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湖南英语高考新题型

湖南英语高考新题型—阅读填空探究

摘要

《新课程标准·英语》的出台以及湖南高考制度的改革，对中学英语学习者的语用能力提出了更高的要求。本文就湖南高考新题目型“阅读填空”的特点作了较详尽的分析，尤其是就如何做好阅读填空提出了许多切合实际应试指导。实践证明，通过抓好常规教学，我们可以很好地培养学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力，从而真正地达到《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》的要求。

关键词：阅读填空, 阅读理解，篇章阅读，分析表格，信息加工处理, 转换法, 概括法

Abstract

With the show-up of “New Curriculum Standard · English” and the further reform of Hunan’s matriculation policies, greater demands are being made on the high school students’ pragmatism. This essay mainly deals with Hunan’s fresh-style matriculation English test---Post-reading blank-filling test. Detailed analyses of characteristics of such a test are made. Besides, much practical guidance on how to work out such a test is stressed here. It is proven through regular teaching practice that we can cultivate students’ competences in obtaining information, processing information, outputting information as well as solving problems, thus reaching the universal standards required by the National University Students’ Enrollment Examination Outline.

Key words:New Curriculum Standard , Blank-filling reading test, reading comprehension, Passage- reading, Table-analyzing, Information-processing, Transformation approach, Generalization approach

《2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》中明确指出：英语考试应在检测学生基本语言运用能力的同时，着重测试学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力，用英语进行思维和表达的能力。

2005年起，“阅读填空”（Post-reading blank-filling）继英语高考出现听力新题型以来湖南高考英语出现的一种新题型。它的出现，体现着增加主观题、减少客观题这一全球语言测试的大方向，也标志着湖南这一教育大省在大力弘扬素质教育，积极推进课程改革方面迈出了可喜的一步。2007年湖南高考英语又出现一种更新的题型：“阅读简答”（Post-reading brief answer）。接二连三的新题型出笼，使得湖南高考又一次走在了改革的最前缘。在本篇中笔者将主要就阅读填空题型作一探究，抛砖引玉，不当之处，恳请专家、读者斧正。

高考英语阅读填空题实际上是阅读理解常规题型的一个变体，它充分体现了《新课程标准》英语科中语言技能目标(八级)和现行高中英语教材渗透的重点达标项目：不但考查考生通过阅读获取信息的能力，而且对所获信息进行加工处理的能力，而这种能力则通过画图、标图、连线、填表、排序、补全信息等途径来实现。所以它并非仅仅是对语言层面的考查，而且更重要的是对语言运用层次的考查；它不仅考查考生对直接信息的获得与理解，而且考查对间接信息的获得和理解，还要求考生的信息概括能力及科学地表述所获信息的能力。

阅读填空题特点分析

1．语篇特点(feature of discourse)

阅读填空的语篇具有较明确的信息度，便于归纳总结，事实线条较为明显。如：优缺点对比、正反面对比、明暗层对比、时间事件对比、人物地点对比、物品价格对比等。是一种培养演绎(deduction)和概括(generalization)能力的新题型。

2．选材特点(feature of material)

阅读填空题的选材主要是应用文和说明文，而考查的目标是利用表格对阅读中所获信息进行归纳理顺并条理化的能力。利用表格概括全文主要内容，类别清晰对应，层次分明。考生必须对表格的功能，每个条目与之相对应的细节关系有充分的了解，才能应对自如。

所选材料大都为与日常生活话题相关的简短文字材料，易看易懂，词数一般在200-250之间。例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。注重突出实效性和使用性，符合中学生的认知特征和评判取向。

3．设题特点(feature of proposition)

一般可反映在单层面的简单词汇归类填空和多层面的纵横信息比较填空上。主要根据选材的对比阅读进行科学设题。题目的设制一般注重对学生能力的考查。

阅读填空题应试指导

新题型要求考生不仅能够获得直接信息，也能获得一定的间接信息。所谓的直接信息，是指能够从阅读材料中获取的信息；而间接信息则要求考生通过阅读理解，分析表格后自己归纳出合乎题意的信息，如标题，类别（如人物，目的，特点，原因、结果）等信息。具体来讲，要做好阅读填空题，除了具备一定的阅读理解能力外，考生还应掌握一定的应试技能。做题时，可按下列步骤进行：

1. 篇章阅读（Passage reading）

了解短文的写作思路和结构有助于对文章内容的了解，同时文章的结构也是很重要的设题线索，表格项目可能就是根据文章的结构而设计的。所以，了解文章大意是解题的第一步，也是最关键的一步。只有读懂了文章，才能填出相应的信息，要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句，读懂了表格标题有助于理解短文及表格的大意和表格结构。如阅读2005高考真题后，通过结构分析(analysis of structure)：文章首先用数字对比的手法提出了这一现象；接着对这一现象所产生的原因进行了分析：是人们的寿命增长，二是第二次世界大战后的人口生育高峰；最后指出这一情况给美国社会所带来的影响：一方面是家庭的变化，另一方面是社会劳动力的变化。我们可知本文主要讲述的是美国老龄化的社会现象。

2. 分析表格 (Table-analyzing)

浏览分析表格格式可帮助考生迅速理清短文结构和信息分布情况。若表格属标准化格式的表格，可知短文内容呈现纵横交错关系的网络状结构，有助于阅读时有条理地搜索各个对象与信息栏目对应的信息内容。若属非标准化格式，可知短文内容分为几个不同的版块，从而阅读时可注意分别搜索相关版块的信息内容。

一般来说，栏目名称具有高度的概括性，参看其他栏目名称的表达形式，有助于确定用名词、名词词组表示，还是用其他短语表示。若空留在表格上面的标题中，阅读时就要注意整体把握短文的中心意思，用具有高度概括性的词语表示。

分析留空位置(Blank-analyzing)，查看空的位置处于什么样的板块上，从而确定填空信息是具有纵横关系还是只有横向或只有纵向关系，再根据参考信息确定需要填写的内容。使用“上看、下看，左看、右看，打乱顺序看”的方法分析对应的参考信息可知要填写哪类词语，如（非）谓语动词、名词、形容词、短语等。

命题者所给的表格就是文章内容的浓缩，也可以说是文章的提纲，一般来说表格的结构就是文章的结构，所以认真分析表格的结构非常重要。我们做题是一定要“左看右看、上看下看”的，找出其规律。然后答题时就可以“依葫芦画瓢”。

如：2005年考纲提供的“题型示例”：

Man: ... and lastly this week I have some information about a course at the Country College near Burnside, which might be of interest to someone wanting a late-season break, or to groups. They tell me they have spaces on their Country Sports courses the weekend after next. There are three courses that you might like to join: fishing, hill-walking, and rock-climbing. So, quite a lot of variety there. The fishing is open to anyone over the age of 12,and so is the hill-walking. For the rock-climbing you must be sixteen or older, for safety masons. All these Courses are really enjoyable.

BURNSIDE OUNTRY COLLEGE

Country Sports Weekends

COURSE AGE

fishing 12+

1. _______

2. ________

rock-climbing 16+

先看表格的左边，最上面的是COURSE，文章提到了三门课程，即：Fishing，Hill-walking 和Rock-climbing，所以第一题的答案是Hill-walking；再看表格右边，最上面是“AGE”，Hill-walking的年龄要求是“over the age of l2”，我们可仿效“16+”的形式，所以第二题的答案是12+。由此可见，分析表格的结构非常重要。

通过表格的格式和留空位置，大体上知道了要填写哪些方面的信息内容，接下来进行阅读。阅读时，目标要瞄准与填空信息相关的内容，搜索填空信息(info-seeking)。先找出表达显性信息(evident information)的词语，再进行综合分析(integrated analysis), 抓住段落主题,提取相关的隐性信息(hidden information)。

3．信息加工处理（Information-processing）

信息加工处理（information-processing）即整合信息，是解题的关键所在。这里关键是精选表达词语(word-selecting)的问题。由于在阅读填空题中，每空只能填写l-3个单词，因此用词特别讲究。注意所填写的词语要具有高度的概括性和准确性。特别是要你归纳文章标题时，如湖南2005年高考第76题就是标题概括题，所给的答案Graying U.S. 就简洁而高度地概括了文章的主要意思。

在解答综合表达信息题方面，我们要根据标题词的特点进行表达。平时我们应注意积累典型的总结性词汇，如：features，advantages，disadvantages，topic，types，reason，cause，result，effects，advice，suggestions，opinions，names，age等。在概括信息时，可遵循以下两个原则：

一、概括性原则，即在最大限度上覆盖行和列的信息，概括其主要内容。

二、针对性原则，所用的概括词既不能太大，也不能太具体，要量体裁衣，大小合适。

具体来讲，在平时的复习训练中，我们可使用下列方法：转化法（transformation）和概括法（generalization）。

转化法

转化法可分为结构转化（Structure Transformation）和单词转化（Word Transformation）。

1．结构转化（Structure Transformation）

结构转化包括：短语单词化，句子短语化，结构透析法等。

◆短语单词化

1)We are not in favor of smoking in public places.

--- W e’re ________ smoking in public.

由于not in favor of意为“不赞成”，即“反对”，故所填单词应为against。

2) It is time to put an end to racial discrimination.

--- It is time to ______ racial discrimination.

put an end to意为“结束”，即end。

3) At no time should we make fun of others.

--- We should ______laugh at others.

at no time意为“在任何时候都不”，也就是常说的“决不”，故空格中应填never。

◆句子短语化

句子短语化即将句子转为短语词组。如你确定某一空的答案是tree’s leaves are falling，答案超过了三个字显然不符合要求，但你只要将其改为falling tree's leaves就行了。又如：

1) The girl who had been caught stealing was set free at last.

--- The girl _______________ was finally liberated.

下划线部分简化为caught stealing分词短语作定语后，词数少了三个。

2) While he was reading the book, he heard a loud noise.

--- ______________, he heard a loud noise.

由于下划线部分为状语从句，它可变成分词短语、不定式短语、形容词短语等，故简化后就可说“Reading the book”，从而达到词数不超过三个的限定。

3) ….The recent food abundance is partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a third.…

In North America

Reasons for

__________________

food abundance

分析节选的原句后可知，北美食物过剩是因为几次北美粮食大丰收。填上grain harvests 似乎大功告成，但准确到说，不是两次而是三次粮食大丰收,故three grain harvests才是最佳答案。

4) Ears that are always red mean that a person may have a temper. Ears that are always cold and pale show a person is nervous.

Kinds of ears Character

1. _________ temperate

cold and pale ears 2. ____________

分析表格，应当知道第一空填耳朵的类型，第二空填具有此种耳朵的人的特点。对照相关信息，就不难知道Ears that are always red = red ears, a person is nervous

= nervous。当然，如果题目Character下方的temperate改成being temperate，

我们第二空的答案也得相应变成being nervous了。

结构替代化

如湖南2005高考第81题和第82题，短文中的原信息是两个完整的句子：One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unit. … The other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nation's workforce. 将句子的核心词进行转换，变成了“Family unit change” 和“Workforce proportion change”，从而做到了每空不超过3个单词。

大体说来，我们有以下几种结构透析法：

“符号替代法”

有时一些被人们普遍认同的符号可以替代一些单词，如￥,＄,㎝,%，?等。如：

2）One dollar and eighty-seven cents was all Della had saved.

--- _________was Della’s savings.

使用数字及符号“$1.87”，我们能简洁地表达与原句相同的意思。

2）Jack’s apartment is only one hundred and two square meters.

-- Jack only has an apartment of ________.

使用数字及符号“102㎡”，我们同样简洁地表达了与原句相同的意思。

“间接替代法”

使用此方法，有时得来全不费功夫。方法之一是巧用名词所有格形式“s” 代替介词of。如湖南2005高考第79题Citizens’ long er living就巧妙地运用了名词所有格形式“’”，如果用of，则变成了the longer living of citizens，在字数上已经超过了3

个单词，显然不符合要求。方法之二是巧用连词符压缩词语。如an 18-year-old girl 相当于说“a girl who is 18 years old”。又如：

1. China as well as some other countries won’t threaten any other country, for it never has the intention to invade other countries.

--- _____________________like China won’t be threatening.

在不改变原意的情况下，不超过三词填出省略的信息在此变得略显困难。但经过信息分析，可加工处理为“Peace-loving countries”，刚好符合题目要求。2．The judge punished those who had driven fast by fining 200 yuan each.

--- ____________________ were punished by fining 200 yuan each by the judge.

经过分析处理，“Those over-speeding drivers“，“The traffic-law breakers”等都可成为最佳答案。

2．单词转化（Word Transformation）

◆单词缩略

Aimed at entering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, many students study very hard. ____________, many students work diligently.

由于一些专有名词有它相应的单词缩略形式，故这里要填出“To enter MIT”并不困难。

◆单词合成

◆Since the early 1990s, China has been enjoying a boom in scientific and

technological development.

◆ --- Since the early 1990s, China has boomed in ____________________.

我们运用单词合成法就能很好地解决这一问题：sci-tech development。

如上句改为“Since the early 1990s, China has experie nced______________________.”, 答案可变成“sci-tech development boom”

◆词类转化

词类转化或称为“词性转换”。如湖南2005高考第76题Graying U.S.，文章第二段和第

三段都用“the ‘graying’ of the United States” 引起，在表达时运用词性转换技巧，将原来的名词graying转化成现在分词，表示“逐渐变老”，言简意赅。又如：

For the first time ever, scientists have been able to create a chemical element that can fight cancer cells.

_________ of a chemical

breakthrough

element against cancer cells

分析表格中留空位置，就知该处应填名词。原句中的create 的名词形式为creation放在

空格上刚好能符合题意。

概括法

我们做题时不能只顾抄文章细节而忽视对文章内容的概括。特别是要你归纳文章标题时，如湖南2005年高考第76题就是标题概括题，所给的答案Graying U.S. 就简洁而高度地概括了文章的主要意思。下面列举一些常用的概括词汇（generalized vocabulary），希望对广大师生有所帮助。

1.时间类: Time, Period, Dynasty, Phase, Age, Date, When

2.地点类: Place, Location, Site, Situation, State, Country, Area, Region, Zone, Field, Aspect, Where

3.事件类: Event, Phenomenon, Program, Project, Theme, Topic, Object, Content, What

4.特点类: Feature, Character, Characteristic, Speciality, Peculiarity, Trait, How

5.原因类: Cause, Reason, Source, Origin, Root, Why

6.目的类: Purpose, Aim, Goal, Intention, Motive, Desire, Wish, Dream

7.结果类: Effect, Result, Consequence, Ending, Outcome, Aftermath

8.方法类: Solution, Measure, Step, Way, Approaches, Key, Method, Means, Suggestion, Tip

9.观点类: Conclusion, Summary, View, Opinion, Viewpoint, Attitude, Manner, Comment, Remark

10.问题类: Question, Problem, Issue, Riddle, Puzzle, Wonder, Doubt, Suspicion

11.性质类: Quality, Size, Shape, Property, Distance, Width, Height, Weight, Price, Direction, Trend

12.过程类: Procedure, Process, Course

13.对比类: Comparison, Contrast, Parallel, Difference, Distinction, Similarity, Advantage, Disadvantage

14.种类类：Kind, Type, Classification, Category, Species

15.说明类：Example, Sample, Figure, Proof, Evidence, Illustration

16.模糊类：Unmentioned, Not mentioned, Not clear, Unclear, Indistinct, Vague

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