工程管理外文翻译

工程管理外文翻译

大连海洋大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

Bidding related knowledge and documents comprising the contract

1. Public and private sectors

Bidding practices of the public and private sectors of the industry differ tremendously .The term public in this context means that the construction work is financed by public funds in the form of tax dollar or the proceeds from the sale of municipal , state, or federal bonds.

Public and private work have different bid rules. Public

construction contracts are advertised and let in accordance with the bidding statutes and other legislatively mandated rules of the

particular governmental entity that is paying for the instruction

work .For instance, when the work is financed with federal funds, the laws and regulations promulgated by federal agencies and bodies govern the process of advertising and awarding construction contracts. Similarly, state, county ,and municipal governments have statutes and regulations that govern when their funds are used to pay for the cost of the work .In addition ,special governmental or quasi-governmental bodies such as sewer or rapid transit districts are often established by special enabling legislation .The enabling legislation usually provides definitive rules for advertising and awarding the construction contracts required to carry out the mission of the particular special body involved.

Unlike public owners , private owners can establish whatever rules that they want. They also can change the rules at will with the result that these rules are not necessarily observed .Although the public owner has the ability to set particular rules and to change them by issuing an addendum to the bidding documents ,the power is severely regulated .A bid document addendum is a modification to the bidding documents

formally issued by the owner to all holders of bidding documents before bids are received .In the public sector ,there must be a reasonable time period from the issue date of the last addendum issued and the date of the opening to ensure that all bidders have sufficient time to reflect properly the import of the addendum in their bids .Bidders are required to list on the bid form all addenda received for their bids to be considered responsive .Failure to list addenda may result in the bid being rejected.

In the private sector anything can happen , whereas in the public sector the result will usually be that the job will be awarded to the lowest “responsive” and “responsible” bidder .These terms have important special meanings that will be discussed later in the chapter.

2. Public Bidding Statutes

The requirements of the federal, state ,and local bidding statutes and resulting regulations make the outcome of the bidding process in the public sector very predictable compared to the private sector .The purposes of public bidding statutes are:

1. To protect public funds .In other words , bidding statutes are designed to ensure that the public pays the minimum possible price for construction work determined by open competitive bidding .

2. To protect and ensure a continuation of the free enterprise system upon which the political and economic structure of the United States is founded.

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大连海洋大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

The public bidding statutes are stringently written and enforced to ensure that public sector construction contracting remains

honest .Increasing ,those who violate the rules find themselves subject to both civil and criminal liability .Errant construction companies have been assessed large fines and their owners or officers sent to prison along with corrupt public officials who have been caught ,tried ,and convicted of violating the public trust..

3.Bidding Documents

The first category ,bidding documents ,normally begins with an advertisement ,originally discussed in Chapter 1.The back section of contemporary industry periodicals ,such as the Engineering News

Record ,contains a plethora of bid advertisement identifies the project for which bids are desired ,the owner ,the time and place of the bid opening ,and instructions to potential bidders on how to obtain a full set of contract documents.

The second document in the bidding group is usually the Invitation

for Bids (IFB) or, sometimes , a Request for proposal (RFP). The federal government and some other owners use the IFB when bidders must strictly conform to the drawings and specifications and the RFP When bidders may propose variations for the project .Both typically include the following:

A description of the contract work

The identity of the owner

The place , date , and precise time of the bid opening

The penal sum of the required bonds (bid bond , performance

bond ,and labor and material payment bond )

A description of the drawings and specifications , their cost ,and where they may be obtained

The length of time after bid opening that bids will be deemed good (duration of bids)

Rules regarding the withdrawal or modification of bids and late bids Information regarding any planned pre-bid conferences and pre-bid

site inspections

Particular requirements of law of which the owner wants bidders to

be aware

Any special instructions, other requirements , or other information that the owner wants to point out to bidders.

In addition to the IFB or RFP ,the contract document may also

contain a sector called Instructions to Bidders .When used this section

is an adjunct to the instruction portion of the IFB or RFP .Sometimes

all necessary instructions are con contained within the IFB or RFP ,and there is no separate instructions to Bidders section .More

logically ,the Instructions to Bidders is a separate document ,and the IFB or RFP contains all of the other necessary but non-instructional information that a bidder needs.

In every case , the contract documents contain the Bid

Form. .Bidders complete this document ,sign ,seal .,and turn it in at the appointed place ,prior to the deadline set for the submittal of

bid .The fully executed Bid Form constitutes the “offer” element necessary for contract

formation ,discussed in Charter 2. Note that the Bid Form must be completely filled out ,signed, and sealed ,all the accordance with the IFB or RFP and the Instructions to constitute a responsive bid .The contents of the Bid Form usually include the following:

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大连海洋大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

1. A definitive statement of the general terms and conditions of the offer .This statement is normally unilaterally determined by the owner and is preprinted on the form.

2. The format of the commercial terms applying to the offer .

Again ,this format is normally determined unilaterally by the owner either as a single lump sum total price or as a schedule of bid-term prices .In the first case ,the bid form contains a single blank space in which the bidder is instructed to enter a single lump sum price for the

entire project .In the second case ,the form contains a numbered series of all bid items for the project ,each consisting of a description of the work for discrete parts of the project and either blanks for unit price extension and lump sum price. With either a single lump sum format or a schedule-of –bid-items format ,the bidder fills in the blanks for defining the precise commercial terms of the bid.

3. Supplementary information that the owner may want to know about the bidder .This usually consists of information about the bidder’s financial strength and past experience.

Additional Information for federal bids The bid form for federal contracts contains a number of “Certifications and Representations” in affidavit form , such as non-collusion and non-segregated facilities affidavits , required to comply with federal law.

4. Affirmative action requirements for public project.. Bid Forms

for public project usually require written goals and timetables for meeting the requirements of equal opportunity legislation and minority business enterprise/ women business enterprise requirements.

5. Bid security. Finally , the Bid Form must contain the required

bid security, usually in the form of a bid bond issued by an approved surety. Sometimes , a certified check must be presented for the bid security.

Oddly enough , private sector bids often require much more supplementary information on the Bid form than do public sector bids.

And , among public projects, Bid forms for federal contracts usually require less supplementary information than the average.

A final interesting point concerning bidding documents is that the

AIA approach excludes the bidding documents form the contract .Article 1 of AIAA-201 , General conditions of the contract for Construction ,state.

The Contract Documents do not include Bidding Documents such as the Advertisement or Invitation to Bid ,the Instructions to Bidders ,sample forms ,the Contractor’s Bid or portions of Addenda

relating to any of these ,or any other documents unless specifically enumerated in the Owner-Contractor Agreement.

4. General Condition of contract

The second section of the documents that normally comprise the

contract is the General Conditions of contract ,often referred to simply as the General Conditions ,or sometimes, General Provisions .Here are found very definitive statements ,clause by clause of all general terms and condition that govern the performance of the contract work .In the case of the federal government and other agencies that frequently

contract for construction work, the general concept of this section of

the documents is to include all clauses that will remain the same , contract after contract ,changing very infrequently .Many

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大连海洋大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

of these standard clauses in federal contracts pertain to the requirements of the Federal Acquisition Regulations ,which by law must be included in every federal construction contract.

5. Specifications

The technical requirements for each division of work in the contract will be completely detailed in that section of the contract document called the Specifications .The format usually conforms to the Uniform Construction Index ,which is understood by virtually every segment of the

industry .Depending on size of contract ,the Specifications can be voluminous .It is necessary that completely definitive requirements be carefully stated so that both parties to the contract have a mutual understanding of the precise technical standards the project work must meet.

5. Drawings

The next important section of the contract documents is the Drawings ,which completely the Specifications .The Drawings must be sufficiently complete to adequately show exactly what to be

built .Certain features of the work may be shown in fairly general terms ,with the requirement stated that the contractor must prepare detailed shop drawings that conform to and augment the general contract drawings .These must be submitted to the owner or the owner’s engineer for approval prior to

fabrication of the material covered by the shop drawing .For

example ,a contractor may supply detailed bar-bending schedules and placing drawing for reinforcing steel and structural steel fabrication and erection drawings ,including the connections .However ,the basic contract drawings advertised for fixed-price bids must be sufficiently clear and accurate so that ,if contractors carefully conform to them ,a satisfactorily constructed product will result . If either the Drawings or Specifications do not meet this standard , the owner may incur sever liability under the Spearin Doctrine ,which is discussed in Charter 13.

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大连海洋大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

招标相关知识和招标合同文件

1. 公共和私人部门

招标的惯例在公共部门和私营部门差异很大。公共部门工程这一词在这方面是由公共基金、税款或政府出售城市、州或联邦债券所得的款所支持的建筑工程项目。

公共和私人部门工作有不同的竞价规则。公共工程合同的公告的费用，应依照招标章程和其他立法授权规则来支付，特别是指令工作条令。例如，由工作经费中的联邦基金来支付法律和法规约定的联邦部门和机构管理的过程中的成本及公告和颁布建筑招标合同费用。同样，按州，县，市政府法规和规章，由他们的公共资金用于支付招标工作的成本费用。此外，政府或隶属于政府机构在特殊的工程项目如公共下水道或快速运输区建设上,往往设立的特别有利工程项目的立法。授权的立法通常规定明确的招标工作规则，包含特殊主体的公告和施工合同要求履行使命的奖励办法。

与公众的业主相比，私营业主可以根据需要自行设定规则,他们还可以改变那些不能得到预定效果规则。尽管公众的业主有能力设置特定的规则和改变它们发出的招标文件，但是其权力是严格管制的。招标追加条款的方法是一种修改在招标文件正式颁发后接受业主邀请的潜在投标人接收的招标文件的方法。在公共部门，必须有一个合理的时间,从追加条款的发行日期到最后公开招标的日期，确保所有投标人有足够的时间来正确地在他们的报价中反映追加条款的变化。要求所有潜在投标人在收到招标书的追加条款的后，必须在投标书中响应。不能在投标书中做出相应响应的潜在投标人可能将在招标过程中被淘汰出局。

在私营部门，任何事情都有可能发生，而在公共部门的结果通常会将是最响应和有责任心的潜在投标人中标获得此工程项目。这些术语有特别重要的意义，将在本章后面继续讨论。

2. 招标投标法

要求联邦、州和地方法规以及由此产生的招标规则在招标过程中与在私营部门招标相比，可预测其目的。公共招标投标法规的目的:

1. 保护公共资金。换句话说，公共工程招投标法规的目的是确保使用公共支付款项尽可能以最低价格来得到优质建设工程的目的，因此应采用公开竞争性招标。

2. 继续保护和确保建立在早先成立的美国公司的政治和经济结构下的自由企业制度。

严格制定和执行招投标法规来使公共部门的施工承包保持诚信。越来越多的招标投标人因违反招投标规则而使自己受到民事和刑事责任。随着一些公共部门贪污受贿并且违背公共的信任的官员的被捕和审判，一些严重违反相关法律法规建筑公司也受到了巨额罚款并且它们的主管或办公人员也被送往监狱。

3. 招标文件

第一类，招标文件，通常开始有招标公告，已在本书第一章中介绍了。后面部分是当代行业期刊，如工程新闻记录含有大量的竞价公告中标识项目的投标需要，以及业主或招标代理人在何时何地开标，并指示潜在投标人如何获得一套完整的合同文件。

这个文件在招标小组通常是投标邀请书 , 有时可能是一个请求建议书。联邦政府和一些其他业主需要招标时，投标人必须严格按照招标文件里的图纸和规格,但当其违背相关建筑施工强制条文或法律法规时投标人可提出不同的方案。一般包括以下内容:

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大连海洋大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

工程合同中工程概要。

业主的信息。

开标的精确地点，日期。

工程所需资金(投标保证金，履行合同的担保金，劳动和材料的付款担保)。

图纸和相关说明和满足的技术规格、成本、相关技术规范。

在开标前一段时间内，投标文件必须是完好，不能有破损。

关于撤销或修改投标文件或没按规定时间投标的规则。

信息有关的任何计划投标会议和标前现场检查。

一些计划好的标前会和现场勘查的相关信息。

业主想要潜在投标人注意的相关法律法规的特殊要求。

业主想要向潜在投标人特别指出的特殊说明和要求。

除了投标邀请书或招标书之外，合同文件中也可以包含一项要求投标人须知。使用时，这部分是一个辅助指令的一部分的招标或征求建议书。有时所有必要的指令是包含在投标邀请书或招标书，并没有单独的指令部分能更符合逻辑和招标人。

招标文件是一个单独的文件，以及投标邀请书或书包含投标人的需要的所有其他必要但非指导性信息。

在每一种情况下，合同文件中都包含的投标书形式，并由投标人完成这个文件签署和盖章，并把它在指定的地方，截止时间之前提交投标书。充分执行投标形式构成的“提供”的元素必须订立合同，已经在第二章中讨论过了。请注意，投标书必须完全填写，签名，盖章，所有与招标内容和指示，在投标书中有一个响应的办法。投标书的内容通常包括以下内容:

1. 最终声明的一般条款和条件的提供。这种说法通常是单方面确定的主人，是预先印制的表格。

2. 商务标的格式条款的。这种格式通常是确定单方面由业主或作为一个单一的一次性总价格或作为招标项目价格。在第一种情况下，投标形式包含一个单一的空白空间中，投标人指示进入一个单一的总价为整个项目。在后一种情况下，该表单包含一系列的所有投标项目的项目，每一个组成的一个工作描述的离散部分的项目和空白单位价格的延伸和总价。与一个单一整笔格式或招标项目进度格式，投标人填空的确切界定商务招标。

3. 补充资料，业主可能想知道投标人的具体的公司情况和人员、注册资金情况以及所能指派给此项目的人员组成和机械设备情况。这通常由有关投标人的财务实力和过去的经验决定的。

4(更多的信息，联邦招标投标形式和联邦合同中包含了一些“认证和表示“誓章形式，如理性判断和隔离设施，但都必须遵守联邦法律。

5. 扶持的公共项目招标要求。投标形式的公共项目通常需要写目标和时间表的要求平等机会立法与少数民族企业/妇女经营企业要求。

6. 投标保证金。最后，投标书必须包含所需投标保证金，通常的形式是一个投标保证金签发批准的担保。有时，证明支票必须提交投标保证金。

7.奇怪的是，私营部门经常需要更多的补充信息的投标形式比公共部门投标。而且，在公共工程招标，为联邦合同通常需要较少的补充信息比平均。

最后一个有趣的一点是，关于投标文件的投标文件的形式方法排除合同。国际招标文件

6

大连海洋大学本科毕业设计外文翻译 AIAA-201的第一章中规定了一般条件的施工合同和状态。

合同文件不包括招标文件，如招标公告或邀请投标，投标人须知，样品的形式，承包商的投标或部分有关的任何这些文件，或任何其他文件，除非特别列举了业主合同协议

4. 一般合同条款

第一部分的文件通常包括合同是合同的一般条件，通常简称一般条件，或有时，一般规定。这里有非常明确的声明，逐条的一般条款和条件支配的履行合同的工作。在案件的联邦政府和其他机构经常对施工合同的工作，一般概念这一部分的文件是包括所有条款不变，承包合同后，改变很少。许多这些标准条款联邦合同涉及到要求的联邦采购条例，由法律必须包括在内的每个联邦建设合同。

5. 规格

技术要求各部门工作的合同将被彻底详细的那一段合同文件要求规范。格式通常符合统一建设指标，这是理解几乎具体分项分部工程的关键。取决于合同规格大小，可以是大量的。对于完全的明确要求仔细说明，这是必要的，合同当事人双方有一个共同的准确理解项目工作必须满足的技术标准。

6. 图纸

下一个合同文件中重要部分的是图纸，它应该完全符合建筑结构设计的相关技术规格。图纸必须足够充分显示正是兴建的工程项目的情况。某些功能的工作可以

显示在相当一般的条件与规定的要求，承包商必须制定详细的施工图，以及增加符合一般合同的图纸。这些是必须提交给业主或业主的工程师批准之前制定的覆盖材料的施工图纸。例如，承包商可提供详细的绘图模板时间表和放置钢筋情况、钢结构制作及安装图纸，包括连接。然而，基本合同中的图纸说明为固定价格出价的足够明确和准确提供了依据，如果承包商认真遵守它们，会施工出一个令人满意的建筑产品。如果任何图纸或规格不符合这一标准，业主可能如斯匹林学说所述承担相应的责任，这将在第13宪章讨论。

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客户关系管理的应用和理论研究述评与展望 摘要：客户关系管理理论在近几年来受到国内外管理界和信息技术界的重点关注，随着全球一体化发展带来的全球化市场竞争和客户竞争，客户关系管理也受到了企业的广泛推崇，因此客户关系管理成为近年来管理界和信息技术界发展最为迅速的领域之一。本文主要从客户关系管理的产生、客户关系管理的概念与内涵、企业客户关系管理的应用研究和理论研究状况展开，并对客户关系管理的研究进行了展望。 关键词：客户关系管理；营销理论；关系营销;数据挖掘 前言 著名的管理大师“现代管理学之父”彼得·德鲁克在其著作中提出，“顾客是企业的基石，是企业存活的命脉，只有顾客才能创造就业机会。企业经营的真谛是获得并留住顾客”。 自客户关系管理概念被提出以来，许多学者从不同视角对CRM展开了研究，并取得了许多有价值的理论贡献，企业和机构也在客户关系管理功能的诱惑下开始实施客户关系管理。 一、客户关系管理的起源 CRM（客户关系管理）起源于20世纪80年代初提出的“接触管理”（Contact Management），即专门收集整理客户与公司联系的所有信息。在 1984 年, Ives 和 Learmonth 提出了客户生命周期(CRLC)的概念,旨在客户生命周期的不同阶段支持并满足客户的所有需求, 被视为CRM 思想的萌芽。到90年代初期演变成为包括电话服务中心支援资料分析的客户关怀（Customer Care）。而作为一个概念来说，客户关系管理最早由美国Gartner Group提出，Gartner Group 最初认为，客户关系管理就是为企业提供全方位的管理视角，赋予企业更完善的客户交流能力，最大化客户的收益率。 客户关系管理的理论基础来源于西方的市场营销理论，通过回顾市场营销理论的发展，我们可以对客户关系管理的发展有整体的把握和了解。营销学家菲利普·科特勒总结了营销观念发展的五个演变阶段，包括生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、营销观念、社会营销观念。 前三个阶段是以“生产者为导向”的传统营销观念，后两个阶段成为现代市场营销观念，从传统营销观念到客户关系管理观念，企业对客户的态度发生了巨变。传统营销观念中企业没

独特的品牌战略【外文翻译】

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