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阅读真题解析

阅读真题解析
阅读真题解析

众所周知,考研是人生的一次重新洗牌和重大机遇,而在考研的四门课程中,英语成了许多考生前进征途上的一只凶猛拦路虎和十分困难的羁跘与障碍。

详细分析历年考研英语试卷,又可以发现主要矛盾在于阅读(占60%的分数),故可谓:得阅读者得天下。阅读的60分细分为Part A、Part B 和Part C,其中Part A为四篇阅读理解,占40分,是阅读理解考试中的主战场。那么,阅读Part A有没有什么技巧呢?

技巧一:看懂

阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“理解”,所以,看得懂乃是第一项技巧。

任何一篇文章,若要能看懂它,至少需要两个条件:认识单词和看明白句子。单词就像盖房的砖瓦,考研词汇大约为5500个,这不是一个小数字,也并非三两天时间可以记住的,所以,考生必须先买一本考研英语词汇书进行系统、长期的学习和记忆。(推荐《考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆》,该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法,而是采用历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据,将所有大纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从高到低排列,而且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句,可以使学生用最少的时间获得最好的学习效果)。

拿到词汇书之后,首先用大约一周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来,如rear,tedious,deteriorate,plausible,jargon,isotope,……,(因为这些单词你可能完全不认识,看到之后两眼漆

黑,所以称之为“黑”字)。“黑”字是阅读的头一个障碍,单词不认识,句子当然看不懂,所以,消灭“黑”字是当务之急。(争取用一个月左右的时间消灭它们!)

考研词汇中,除“黑”字外,还有大量意思非常明白的所谓“白”字,如:able,benefit,culture,space,topic,……。此类单词可一掠而过,除“黑”(完全不认识)和“白”(完全明白)字两类外,还有许多似会不会的“灰”字,如:treaty,tutor,sample,saddle,fuss,……。甚至还有大量你觉得会但其实并非如此的“灰”字,如:spring 除了“春天”之外,还当“泉水”、“弹簧”讲;account除了“帐户”,还作“原因;理由;解释;说明;报告;占……”解。affect除了“爱,深情”之外,还有“对……发生作用”之义。背诵单词时,一定要多看词汇书中所给的例句才能牢记其意义。

除单词外,有时句子太长也会对阅读造成致命的伤害,如:

If you add to this the effects of a sonar set mounted in the small nose of a torpedo rushing through the water at speeds up to 80 miles per hour with its consequent noise and vibration,plus hullborne vibrations from the power plant,it can be seen that only the most advanced electronic filtering gives any chance of success.

看完此句,很多考生如坠五里雾中,不知所云。其实,看懂长难句有点像撒网捕鱼,收网时应收紧网绳(叫纲),渔网自然会合拢。不要去乱抓网眼(那叫目)。看长难句亦应该做到“纲举目张”,先找句子的骨架(主+谓+宾),再解决修饰成份(定、状等)。

此句it后为主句,但it不是其真正主语,叫形式主语,真正主语为后边的that从句,一般来说,英语的“主+谓+宾”也应像汉语那样按顺序放好,主语放谓语前,即:“只有最先进的电子过滤器才有成功的可能这一点可以被看得很明白。”(形式主语it不必译)但英译汉中,应尽量少用被动句型。所以,此句可译为:“可以很清楚地看出:只有最先进的电子过滤器才有可能获得成功”。

it前边不是句子的主要部分,而是一个由if 所引领的长长的状语从句。(如果说“主+谓+宾”是树干的话,定、状则像树叶,要繁杂和麻烦得多。)在整个if...这样一个句子构成的状语中,if you(主语)add (谓语)the effects to this(双宾语)为基本框架;那第二个宾语为何要倒过来呢?因为第一个宾语effects 后面跟了那么长那么多的定语。(注意:英语常将定语写在名词后,这一点与中文大相径庭:中文的定语一律放在名词前)

第一个定语为介词词组“of a sonar set ”,修饰effects,译为:“一套声纳设施的效果”;第二个定语为“mounted in the small nose”,过去分词当定语:“被安装在一个小鼻子上的”;第三个定语“of a torpedo”:“一个鱼雷的”;第四个定语“rushing...”译为:“以每小时80英里速度穿行于水里的”;后边还有一个“with...”(“plus...”为两逗号间的插入语) 英文定语在名词后,中文却将定语放在名词effects前边。若定语不止一个,常采用倒着翻译的方法,我们称之为“倒解连环”。

故整句意思为:

“如果你把带着巨大噪音和震动的、以每小时80英里速度穿过水

中的一个鱼雷的鼻尖部位上所安装的一套声纳设备的效果也加进去考虑的话,再加上还有由电机部分所造成的外壳的震动,那么,可以清楚地看到:只有最先进的电子过滤器才有可能获得成功。”

这就是考研英语的实情,怪不得每年的百万考研大军中,过60分者寥寥无几,每年也只有18%左右,英语考得好的同学,前途自然也比其他人更为光明。

大家切记,英语的句子中,“主+谓+宾”基本与中文一致,是按顺序摆放的,而定、状语经常倒着放,又长又多,比主、谓、宾要难很多。定、状语放好了,句子才能看明白,想看懂阅读理解中的长难句,语法基本功一定要扎实。

技巧二:选题

TEXT 1

In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference"characteristic of popular culture.People are absorbed into"a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Grego ry Rodriguez reports that today?s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000.Now, consider three indices of assimilation-language, home ownership and intermarriage.

The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English …well? or …very well? after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for language. By 1996 foreign born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native born Americans.

Foreign born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do US born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian American women are married to non Asians.

Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation?s assimila tive power."

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America?s turbulent past, today?s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.

21. The word "homogenizing" (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means .

[A]identifying

[B]associating

[C]assimilating

[D]monopolizing

22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century .

[A]played a role in the spread of popular culture

[B]became intimate shops for common consumers

[C]satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite

[D]owed its emergence to the culture of consumption

23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the US .

[A]are resistant to homogenization

[B]exert a great influence on American culture

[C]are hardly a threat to the common culture

[D]constitute the majority of the population

24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?

[A]To prove their popularity around the world.

[B]To reveal the public?s fear of immigrants.

[C]To give examples of successful immigrants.

[D]To show the powerful influence of American culture.

25. In the author?s opinion, the absorp tion of immigrants into American society is .

[A]rewarding

[B]successful

[C]fruitless

[D]harmful

absence1 n.①缺席,不在场;②缺乏,没有

absorb3 v.①吸收;②吸引,使专心

act11 v.①行动,做事;②(on)起作用;③表演;④(for)代表,代替;n.①行为,动作;②(一)幕;③法令,条例amaze5 v.使惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹

array2 n.①一系列,大量;②排列;v.排列

assimilate2 v.①(被)吸收,(被)消化;②(使或被)同化

associate3 v.①(with)使联系,使联合;②交往,结合;n.合作人,伙伴,同事,同行;a.副的

atmosphere3 n.①大气(层);②空气;③气氛,环境

author69 n.①作者;②创始人

background6 n.背景,经历

cater1 vi.备办食物,满足(需要),投合

TEXT 3

During the past generation, the American middle class f amily that once could count on hard work and fair play to k eep itself financially secure has been transformed by econo mic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.

In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone t o work, transforming basic family economics.Scholars, polic ymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.Today’s familie s have budgeted to the limits of their new two paycheck sta tus.As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back up earner (usually Mo m) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner go

t laid off or fell sick.This "added worker effect" could su pport the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or d isability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be mad e up with extra income from an otherwise stay at home partn er.

During the same period, families have been asked to abs orb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of the pa st year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings account model, with retirees trading much or a ll of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on i nvestment returns.For younger families, the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the sha re of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a lar ge new dose of investment risk for families’ future health care.Even demographics are working against the middle class

family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and al l the attendant need for physical and financial assistance-have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

From the middle class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exer cise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more li ke a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of fin ancial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The f inancial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may n ot be far behind.

31. Today’s double income families are at greater fina ncial risk in that

[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly incr eased.

[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family eco nomics.

[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability i nsurance.

32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired p eople may have

[A] a higher sense of security.

[B] less secured payments.

[C] less chance to invest.

[D] a guaranteed future.

33. According to the author, health savings plans will

[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.

[B] popularize among the middle class.

[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.

[D] increase the families’ investment risk.

34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

[B] the middle class may face greater political chall enges.

[C] financial problems may bring about political prob lems.

[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of polit ical status.

35. Which of the following is the best title for this t ext?

[A] The Middle Class on the Alert

[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff

[C] The Middle Class in Conflict

[D] The Middle Class in Ruins

absolute2 a.绝对的,完全的

absorb3 v.①吸收;②吸引,使专心

account22 n.①账(目,户);②叙述,说明;③价值,地位;v.(for)①说明,解释;②占;③(take into)考虑;顾及airline1 n.①航线;②航空公司

alert1 a.①警惕的;②机灵的

assistance2 n.帮助,援助

attendant1 n.①服务员,值班员;②护理人员

author69 n.①作者;②创始人

auto2 n.汽车

being9 n.①生物,人;②存在,生存

TEXT 3

Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window op ens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people s peak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary the ory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscio us desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had s witched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the rand om byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the

mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the b rain is "off line." And one leading authority says that the se intensely powerful mental events can be not only harness ed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It’s your dream," says Rosalind C artwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center, "if you don’t like it, change it."

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The bra in is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the pr efrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning) is r elatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanfor d sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happ ier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Becaus

e our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance o

f the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. C artwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice peopl e can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us f rom sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says. Ter rorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of inse curity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering fr om persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working thro ugh bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you’ll f eel better in the morning.

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams .

[A] can be modified in their courses

[B] are susceptible to emotional changes

[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears

[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs

32. By referring to the limbic system, the author inte nds to show .

[A] its function in our dreams

[B] the mechanism of REM sleep

[C] the relation of dreams to emotions

[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex

33. The negative feelings generated during the day ten

d to .

[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind

[B] develop into happy dreams

[C] persist till the time we fall asleep

[D] show up in dreams early at night

34. Cartwright seems to suggest that .

[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams

[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con trol

[C] dreams should be left to their natural progressio n

[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscio

us

35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who som etimes have bad dreams?

[A] Lead your life as usual.

[B] Seek professional help.

[C] Exercise conscious control.

[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

难句1

A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had swit ched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sl eep.

[结构分析]

1. 本句为分号隔开的两个分句;

2. 第一个分句主干为:...Freud formulated his revolutiona ry theory...,后面是一个that引导的同位语从句修饰theory;

3. 第二个分句主干为:...neurologists switched to thinkin

g of them as just "mental noise",破折号后面的是对mental no ise的补充说明;

[本句难点]本句主要是从句关系复杂,且包含同位语从句以及破折号之后的补充说明成分;

TEXT 4

Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.

Y ou could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They

worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling,smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda-to lure us to open our wallets-they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

What we forget-what our economy depends on us forgetting-is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

36. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the

author intends to show that .

[A]poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music

[B]art grows out of both positive and negative feelings

[C]poets today are less skeptical of happiness

[D]artists have changed their focus of interest

37. The word "bummer" (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something .

[A]religious

[B]unpleasant

[C]entertaining

[D]commercial

38. In the author’s opinion, advertising .

[A]emerges in the wake of the anti happy art

[B]is a cause of disappointment for the general public

[C]replaces the church as a major source of information

[D]creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself

39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes .

[A]happiness more often than not ends in sadness

[B]the anti happy art is distasteful but refreshing

[C]misery should be enjoyed rather than denied

[D]the anti happy art flourishes when economy booms

40. Which of the following is true of the text?

[A]Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.

[B]Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.

[C]People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.

[D]Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

agenda2 n.议事日程

anchor2 n.①锚;②新闻节目主持人;v.抛锚,停泊

argue19 v.①争论,辩论;②认为,主张,论证;③说服

author69 n.①作者;②创始人

average17 n.平均(数);a.①平均的;②普通的,一般的;v.平均,均分

balance5 v.称,(使)平衡;n.①天平,秤;②平衡,均衡;③差额,结余,余款

beam1 n.①(横)梁,桁条;②(光线的)束,柱;v.①微笑;

②发光

boom7 v.①繁荣,兴旺;②发出隆隆声;n.①繁荣,兴隆;②隆隆声;③激增

cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事业,事件,奋斗目标;v.使产生,引起

celebrity1 n.名声,名人

cite3 v.引用,引证,举(例)

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2014浙江高考真题生物(含解析)

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素主要是环境容纳量 D.植食动物在自然环境条件下,一年四季的环境容纳量以冬季最大 3.某哺乳动物体细胞在培养中能够分裂,在培养过程中将适量的3H-TdR(3H标记的胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷)和某促进细胞分裂的药物加入到培养液中,培养一段时间,可观察和测量到 A.G1期变短,该期有大量3H-TdR进入细胞核 B.S期变长,该期有DNA复制和核糖体的增生 C.G2期变短,该期细胞核中有组蛋白D.M期相对较短,该期细胞的核膜始终完整 4.除草剂敏感型的大豆经辐射获得抗性突变 体,且敏感基因与抗性基因是一对等位基 因。下列叙述正确的是 A.突变体若为1条染色体的片段缺失所致,则该抗性基因一定为隐性基因

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点评:常用的判断两角关系的方法根据:平行线性质、对顶角、互余互补及其性质,三角形外角性质等. 3.(3分)(2015?崇左)下列各组中,不是同类项的是() a 3. D【解析】数字都是同类项,故A不符合题意;D选项中两单项式所含字母相同,但相同字母系数不同,故不是同类项,故D符合题意. 备考指导:解答本题的关键是掌握同类项定义中的两个“相同”:所含字母相同,相同字母的指数相同.

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2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(北京卷) 理科综合能力测试(生物部分) 一、选择题 1.下列生命过程中,没有发生细胞分化的是 A. 断尾壁虎长出新尾巴 B. 砍伐后的树桩上长出新枝条 C. 蝌蚪尾巴消失的过程 D. 胚胎发育中出现造血干细胞 【答案】C 【解析】本题考查了细胞分化的相关知识。 细胞分化是指在个体发育中,由一个或一种细胞增殖产生的后代在形态、结构和生理功能上发生稳定差异的过程。蝌蚪尾巴消失的过程是细胞凋亡的过程,故C错误。 2.在生态学研究中,下列方法与研究目的不相符的是 A. 给海龟安装示踪器调查其洄游路线 B. 给大雁佩戴标志环调查其迁徙路线 C. 用样方法研究固着在岩礁上贝类的种群关系 D. 用标志重捕法调查达乌尔黄鼠的丰(富)度 【答案】D 【解析】本题考查了种群密度的调查方法及丰富度的调查方法的相关知识。 通常丰(富)度的统计方法有两种:一种是记名计算法,二是目测估计法。而标志重捕法是调查种群密度的常用方法。所以D项错误。 3.下列与细胞内物质运输有关的叙述,正确的是 A. 叶绿体合成的ATP通过核孔进入细胞核 B. 氢离子可以通过扩散作用进入液泡内 C. 溶酶体内的酶由内质网形成的小泡(囊泡)运入 D. 内质网的膜结构成分可以转移到细胞膜中 【答案】D 【解析】本题考查细胞物质运输相关知识

叶绿体光反应合成的ATP用于暗反应合成糖类,故A错误; 氢离子等无机盐离子通过主动运输穿过原生质层,故B错误; 溶酶体是从高尔基体中分离出来的,不需要内质网形成小泡运入,故C错误; 质网形成的小泡可以到达高尔基体,高尔基体再形成小泡到达细胞膜与之相融合,故D正确。 4.胰岛素的A、B两条肽链是由一个基因编码的。下列有关胰岛素的叙述,正确的是 A. 胰岛素基因的两条DNA单链分别编码A、B两条肽链 B. 沸水浴加热之后,构成胰岛素的肽链充分伸展并断裂 C. 胰岛素的功能取决于氨基酸的序列,与空间结构无关 D. 核糖体合成的多肽链需经蛋白酶的作用形成胰岛素 【答案】D 【解析】本题考查了蛋白质的相关知识。 题干中说由一个基因编码,所以DNA两条链中只有一条链转录,故A错误; 沸水浴加热后构成胰岛素的肽链的空间结构被破坏(二硫键,氢键等被破坏)而肽键并没有断裂,故B错误; 蛋白质的功能与氨基酸序列和蛋白质的空间结构都有关系,故C错误; 合成后的多肽需经一定的加工,修饰或互相聚合才有活性,通常是要去掉部分肽链,形成胰岛素时也需要经过蛋白酶的作用,故D正确。 5.一次性过量饮水会造成人体细胞肿胀,功能受损。可用静脉滴注高浓度盐水(% NaCl溶液)对患者进行治疗。其原理是 A. 升高细胞外液的离子浓度 B. 促进抗利尿激的分泌 C. 降低细胞内液的离子浓度 D. 减少细胞外液液体总量 【答案】A 【解析】本题考查细胞物质的运输。 一次性过量饮水,细胞外液浓度低于细胞内液,细胞吸水,造成细胞肿胀,注射高浓度盐水,细胞外液的浓度升高,使细胞体积恢复正常,故A正确,故C、D错误; 体内水液过多,会抑制抗利尿激素的释放,促进排尿,故B错误;

2018年中考数学真题(附答案解析)

2018年初中毕业生升学考试数学真题 一、 选择题 (本大题12个小题,每小题4分,共48分。) 1.2的相反数是( ) A .2- B .12 - C . 1 2 D .2 2.下列图形中一定是轴对称图形的是 A. B. C. D. 3.为调查某大型企业员工对企业的满意程度,以下样本最具代表性的是( ) A.企业男员工 B.企业年满50岁及以上的员工 C.用企业人员名册,随机抽取三分之一的员工 D.企业新进员工 4.把三角形按如图所示的规律拼图案,其中第①个图案中有4个三角形,第②个图案中有6个三角形,第③个图案中有8个三角形,…,按此规律排列下去,则第⑦个图案中三角形的个数为( ) A .12 B .14 C .16 D .18 5.要制作两个形状相同的三角形框架,其中一个三角形的三边长分别为5cm ,6cm 和9cm ,另一个三角形的最短边长为2.5cm ,则它的最长边为( ) A. 3cm B. 4cm C. 4.5cm D. 5cm 6.下列命题正确的是 A.平行四边形的对角线互相垂直平分 B.矩形的对角线互相垂直平分 C.菱形的对角线互相平分且相等 D.正方形的对角线互相垂直平分 7.估计() 1 230246 -? 的值应在( ) A. 1和2之间 B.2和3之间 C.3和4之间 D.4和5之间 8.按如图所示的运算程序,能使输出的结果为12的是( ) 40° 直角三角形 四边形 平行四边形 矩形

A.3,3==y x B.2,4-=-=y x C.4,2==y x D.2,4==y x 9.如图,已知AB 是O e 的直径,点P 在BA 的延长线上,PD 与O e 相切于点D ,过点B 作PD 的垂线交PD 的延长线于点C ,若O e 的半径为4,6BC =,则PA 的长为( ) A .4 B .23 C .3 D .2.5 10.如图,旗杆及升旗台的剖面和教学楼的剖面在同一平面上,旗杆与地面垂直,在教学楼底部E 点处测得旗杆顶端的仰角58AED ∠=?,升旗台底部到教学楼底部的距离7DE =米,升旗台坡面CD 的坡度1:0.75i =,坡长2CD =米,若旗杆底部到坡面CD 的水平距离1BC =米,则旗杆AB 的高度约为( ) (参考数据:sin580.85?≈,cos580.53?≈,tan58 1.6?≈) A .12.6米 B .13.1米 C .14.7米 D .16.3米 11.如图,在平面直角坐标系中,菱形ABCD 的顶点A ,B 在反比例函数k y x =(0k >,0x >)

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