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段落大意匹配解题思路

段落大意匹配解题思路
段落大意匹配解题思路

根据六级样卷可知,全文共计15个段落,对应10道题,这意味着必然有5个段落不对应任何题目。样题中未出现一个段落对应多个试题的现象,但今后的考试中很可能会出现这种情况,考生需注意。

原快速阅读考试时间是15分钟,原深度阅读(含简答题+仔细阅读)考试时间是25分钟,而调整后的阅读理解(含选词填空+长篇阅读+仔细阅读)考试时间是40分钟,由此可推出新题型长篇阅读的考试时间基本不变,大概为15

分钟。

从六级大纲样卷来看,长篇阅读主要考查段落信息匹配。段落信息匹配题有4个特点:1. 绝对乱序;2. 绝对同义转换;3. 通常超细节;4. 通常无特殊印刷体。从这4大特点我们足以看出这类题的难度:绝对乱序意味着考生不能按“题文同序”原则逐一解题;同义转换、超细节及无特殊印刷体意味着考生要死掉大量脑细胞去理解所读到的每个信息,而无法快速地定位!

二、题型特点

虽然从表面上看,命题人似乎把解答信息匹配题的方法之“门”堵死了,但事实上,他们还是善解人意地为考生打开了一扇解题之“窗”。这一题型固然有着不同于传统阅读解题方法的种种特点,但同时也有一些可以为考生所利用的新特点。下面就来分析这些新特点。

1、题干中的细节信息往往反映文章的主旨或段落主题,考生可据此了解原文内容。在信息匹配题中,题干中的信息虽然陈述的都是文章中的细节,但其内容基本都是围绕文章主题或是某一段落的主题进行描述的。通过快速阅读题干中的若干条细节信息,考生可以迅速了解文章的主旨大意,从而能够在回头阅读原文时加快阅读速度,节省定位时间。

2、题干提供的细节信息中往往暗含一些说明文所必需的逻辑关系,考生可以利用这种关系预先对一些表述进行排序。长篇阅读的文章一般为说明文或议论文,而这类文章最显著的特点就是具有严密的逻辑性。所以,在介绍一个新事物时,文章通常会采用循序渐进、前因后果的方法来叙述,而根据这种逻辑进行解题之前的预先排序对于解答信息匹配题有着非常重要的意义。

3、题干提供的信息表述中通常会出现一些具有特殊意义的指示性词语,这类词语虽然不是通常意义上的定位关键词,但其特殊含义可将考生的注意力指向原文的开头、结尾或是某个具有特殊特征的段落。这些词通常包括如下三类:①能够指示开头段的词,如overview,introduction,initiation,main idea,definition等;②能够指示结尾段的词,如future,solution,conclusion,suggestion,summary等;③能够帮助考生回原文定位的特殊词,如rate,ratio,proportion,percentage,number,figure,statistical demographics等。考生能够通过这些指示性词语缩小回原文定位的范围,从而快速判定其所在细节信息对应的原文段落。

三、3大解题技巧

段落信息匹配题的一般解题步骤是:读题干并确定关键词(中心词)——去原文中定位关键词——分析定位句——分析题干——确定答案。具体的解题技巧如下:

1、用“打包”方法对付乱序:把整组题全部一次性吃透,然后去原文从头到尾定位。否则,考生如果按顺序逐题解答,时间会严重不足,最好是文章一遍看下来,能找到所有的信息。此外,考生应该注意定位原文的过程中,一定要脑、眼和手并用:眼是肯定要用的,不用脑会导致忽视同义转换,不用手(笔)会使我们处于走马观花的状态,然后会怀疑自己是不是漏掉了信息而不停地看。

2、“吃透”题干,准确判断关键词(中心词)至关重要。如果没吃透题干,就无法准确判断关键词或中心词,就可能对原文中的重要信息没感觉。一般来说,题干关键词或中心词为实词以及一些数字、专有名词等。

3、在解题的先后顺序上,采用先易后难的策略。采用由易到难的解题策略,可以提升考生的解题信心。对于那些答题线索较少的题干细节信息,考生可留在最后再解答。在解答这类较难的题目时,考生可快速阅读原文中仍未选过的段落的主题句(通常为第一句、第二句或最后一句),之后根据段落大意与题干中的细节信息进行匹配。

四、难点与答题策略

六级信息匹配题的难点主要在于:①文章较长;②部分段落有干扰性(两个段落提到了相同的主题)。③题干中不涉及专有名词或数字(即使有数字也与原文不一致)等定位词,传统的定位法不再适用。针对这些新特点,考生需要把握以下解题策略。

1、做题步骤:50%-50%法。

文章内容多,信息量大,题文不同序,对考生的短时记忆是一大考验,考生可以采用此方法进行应对,具体为:

第一步先读文章前1-4段,获取文章大意,并提炼所读段落的核心意思(英文关键词)。

第二步浏览5个题干(不一定是前5题),划出每个题干句子的核心词(注意可能并非是定位词),初步判断与所读段落是否匹配。

第三步划出剩下未匹配题干的核心词,并与剩下的文章交替阅读,直至做完。

六级样卷中,第49题、52题、48题即可在初步阅读文章后得出答案。

2、语句核心词提炼的方法。

语句核心词提炼是英文阅读的必备技能之一,是提高阅读效率的必经途径。要想获得该能力,需要考生在明了基本原理的基础上,配以大量练习方可,但这一能力确实值得考生花大力气训练。

简单说来,这一方法有些类似于缩句练习。比如样卷的第53题,在做题时可以在句子上快速划出其核心主干:

Compared with younger ones, older societies tend to be less innovative and take fewer risks. 因此可以简化为o lder societies…less innovative,方便在做题时查找和进行短时记忆。

3、干扰段落排除的方法

有时会出现连续两个或两个以上段落讲述同一问题的现象,这时就需要考生在提炼语句核心词的时候,要准确和全面。比如样卷的第55题:

Immigration as a means to boost the shrinking labor force may meet with resistance in some rich countries.

该句的核心词除了immigration以外,还包括resistance,如果只划出核心词immigration,则会误选[G]段,原文的[G]段和[H]段均提到了immigration 的问题。

一般来说,这种题型的干扰段落多为临近的上下段,因此考生可在这一范围内进行区分。

4、关键词同义转换的方法

同义转换的方法包括:改变词性、意思相同或相近的词或词组、反义词或词组、句式的变换、语态的转换等。例如样卷的第50题:

Countries that have a shortage of young adults will be less willing to send them to war. 显然,语句核心词send to war是[M]段中military service的同义转述;less willing是reluctant的同义转述。

这一方法考生相对较为熟悉。在此不多赘述。

第五节翻译题型透析及解题技巧

一、题型概述

自2013年12月考试起,全国大学英语六级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英,翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材,文章长度为180-200个汉字。

以下是大学英语六级考试翻译部分的大纲样题:

中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日,在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival),即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的

第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异,但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运,家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets),对联的主

题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探访亲友等。

首先,这段关于中国春节的小文章难词较多,比如“传统”、“庆祝活动”、“除夕”、“延续”、“习俗”、“年夜饭”、“厄运”、“大扫除”“主题”、“放鞭炮”、“发红包”等等,这些词有的比较抽象,有的不太常见,或者有的是中国特有的说法,英文中没有明确对应的词,考生在翻译时应该抓住词的根本意思。其次,长句也较多,考生要想把它翻译准确、通顺,不仅需要单词量和单词拼写过关,还需要掌握语法,分析句子成分,学会中英文转换的技巧。如果说原来的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分需要考生掌握词和句的翻译,将信息进行简单的一对一式的传输的话,那么现在的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分则要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础,扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握,与之前考查的句子翻译完全不同了。最后,从选材范围来看,文章内容多是有关中国的,也符合大学英语教学中要求学生走出去的教学目的,考生应多关注有关中国国情介绍的英文文章,以便积累相关词汇和表达。

二、翻译技巧

为了帮助广大考生从容应对翻译题型,我们将分别从词、句的翻译角度进行分析,帮助考生掌握翻译技巧和要点。

(一)词的翻译

1.词义选择

所谓词义选择,是指词本来就有这个意思,问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节,如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好,如果不能兼顾,则取意义,舍形式。越是普通的词,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配,翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时,要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。

例1 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。

译文:However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.

分析:“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆饭,为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯,这里用的是annual reunion dinner,理解起来更容易。

例2 原文:人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)……

译文:And doors will be decorated with red couplets...

分析:原文中“粘贴”的意思其实就是用对联装饰门窗,如果直译的话表达不出真实的意图,因此这里用了“decorate”,表意更直接。

2.词类转换

词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点而在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英过程中,适当转换词性,可以使译文更符合英语表达习惯。

(1)动词→名词

汉语中动词使用比较频繁,而且动词既没有时态变化的约束,也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分,动词甚至可以充当句子的各种成分。相反,英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词,大量原来应该由动词表达的概念,常需借助于名词,因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚,使用相对灵活、方便。

例: 原文:各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。

译文: Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.

分析:原句中“欢度”是动词,但是如果译文中也用动词来表达,则整个句子的结构显得罗嗦,不够整洁,所以译文中用了“celebration”来表达,使得整个句子更匀称、清晰。

(2)动词→介词

介词与名词密切相关,英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也得以频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的,具有动词的特征。因此,汉译英时,有些动词可以用介词来表达。

例: 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。

译文:However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.

(3)动词→形容词

汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达,这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词,这样的译文有时比直接使用动词更地道、标准。

例: 原文:在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。

译文:It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

(4)形容词或副词→名词

由于语法结构和修辞的需要,汉语的形容词和副词也可以转译成英语的名词。

例: 原文:……只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。

译文: ...leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.

(5)名词→动词

有些情况下,汉语的名词由英语的动词表达,此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。

例: 原文:各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。

译文:Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.

分析:原文中“差异”为名词,为了符合英文的表达习惯,译文中转换为了动词“vary”,原文中修饰“差异”一词的形容词“很大”转换为了副词“widely”,使译文更生动。

3.词的增补

(1)语法需要

由于汉英两种语言的差异,汉译英时往往需要补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类,以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了语言简洁而省去的成分,增补的词多为冠词(英语所特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词和介词等。

例: 原文:但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。

译文:However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.

分析:英语中用得最多的介词有at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to 和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带,在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时,要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。另外,译文中增译“an occasion”来解释说明“除夕夜”的作用,使得除夕夜的作用更加突出,彰显了中国人对于除夕夜的重视。

(2)意思表达需要

例: 原文:这是黄河滩上的一幕。

译文:This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.

分析:在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时,增译taking place短语,使译文表达更为生动贴切。

(3)文化背景解释的需要

中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解的词语。因此,在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法,把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。

例: 原文:三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。

译文:The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind.

4.词的减省

所谓词的减省,就是翻译时,把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略,从而达到译文通顺、意思完整而句子精练的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等,在译成英语时需适当删减,以保持句子的通畅。

例: 原文:为驱厄运、迎好运,家家户户都会进行大扫除。。

译文:It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and bring in good luck.

分析:删减了原句中的“进行”一词。

5.词的替代

重复是汉语常用的一种语篇衔接手段,虽然英语中也用重复,但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润饰。汉语以重复见长,英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时,可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。

(二)句的翻译

汉语造句以名词为重心,以词组、散句和分句为手段,习惯按照时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式表述,其内部逻辑关系“含而不露”,甚至断句不严,外形松散,因此汉语常被称为时间型的动态结构,主要体现为形式自由、富于弹性。而英语

则以“主——谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分,句界分明,外形严谨。因此在汉译英时,译文在逻辑和形式上都应当体现出英语的特点。如果是单句,首先应当确立句子的主干及句型,如果是复杂的句子或长句,则需要确立中心,根据上下文进行句子组合,可以译为并列句、主从复合句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等)、并列复合句或使用独立结构等。这是汉译英的第一步,也是正确译文的基础。

1.确立主干

在汉译英时,不管汉语句子如何复杂,首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架。这些最基本的框架可以变换,可以组合,但不能突破。组织英语句子时,始终不能脱离“主——谓”主干这一总的框架,然后再进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、语气变化、句式转换(肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等),增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。比如,第二句“新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival),即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。”中文原文句子较长,翻译成英文时要将主干分离出来。本句的主干是“庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节”,用“run from...to...”来表达,是一个主谓结构的句子。在抓出主干之后,还需要把句子里面的其他成分分别转换成英文里面的状语、定语、同位语等成分,将“农历最后一个月的最后一天”和“新年第一个月的第十五天”分别转换为“除夕”的同位语和“元宵节”的定语。

2.语序调整

(1)定语的位置

汉语的定语常放在中心语前;而英语的定语位置分两种:前置和后置。单词充当定语时通常放在被修饰的中心语前;而短语和从句作定语则多置于所修饰的中心语之后。

(2)状语的位置

汉语常把状语放在被修饰的成分前面,但英语中状语的位置则分为几种情况:单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时,常前置;表示程度的状语修饰其他状语时,可前置或后置;单词作状语修饰动词时,多放在动词之后;短语或从句作状语时,可放在被修饰部分之前或之后。

(3)汉英叙事重心不同

汉语先叙事,然后表态或评论,以此来突出话题,这种句子被称为主题句。而英语则先表态或进行评论,而后再叙事,以突出主语。

(4)强弱词语的顺序不同

表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时,汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面;英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面,基本原则是前轻后重,前简后繁。

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