

43 A.D.: successful invasion Failed to conquer Scotland

Built two great wal ls: Hadrian’s Wall, Antonine Wall

Influence The invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history.

Roman civilization: baths, temples, amphitheatres, roads, cultivation, organized government, towns, minerals (lead, iron, pottery) New religion: Christianity

No impact on the language or culture because Romans always treated the Britons as a lave class; no intermarry.

Norman Conquest

the Middle English period: the Great English Vowel Shift; French’s influence

William the Conqueror : the first Anglo-Norman king of England, the first king to be crowned in Westminster Abbey the Battle of Hastings – October 14th, 1066

Influence Sped up the development of feudalism in England。William built the Tower of London; strengthened the king’s power。Domesday Book: description of England – stated the extent, value, population and the ownership of the land。Feudal aristocracy developed with the appearance of noble titles。The Norman way of life, French civilization 。Change of language。The last invasion of England by freigners

Magna Carta （Great charter）大宪章(1215)June 15, 1215, King John signed Great Charter

Influences The first step of constitutional experiment and rule of law

Paved the way for the new-born bourgeoisie to get political power

Protected the rights of the merchant class, which facilitated the development of commerce and handicraft

Laid down the basic rules for the English and American legal system

The War of Roses (1455-1458) It is the name given to the struggle for the English throne between two branches of the English royal family: the House of Lancaster, whose vadge was a red rose, and the House York, whose badge was a white rose. The wars lasted for thirty years from 1455 to 1485. From these wars English feudalism received its deathblow. The feudal nobility was much weakened

Causes:The nobles tried to gain power and dominate the government。No proper jobs for the mercenary soldiers so they fought each other。Two branches of the Plantagenet family: the House of Lancaster vs. the House of York Duke of York tried to displace the Lancaster king, Henry VI。Name: Sir Walter Scott – the badge of the House of Lancaster was a red rose; that of York a white one

Influences: the extinguishing of so many nobles enabled England to shake off much of its feudal burden in its capitalist development. The thinning-out of the old barony strengthened the position of the royal house and paved the way for the development of a centralized administration.Henry Tudor as Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor Monarchy; the ending of the Middle Ages.

Chartist Movement (1836-1848)

A mass movement of the working class to fight for equal political and social rights、

The People’s Charter

Significance:The workers’ struggle for liberation。The first nationwide working class movement

The first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement – Lenin

Cause of failure

The particular social conditions。Leadership was weak for the lack of close cooperation between different participants。The working class was not mature。The English bourgeoisie was not a dying class

Demands of the 6 points were achieved gradually over the period of 1858 – 1918, but the sixth was not practical

Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) the War between England and France

Causes: territorial and economic disputes。To get back the lost territory on the Continent。To expand foreign markets。Suspected that France had been giving aid to the Scots in their opposition to England

Influences Deprived the English king of his possessions of the Continent。Paved the way for the development of separate English and French national identities。Bi-linguistic period in English history came to and end

To develop the woolen textile industry。Sped up the decline of feudalism。Increased the power of the central government。Pushed the growing bourgeoisie onto a higher social status

Black Death (1348)The deadly bubonic plague. About half the population died in England, from 4 to 2 million Started in Italy, spread to other parts of Europe

Influences Shortage of labour 。Statute of Labourers: it was a crime for peasants to ask for more wages

Poll taxes to fund the War。Discontent among the peasants

The Enclosure Acts: 圈地运动

The cloth industry increased the value of wool, Raiding sheep became more profitable. This in consequence encouraged the landlords to convert arable land and the “Commons” into pastures. Later some of the nobility and merchants who had bought up manors in the countryside started to enclose the land too. Large areas of land were often hedged or fenced without any warning to the peasants. This process, which started after the Black Death, was known as the Enclosure Movement.

影响：Agriculture enclosure had good as well as bad resultes:

1.Farms became bigger and bigger unites as the great bought up the small.

2.More vegetables, more milk and more dairy products were consumed, and diet became more varied.

3.Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their land by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were

forced to look for work in towns, enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World.

4. A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.

The Welfare State

It is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services and other facilities. Britain began to try this system in the postwar years and it has ever since been regarded as a welfare state.

独立宣言的意义：

Declaration of Independence is a creeding document that the Independence of the United States was declared, which was drafted out by the bourgeois democrat T. Jefferson. It declared that everyone was equal and it described the theoretical foundation on which the people in the colony tried to win the independence, pointed out and bitterly attached the colonial tyranny of the British Queen. It solemnly declared to the whole world that the colony in the North America had broken away from Britain and that the United States of freedom and independence was formally founded. The issue of the Declaration of Independence played a great and important role in mobilizing the masses of the people, which caused a very good influence to promote the bourgeois revolution in all countries in North America and Europe.

．Independence War

起因：The British government practiced unfair price policies and put into effect many taxes for example the Stamp Tax. The people in the colonies wanted more power to determine their own business and opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies. Thus a war was the only solution.

1. The First Continental Congress 第一次大陆会1774.9.5

地点：Philadelphia人物：Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington and Patrick Henry

内容：On September 5, 1774, delegates from all the colonies except Georgia met in the First continental Congress in Philadelphia. Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington and Patrick Henry

agreed that what they wanted was only fair treatment from Great Britain, rather than independence.

The delegates voted to cut off all trade with Great Britain until Parliament abolished the Intolerable

Acts.

2. Lexington—Beginning 1775.4.18 战争开始的标志

The disobedience抗命of the American Colonies angered the British government.

In 1774，the British government ordered its troops in Boston.

(General Gage received secret orders from the Vritish government to take military action against the Massachusetts troublemakers.盖奇将军)

3. The Second Continental Congress 1775.5.10

地点：Philadelphia人物：Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock

内容：On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia.

①To defend the colonies, the Congress organized an army. George Washington was appointed

commander in chief. ②They asked King George III to prevent further hostile action by Great

Britain, so that peaceful relation might be restored.

4. The Battle of Bunker Hill (177

5.5) 邦克山战役The most bloodiest war during the Independence War.

5. “The Declaration of Independence”(177

6.6)《独立宣言》

①In June, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.

On July 4, the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.

②All ties with Great British were now cut, and a new nation, the United States of America was born.

6. Victory at Saratoga---Turning Point (177

7.10.17)

人物：William Howe[英方]----Burgoyne[美方] 威廉豪将军---伯戈

意义：The victory at Saratoga was a turning point in the Independence War. It stopped the British invasion from Canada, and saved the New England colones. More important, it helped convince France that it

could safely enter the war on the American side.

7. “The Articles of Confederation”《邦联条例》

作用：They served as the new nation’s constitution. The Articles attempted to balance the need for an effective national government with the traditional independence of each state. The document gave Congress only a limited number of powers for government the nation. All the other powers and functions, however, were left to the separate states because many delegates distrusted a strong central government.

8. Victory at Yorktown 约克敦大捷

作用：The victory at Yorktown ended fighting in the Revolution and virtually assured success to the American cause. 实际上确保了美国独立事业的成功。

9. The Treaty of Paris (1783)

作用：In the Treaty of Paris, Britain recognized the independence of its former colonies and accepted the new nation’s borders. Britain gave Florida to Spain. In addition, it instructed the Congress to recommend that the states restore property taken from Loyalists during the war.

Bill of Rights (1689)权利法案the Constitutional Monarchy began in England

An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown

The king has no right to nullify the law or levy tax without Parliament’s consent; Catholics can’t take the throne; the king can’t marry a Catholic. –it plays the role of Constitution; it’s regarded as derivation of American Constitution

Industrial Revolution It refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was mainly characterized by the inventions of many modern machines which greatly increased productivity and changed the appearance of Britain. Modem factories and big industrial cities were growing rapidly. It made Britain richer and stronger, and at the same time it also gave birth to an entirely new social class, the working class or the proletariat.

Background Internally: Parliament secured the dominant position in political life, which helped to pave the way for rule of law and peaceful development

Externally: reign supreme on the sea; geographical advantage for foreign trade

Economically: accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital”; colonization of Arica and America; triangular trade Enclosure Movement: Enclosure Acts; primitive accumulation of capital and the continuation of the supply of cheap labour that paved the way for the development of capitalism

Process: first in the textile industry

Effects“Workshop of the world”; No other country was strong enough to match Britain in 19th Century Simplified the class structure in Britain: middle class, proletariat, aristocratic class –major problem in English society: class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour

Gravitational center of economy changed: South declined, Central and North England became advanced

Wide-spread unemployment

John Kay: flying shuttle, 1733

James Hargreaves: spinning jenny, 1766 – beginning of Industrial Revolution

Samuel Crompton: the mule, 1779 – foundation of modern textile factory system

Edmund Wright: power loom, 1784

Power：James Watt: steam engine, 1765.

Cotton gin, 1792 –rapid development of Britain’s cotton textile industry

Abraham Darby: puddling and rolling process, 1709

Stephenson: steam locomotive, 1814

Social Darwinism: cheap labour

Belief of overpopulation: Malthusianism (Thomas Robert Malthus: the population always tended to increase faster than the food supply and that war, famine, and disease served as natural restrictions of the population increase) Law of economic development: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776), “invisible hand”, laissez-faire capitalism – it denied the role of government in economic life

Civil War (bourgeoisie revolution)1642-1646 The First Civil War1649 Charles I was beheaded by Parliament.a republican government was proclaimed by Cromwell

Background: Expansion of Territory.Contradiction between the North and the South

The Antislavery Movement.Flash point: Lincoln’s successful presidential election of 1860

Process:President Lincoln represented the interest of the North and accepted the war.

In 1862, Lincoln issued the Homestead Act, solving the land problem.

In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a declaration that stated that "all slaves in States or parts of States then in rebellion" were free. Slavery was abolished.

(signing of these two historical documents led the turning point of Civil War)

In 1865, the North defeat the South and government of President Lincoln unified the States.

Cause:directly caused by the conflict between Parliament and the king over the problem of supremacy fundamental reason – the conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes represented by the Parliament and the feudal landowners represented by the Crown, the puritan ideology and Anglican religious belief Results overthrew feudal system in England。shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe

paved the way for development of the capitalist production

generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history

WWI (1914-1918)Effects on Britain Lost over a million people。Serious disruption of the economy。London was replaced by New York as the world’s most important financial center。Foreign trade declined by half。Unemployment was high

WWII (1939)

Beginning: September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland

End: September, 2, 1945, Japan signed the official statement of surrender

Cause:Economic & Political Factors。Great Depression; political problems in WWI

Appeasement; isolationism.Nationalism – Nazism; Fascism; Militarism

Changes to Britain

Foundations of the welfare state, providing free medical care for everyone and financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed

Nationalized a number of big businesses, such as the Bank of England, coal mining, railways, and steelworks WWII hastened the end of the British Empire

A large independence movement of Britain’s colonies after the war – India in 1947; Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949; Burma; Africa

By the year 1970, Britain had lost all its former colonies except Hong Kong

The founding of British Commonwealth: a voluntary association of 45 independent states

The main function – to promote consultation and cooperation among member countries for common benefit Burden on Britain：Domestic raw materials were heavily tapped。Economy relies heavily on foreign markets and imports of raw materials。Difficult to reconstruct its economy

The Impact to America1. Improved America’s position in the world 2. Earned a lot of money during the war

3. Controlled the UN

4. Owned the most strengthful military might

The Impact to the world

1. Casualties and war crimes

2. Concentration camps and slave work

3. Home fronts and production

4. Occupation: The occupation of the world had been changed.

5. Advances in technology and warfare

“System of Checks and Balances”

It refers to the balance which is kept among the three branches of the US government : the President, the Congress and the Supreme Court. The US constitution limites the power of each of the three government branches and prevents any one of them from gaining undue power.

The Cabinet:

The Cabinet of the British government consists of the important ministers who make dicisions in the cabinet. The decisions made in the cabinet should be carried out by the government; therefore, the cabinet is the core of leadership in the government. This is in fact another way to say that the Cabinet is a kind of “inner government”within the government.

British Political System

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, and the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, and the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common laws and interprets statutes.

1. The Constitutional Monarchy(君主立宪制)/ the British Monarchy(英国君主制)

The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means that the power of the monarch is limited by the country’s consti tution. The legal authority is given to Parliament and executive authority to the government. It is hereditary. The King or the Queen is the head of state.

2. The Legislative Body (立法机构)—The British Parliament (英国议会)

It includes three elements, the Crown(君主), the House of Lord(上议院) and the House of Commons(下议院). It is the Supreme law-making authority in Britain. The main functions of Parliament are to pass laws; to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; to examine government policies and administrations, including proposals for expenditure and debate the major issues of the day.

议会中的两大政党：

British Parliament has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party (Tories) and the Labour Party (Socialists).

3. The Executive Body (行政机构)—The British Government

The British government is the supreme administrative institution that manages state affairs. The Cabinet is the core of leadership of the British government.

The British government can be divided into central government and local government. The former has great power since all local authorities obtain their existence, their powers and their function from it. The Prime Minister is the head of the central government.

4. The Judicial Body (司法部门)

There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor (大法官), the Home Secretary (内政大臣) and the Attorney General (首席检察官).

各部门职能：

House of Commons(下议院): passes acts, or laws, Members elected by voters

House of Lords: alters bills, has judicial power, Membership limited to Anglican bishops and hereditary or life peers

Government Members: political party with the majority of MPs

Loyal opposition: all non-government members

PM: chosen from government MPs. Cabinet: members from either house chosen by the PM

5. British Political Parties (英国政党)There are three major parties in Britain today. They are the Conservative Party, the Labour Party, which have been in power by turns since 1945, and the Social and Liberal Democrats that is not the party that can form a government.

The Conservative Party is the party of the right because the Conservatives are opposed to great changes in society and have a belief in private enterprise and freedom from state control. Generally speaking the Conservative is the party of relatively rich and privileged. Its leader has the last word in deciding policy. The Conservative conference is not a device for making the party’s policy, but rather an occasion to see and hear the party’s leaders and express opinions for the leader’ guidance.

The Labour Party is the party of the reformist, non-revolutionary left because it believes in the pursuit of greater social and economic equality, aims at the nationalization as the means of production and distribution. It is the party of the relatively poor and underprivileged. They argue for the rights of workers. By means of heavy taxation of high profits and incomes the Labor Party sought to even out the distribution of wealth. This was why the Labor Party was strong in the heavily-populated industrial areas and was particularly associated with the working class. Now it is the party in power.

The Social and Liberal Democrats(社会自由民主党成员) is a new party which was founded by a group of leaders from the Labor Party in 1981 because they thought the party was becoming too left-wing. It advocates that it will reform the present election system and exercise a proportional delegate system and give the central power to the lower levels.

American Political System

The US political system was established on the basis of three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers and respect for the constitution and the rule of the law. Under the principle of the division of powers, the Federal government is divided into three b ranches: the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial. “Checks and balance” is a major principle of the American governmental system by which each branch of the government exercises a check on the action of the others. If one branch abuses its powers, the others can check it so that three branches are in balance.

1. The Executive (行政机构)

The Executive, also known as the Administration, is headed by the President. He is also Commander-in-Chief of the armed force of the United States. The power of the President are great, but not without limitations. The President is commanded by the US Constitution to “preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the U.S.” and to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed.” He can issue rules, regulations and inst ructions.

2. The Legislative (立法机构)

Congress is the legislative branch of the US government and it consists of two houses: the House of Representatives(众议院) and the Senate(参议院). The redistribution of House seats according to the actual population registered. Representatives, also known as Congressmen, are chosen every two years and must be 25 years old and over. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by a majority vote o the members.

The Senate comprises 100 Senators, two from each of the fifty states. The senatorial term is six years, and every two years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election. The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President who functions as a kind of chairman when the Senate is in session. The main function of the Congress is the passage of laws.

3. The Judicial (司法机构)

The judicial branch is composed of three tiers: the Supreme Court created by the US Constitution, the 11 federal counts of appeals created by Congress and the 91 federal district counts created by Congress. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the whole nation and has the sole right to interpret the Constitution and review laws to see whether they are in agreement with the Constitution. The American Supreme Court is headed by a Chief Justice and eight other judges, all called justices, who are appointed for life terms by the president with the consent of the Senate.

4. American Political Parties (美国政党)

American politics is based on a two-party system, namely the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. A donkey represents the Democratic Party, and an elephant represents the Republican Party.

The Democratic Party was founded in 1828, led by a group of planters and capitalists and a considerable number of small farmers. They called themselves “the party of the poor” and describe the Republicans as a party of the rich. The Republican Party came into being in 1845. it was a party of the northern capitalists who opposed slavery from their own political and economic interests. Abraham Lincoln was usually considered as the first Republican President. Traditionally, the Republican Party represents the interests of big businesses, big manufacturers, merchants and financiers.

英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)

Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a

北京外国语大学英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及03

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What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。

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Melting Pot: Immigrants from different regions and cultures came to live in the United States, their old ways of life melt away and they became part of the American culture? WASPs: WASPS are the mainstream Americans, referring to the white Anglo-Saxon Protestants The Hispanics: The Hispanics are Spanish-speaking people from Latin America, which was once dominated by the Spanish Empire?American Indians: The Indian peoples are known as the first Americans. When Columbus landed in the New World in 1492, he thought he had reached India and called the natives Indians? Separation of powers: Under the federalist system, the federal and the state governments have separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitutio n. ^Winner-take-air5principle: The party that wins most votes (simple majority) in a state wins all the electoral votes for the state and the defeated party gets none? Federalism: Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States? Since the founding of the country, and particularly with the end of the American Civil War, power shifted away from the states and towards the national government. Thanksgiving Day: It's on the fourth Thursday of Novembe匚It is a typical

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英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are