pap7 MES(MES白皮书第七页英文)

MESA INTERNATIONAL – WHITE PAPER NUMBER 7 Justifying MES: A Business Case Methodology

MESA International

MESA International

6. Prepare the executive “Sell Package” of

corporate and strategic benefits

7. Prepare the plant “Sell Package” of

operational benefits

8. Begin a pilot and assess results against the

baseline performance

9. Prepare report on pilot results, operational

improvements and corporate benefit

realization

10. Prepare rapid rollout process for remaining

lines and plants

Each of these steps will be addressed in detail to flesh out the MES Business Case Methodology. Step 1. Perform Manufacturing Assessment This step should be focused on “Strategic Alignment” - How does manufacturing need to change to better support supply chain operations and e-business strategy? What does manufacturing need to do to leverage ERP investment? This is where tools like the “MES Maturity Profile” (see Appendix 1) should be applied to analyze business drivers to determine needed process and technology capabilities that will help manufacturing organizations attain targeted performance levels. The manufacturing assessment is an exercise designed to gather insights very quickly to identify business issues and opportunities for improvement in manufacturing operations.

This is a discovery process that typically involves interviewing key personnel at the business management level and senior manufacturing management level. Site-specific data gathering on process performance, throughput, local financial metrics and other similar information are gathered in Step 2 below. The objective is to very quickly focus in on the key business issues being impacted by current manufacturing capabilities, to allow for a far more detailed site-specific analysis in the next step. Step 2: Apply Diagnostic and Other Tools After targeted areas of improvement have been identified in Step 1, site-specific characteristics can be analyzed in detail. A number of tools may be employed to help structure interviews and gather data. The two tools below are a sampling of possible tools that may assist the assessment effort.

? Manufacturing Diagnostic

? Manufacturing Productivity Index (MPI) The Manufacturing Diagnostic is a very detailed tool for assessing all aspects of manufacturing. This tool is broken down into multiple sections, beginning with a higher level analysis of practices employed, down to detailed data collection on manufacturing performance, cycle times, yields, and so forth. For a copy of the

The Manufacturing Profitability Index (MPI)? was conceived by senior executives at Real World Technology, a provider of MES software products. This tool provides a methodology for developing a before and after comparison of the productivity of units of manufacturing capability, for example a process, a line, a work cell or an entire plant. This methodology calculates a profitability index in dollar terms, which helps focus “C”-level executives on the benefits of investing in MES or other technologies. The strength of this tool is that it can be calculated using simple balance sheet numbers, throughput estimates, and related data to calculate a dollar value of productivity for the given manufacturing assets. A more detailed The diagnostic tools listed above greatly simplify and focus the task of data collection and analysis. However, they don’t give “the answer.” Interpretation and the process of deciding what to do is not something that can be automated!

MESA International

Step 3: Identify Pain and Gains – Areas of Opportunity

Once Steps 1 and 2 have been completed, a very clear picture of the current situation in manufacturing and possible improvement opportunities is readily developed. This of course will be backed by facts and data based on analysis and interviews. Step 3 develops fairly detailed descriptions of issues and opportunities to provide clear understanding of problems to be fixed by an MES implementation. This then sets the stage for prioritization of the opportunities based on the needs of the business, the business and manufacturing strategy, and other factors. Priorities must be based on business needs, because any MES projects must be owned and backed by the business, not the Information Technology (IT) department for example. Step 4: Link Areas of Opportunity to Corporate Benefits

The next step is to link the potential opportunities to corporate benefits. These corporate benefits will also be sequenced according to the business strategy, manufacturing strategy and other overarching corporate objectives. A possible list of corporate benefits might include the following: ? Improved return on assets

? Lower inventory levels and carrying costs across the supply chain

? Improved customer service

? Lower operating cost/greater margins ? Reduced capital expenses

? Reduced product liability issues

? Reduced floor space

? Improved delivery reliability & on-time shipments

? Synchronization of production with demand ? Improved customer satisfaction

? e-Commerce capabilities

? Increased market share

This is only a sample list. The key here is to map the manufacturing improvement opportunities to known corporate initiatives and objectives to help garner support for the investment. This explicitly links any MES initiatives to the business, and shows how the MES project could improve the company’s standing on the MES Maturity Profile.

Step 5: Link Areas of Opportunity to Operational Benefits

Similar to Step 4 above, this activity links the areas of opportunity to operational benefits that may be more site- or department-specific. This step is important because it helps gather support for a MES project by the organization(s) who would ideally “own” the project and drive it to completion: operations personnel. These operational benefits will also be derived from the corporate benefits and link the improvements to operational needs and the manufacturing strategy of the firm. A sample list of operational benefits might include the following:

? Reduced lead times

? Lower inventory levels, including finished goods and WIP

? Reduced cycle time

? Improved product quality and less scrap ? Rapid process upgrades

? Faster new product launch and ramp-up ? Reduced or eliminated paperwork from manufacturing

? Reduced data entry time for work order status, WIP tracking, order status

? Informed decision support

? Increased operator span of control

? Accurate available to promise (ATP) dates ? Complete product trace ability from raw material to finished goods

Again, this is a partial list. It is crucial that the manufacturing improvement opportunities be linked to known operational imperatives, and that anticipated performance and cost improvement gains be quantified wherever possible. This will help establish support and ownership of the project by the business. Similarly, support from executive management

MESA International

will be obtained by executing Step 4. Steps 4 and 5 are critical to establishing the buy-in and support for proceeding with the MES initiative.

Step 6: Prepare the Corporate Sell Package

The Corporate Sell Package is an

opportunity/benefit presentation that presents the results of the assessments, the recommended solutions and actions, and the benefits associated with proceeding with the recommended course of action.

This package is oriented towards top management and must be supported by the corporate benefits as well as hard dollars and cents. This must be a bottom- line presentation to provide an incentive to invest in the solutions presented. Thus, a budgetary estimate of project cost should also be made to allow for determination of the Business Case for the project. Cost elements to be included will be software cost, engineering costs, hardware, consulting services, and so forth. Many organizations are using a “Total Cost of Ownership” (TCO) approach to determine the most accurate estimate of software cost.

The Manufacturing Profitability Index is again an effective tool to use in the package since it does relate opportunities and benefits in financial terms for executives. However, reporting the economic impact of the project to the business in the terms that they are most familiar with will also be necessary e.g., net present value, ROI, cash flow, and so forth. Step 7: Prepare the Plant Sell Package

The Plant Sell Package is an opportunity/benefit presentation designed to get support and buy-in from manufacturing management. This package is oriented towards operations, supported by financial benefits and required investment, with clear gains identified for the plant level personnel.

This package will include actual metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs) based on the operational benefits identified in the previous steps. This is a critical package to develop because the MES project will not be successful without the ownership and buy-in from the plants, and from the plant management teams down to the technician level.Thus, this package must clearly articulate what will be different in the future…processes, technology, organization, metrics and so forth. The plant sell package must clearly illustrate the impact of the project in streamlining data collection, enhancing visibility to production order status, and so forth. You cannot simply claim a large reduction in production scrap without explaining “how” it will occur, “who” will be impacted, and “what” infrastructure investment will be needed.

Step 8: Begin Pilot MES Project and Assess Results Against a Baseline

During the assessment phase of the methodology, the team should have been working to identify potential pilot opportunities. Obvious areas for pilot projects include known hot spots where there is great opportunity for improvement or low hanging fruit.

Other areas are where the plant management are very enthusiastic about the project potential and will champion the pilot with full vigour. The pilot project must be based on a very rapid timeline, with clear success metrics identified, and a definitive go/no go baseline for proceeding with full rollouts of the solution.

Excellent project management and project execution are critical to ensuring the pilot meets the objectives.

The following bullets identify some critical ingredients for ensuring pilot project success: ? Strong management champion

? Known hot spot with significant

opportunities for improvement

? Dedicated team owning and executing the project

? Clear metrics for project success including process performance metrics

? Distinct manufacturing process, line or cell with known boundaries

? Concise scope and objectives that are aligned with business direction

MESA International ? No ambiguous overlap with other

concurrent improvement projects

The pilot project results will be a strong

indicator to senior leadership that the projects

can be delivered on time and achieve desired

results. Make this a clear win for the team!!

Step 9: Prepare Pilot Summary Report on

Results, Corporate Benefits and Operational

Improvements

The pilot summary should be detailed report of

project successes and areas for additional focus,

and should assess all critical areas of process

change, technology, organization and

infrastructure that should be addressed during

roll-out. All areas of risk should be documented

and addressed through specific action plans,

with accountabilities assigned. Typically, the

pilot summary report should feature both an

Executive Summary and a far more detailed

analysis for use by the subsequent

implementation team. The MPI? again can be

used to benchmark the “As-Is” process

performance against the “To-Be” process

following the MES pilot project.

Step 10: Prepare for Global Rollout of MES

Core Design to Remaining Plants and Lines

An implementation strategy needs to be devised

that defines the level of commonality of the

design, and its use as a template across multiple

plants or lines. Additionally, the project team

needs to be staffed with experienced personnel

who know the broad array of issues that will

need to be addressed as each site/line

implementation proceeds. The roll-out plan

needs also to effectively address all issues that

were raised in the pilot project. Another key

element of the roll-out plan is a strategy for

acquiring and/or developing capabilities for

software maintenance and upgrades. Whether

these services are to be developed in-house or

acquired from 3rd party service organizations, a

clear approach needs to be agreed to and put in

place very early in the roll-out.

钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土白皮书(英文版,全文)

Full Text: Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China on Tuesday published a white paper on Diaoyu Dao, an inherent territory of China. Following is the full text of the white paper: Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China (September 2012) State Council Information Office The People's Republic of China Contents Foreword I. Diaoyu Dao is China's Inherent Territory II. Japan Grabbed Diaoyu Dao from China III. Backroom Deals Between the United States and Japan Concerning Diaoyu Dao are Illegal and Invalid IV. Japan's Claim of Sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao is Totally Unfounded V. China has Taken Resolute Measures to Safeguard its Sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao Conclusion Foreword Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands are an inseparable part of the Chinese territory. Diaoyu Dao is China's inherent territory in all historical, geographical and legal terms, and China enjoys indisputable sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao. Japan's occupation of Diaoyu Dao during the Sino-Japanese War in 1895 is illegal and invalid. After World War II, Diaoyu Dao was returned to China in accordance with such international legal documents as the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation. No matter what unilateral step Japan takes over Diaoyu Dao, it will not change the fact that Diaoyu Dao belongs to China. For quite some time, Japan has repeatedly stirred up troubles on the issue of Diaoyu Dao. On September 10, 2012, the Japanese government announced the "purchase" of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated Nanxiao Dao and Beixiao Dao and the implementation of the so-called "nationalization". This is a move that grossly violates China's territorial sovereignty and seriously tramples on historical facts and international jurisprudence. China is firmly opposed to Japan's violation of China's sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao in whatever form and has taken resolute measures to curb any such act. China's position on the issue of Diaoyu Dao is clear-cut and consistent. China's will to defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity is firm and its resolve to uphold the outcomes of the World Anti-Fascist War will not be shaken by any force. I. Diaoyu Dao is China's Inherent Territory Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands, which consist of Diaoyu Dao, Huangwei Yu, Chiwei Yu, Nanxiao Dao, Beixiao Dao, Nan Yu, Bei Yu, Fei Yu and other islands and reefs, are located to the northeast of China's Taiwan Island, in the waters between 123o20'-124o40'E (East Longitude) and 25o40'-26o00'N (North Latitude), and are affiliated to the Taiwan Island. The total landmass of

Fidic 红皮书主要名词中英文对照

1.General Provisions一般规定 Contract 合同 Contract Agreement 合同协议书1.6 Letter of Acceptance 中标函1.1.3 (a. 业主对承包商正式接受函，签字；b.双方商定的其他内容，双方签字) Letter of Tender 投标函(承包商的报价函) Specification 规范 Drawings 图纸 Schedules 明细表 Tender 投标书（a. 投标函；b. 投标者填写的各类明细表，投标保函等） Appendix to Tender 投标函附录 Bill of Quantities 工程量表 Daywork Schedule 计日工表 Parties and Persons 合同双方和人员 Engineer 工程师（natural/legal）（监理） DAB 争端裁决委员会（投标函附录列出） FIDIC 国际咨询工程联合会（International Federation of Consulting Engineers） Dates 日期Tests 检验Periods 期间Completion 竣工 Base Date 基准日期（提交投标书截止日期之前的第28天当天；与调价有关）Commencement Date 开工日期（工程师通知开工的日期） Time for Completion 竣工日期（指时间段，从开工日期开始计算） Tests on Completion 竣工检验 Taking-over Certificate 接收证书（证明工程按照合同实质竣工，进入缺陷通知期） Tests after Completion 竣工后检验 Defects Notification Period 缺陷通知期维修期 Performance Certificate 履约证书 Money and Payments 款项和支付 Accepted Contract Amount 中标合同金额（中标的承包商的投标价格，名义合同价格）Contract Prise 合同价格（a. b.包含根据合同进行的调整） Cost 费用（承包商现场内外全部合理开支，不包括利润） Final Payment Certificate 最终支付证书（承包商将从业主方拿到的最后的一笔工程款） Final Statement 最终报表 Foreign Currency 外币 Interim Payment Certificate 期中支付证书 Local Curency 当地币 Payment Certificate 支付证书（期中和最终） Provisional Sum暂定金额（相当于业主方的备用金）13.5 /14.2 Retention Money 保留金（现金保证金，保证承包商在工程的执行的过程中恰当履约）14.3/14.9 Statement 报表（完成工程量的合同价值及其他相关情况月报竣工报表最终报表） Works and Goods 工程和货物（eg. 材料，永久设备，施工机具…完成的工程火或其一部分）Contractor’s Equipment 承包商设备（承包商的施工机具） Goods 货物 Materials 材料 Permanent Works 永久工程

(OMG)OmiseGO(数字钱包)英文白皮书

OmiseGO Decentralized Exchange and Payments Platform Joseph Poon joseph@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8717941723.html,work OmiseGO Team omg@omise.co June17,2017 Abstract OmiseGO is building a decentralized exchange,liquidity provider mechanism,clear-inghouse messaging network,and asset-backed blockchain gateway.OmiseGO is not owned by any single one party.Instead,it is an open distributed network of validators which enforce behavior of all participants.It uses the mechanism of a protocol token to create a proof-of-stake blockchain to enable enforcement of market activity amongst participants.This high-performant distributed network enforces exchange across as- set classes,from?at-backed issuers to fully decentralized blockchain tokens(ERC-20 style and native cryptocurrencies).Unlike nearly all other decentralized exchange plat- forms,this allows for decentralized exchange of other blockchains and between multiple blockchains directly without a trusted gateway token.Markets may be able to signi?- cantly reduce spreads and encourage market assurance via decentralizing custody and increased transparency of market activity.This is achieved using smart contracts,proto- col tokens enforcing correct market behavior of orderbook matching,a new construction of Ethereum bonded external enforcement of clearinghouse activity,and commitments to historical exchange data for use with Ethereum smart contracts. 1Introduction and Problem Statement The primary role of blockchains are to solve coordination problems among multilateral agreements between a network of participants.By ensuring transparency,assurance,and enforcement,we can enable multilateral agreements where they were not previously possible. When all parties are assured that the operations are not only transparent,but also the mechanisms are guaranteed to not change without signi?cant e?ort,parties are more willing to coordinate.Participants have signi?cantly higher guarantees that a single party has di?culty forcing other parties in the future into usurious rent extraction via a change in business processes or information asymmetry.In other words,any single participant is more willing to use systems where the business processes and mechanisms itself are not owned by any other single participant. There is a fundamental coordination problem amongst payment processors,gateways, and?nancial institutions.For instance,a customer of a bank wishes to pay a merchant on

菲迪克(FIDIC)简明合同格式-中英对照版

菲迪克（FIDIC）文献译丛中英文对照本 国际咨询工程师联合会 编译 中国工程咨询协会 1999年第1版 Agreement协议书 General Conditions通用条件 Rules for Adjudication裁决规则 Notes for Guidance指南注释 Short Form of Contract 简明合同格式 吕文学陈永强翻译 唐萍校译 王川徐礼章唐萍审订 （1999年第1版） （中英文对照本） （译者对译文的准确度承担全部责任， 正式使用发生的争端，以英文原版为准） 机械工业出版社

菲迪克（FIDIC）授权书 I herewith authorize CNAEC to translate FIDIC’s publications (but not the publications as edited by other organizations) into Chinese and publish them. I agree with your statement, as part of the agreement, that you will: a)Provide FIDIC with 10 copies of the translation per document, and b)Make a statement on the inside cover of the translation that the translator takes full responsibility for the accuracy of the translation and that in case of dispute, the original version in English shall prevail. Peter van der TOGT Publications manager [译文] 在此，我授权中国工程咨询协会把FIDIC出版物译成中文并出版（但是，不包括其他组织编写的出版物）。我同意你们的意见，作为协议的一部分，你们应： a)向FIDIC提供每份文件中译本10本； b)在译文的扉页上注明译者对译文的准确度承担全部责任，如果发生争端，以英文原版为准。 出版经理：Peter van der TOGT FIDIC is the French acronym for the International Federation of Consulting Engineers. FIDIC （中译菲迪克）是国际咨询工程师联合会的法文缩写。 FIDIC was founded in 1913 by three national associations of consulting engineers within Europe. The objectives of forming the federation were to promote in common the professional interests of the member associations and to disseminate information of interest to members of its component national associations. 菲迪克（FIDIC）是由欧洲三个国家的咨询工程师协会于1913年成立的。组建联合会的上的是共同促进成员协会的职业利益，以及向其成员协会会员传播有益信息。 Today FIDIC membership numbers more than 60 countries from all parts of the globe and the federation represents most of the private practice consulting engineers in the world. 今天，菲迪克（FIDIC）已有来自全球各地60多个国家成员协会，代表着世界上大多数私人执业咨询工程师。 FIDIC arranges seminars, conferences and other events in the furtherance of its goals: maintenance of high ethical and professional standards; exchange of views and information; discussion of problems of mutual concern among member associations and representatives of the international financial institutions; and development of the consulting engineering industry in developing countries. 菲迪克（FIDIC）举办各类研讨会、会议及其他活动，以促进其目标：维护高的道德和职业标准；交流观点和信息；讨论成员协会和国际金融机构代表共同关心的问题，以及发展中国家工程咨询业的发展。 FIDIC publications include proceedings of various conferences and seminars, information for consulting engineers, project owners and international development agencies, standard pre-qualification forms, contract documents and client/consultant agreements. They are available from the secretariat in Switzerland. 菲迪克（FIDIC）的出版物包括：各类会议和研讨会的文件，为咨询工程师、项目业主和国际开发机构提供的信息，资格预审标准格式，合同文件以及客户与工程咨询单位协议书。这些资料可以从设在瑞士的菲迪克（FIDIC）秘书处得到。 国际咨询工程师联合会 INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS

美国白皮书翻译

促进发展国家优先项目 扩大使用健康IT技术 ONC正在发展健康IT采用通过大量的主动权。这些努力包括计划加速采用电子健康记录，发展通过网络进行的健康信息交换标准和发展移动健康技术，除此之外，战略性的健康IT先进探索计划基金潜在地改变了增强了证明了很多问题妨碍了健康IT的采用 是创新技术应用于医疗技术与医疗救护 美国食品和药品管理委员会正在加速发展医疗设备技术。在2009年6月，FDA提出了“透明主动”他可以提高市场对于支持发展和鼓励创新的认同感。在2010年1月，FDA 宣告了委员会对于医疗设备创新的创造力，决定鼓励创新来强调未解决的健康需要，混合机构委员会通过确定可以使一些重要的未解决的公共医疗需要的医疗技术创新变得容易，描绘了一些在发展中可能会遇到的障碍，提出了一些病人的困难 经过了一段时间，可提供的一些救护可以通过降低浪费来降低各地医疗救护组织的花费，限制过度的花费，提高和鼓励医院和其他的医疗机构注重医疗品质而不仅仅是护理的费用，这些经费遏制措施将提供对于通过过程和技术创新来提高医疗服务的救治以及降低花费，医疗保障及救治服务中心的项目发现低花费将会使2012到2019年的医疗救治的增长率降低1.4% 使教育技术大的飞跃 我们必须在一个相对较短的时间里有效地提高教育系统使美国经济保持竞争力，当前经济环境导致的资源限制以及教育体系中教育成本的不断上涨，使这次的挑战更为棘手创新必须成为一个正在建立的核心驱使我们实现新的教育策略和系统。 发展先进的教育技术 技术可以提高学习的结果和减少学生获得新技术的时间正在慢慢被证明，（伴随着相对）宽频，云计算，数字设备和软件，发展先进教育技术的的技术条件已经越来越成熟，管理者正在通过相关部门的教育的国家教育的技术的计划来提高教育技术的创新，国家科学基础“网络学习改变教育”和大量的DARPA，能源部门，NOAA，美国海军项目，促进发展和商业化教育技术的改变，管理者支持开始ARPA-ED在2012，成功建立一个DOD和DOE可使用的模式。

FIDIC红皮书-施工合同条件__(中英文对照)

Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils(红皮书--施工合同条件) General Conditions 1.一般规定 General Provisions 1.1 定义 Definitions 在包括专用条件和本通用条件的合同条件（“本合同条件”）中，以下措辞和用语的含义如下所述。除非上下文中另有要求，指当事人和当事各方的词包括公司和其它法律实体。 In the Conditions of Contract ("these Conditions"), which include Particular Conditions and these General Conditions, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings stated. Words indicating persons or parties include corporations and other legal entities, except where the context requires otherwise. 1.1.1 合同 1.1.1 The Contract 1.1.1.1“合同(Contract)”指合同协议书、中标函、投标函、本合同条件、规范、图纸、资料表、以及在合同协议书或中标函中列明的其它进一步的文件(如有时)。 1.1.1.1 "Contract" means the Contract Agreement, the Letter of Acceptance, the Letter of Tender, these Conditions, the Specification, the Drawings, the Schedules, and the further documents (if any) which are listed in the Contract Agreement or in the Letter of Acceptance. 1.1.1.2“合同协议书(Contract Agreement)”指第1.6款【合同协议】中所说明的合同协议(如有时)。 1.1.1.2 "Contract Agreement" means the contract agreement (if any) referred to in Sub-Clause 1.6 [Contract Agreement]. 1.1.1.3“中标函(Letter of Acceptance)”指雇主对投标文件签署的正式接受函，包括其后所附的备忘录(由合同各方达成并签定的协议构成)。在没有此中标函的情况下，“中标函”一词就指合同协议书，颁发或接收中标函的日期就指双方签订合同协议书的日期。 1.1.1.3 "Letter of Acceptance" means the letter of formal acceptance, signed by the Employer, of the Letter of Tender, including any annexed memoranda comprising agreements between and signed by both Parties. If there is no such letter of acceptance, the expression "Letter of Acceptance" means the Contract Agreement and the date of issuing or receiving the Letter of Acceptance means the date of signing the Contract Agreement. 1.1.1.4“投标函(Letter of Tender)”指名称为投标函的文件，由承包商填写，包括已签字的对雇主的工程报价。 1.1.1.4 "Letter of Tender" means the document entitled letter of tender, which was completed by the Contractor and includes the signed offer to the Employer for the Works. 1.1.1.5“规范(Specification)”指合同中名称为规范的文件，及根据合同规定对规范的增加和修改。此文件具体描述了工程。 1.1.1.5 "Specification" means the document entitled specification, as included in the Contract, and any additions and modifications to the specification in accordance with the Contract. Such document specifies the Works. 1.1.1.6“图纸(Drawings)”指合同中规定的工程图纸，及由雇主(或代表)根据合同颁发的对图纸的增加和修改。 1.1.1.6 "Drawings" means the drawings of the Works, as included in the Contract, and any additional and modified drawings issued by (or on behalf of, the Employer in accordance with the Contract. 1.1.1.7“资料表(Schedules)”指合同中名称为资料表的文件，由承包商填写并随投标函提交。此文件可能包括工程量表、数据、列表、及费率和/或单价表。 1.1.1.7 "Schedules" means the document(s) entitled schedules, completed by the Contractor and submitted with the Letter of Tender, as included in the Contract. Such document may include the Bill of Quantities, data, lists, and schedules of rates and/or prices 1.1.1.8“投标文件(Tender)”指投标函和合同中规定的承包商应随投标函提交的其它所有文件。 1.1.1.8 "Tender" means the Letter of Tender and all other documents which the Contractor submitted with the Letter of Tender, as included in the Contract. 1.1.1.9“投标函附录(Appendix to Tender)”指名称为投标函附录并已填写完毕的文件，附于投标函之后并构成投标函的一部分。 1.1.1.9 "Appendix to Tender" means the completed pages entitled appendix to tender which are appended to and form part of the Letter of Tender. 1.1.1.10 “工程量表(Bill of Quantities)”和“计日工计划(Daywork Schedule)”指资料表中如此命名的文件(如有时)。 1.1.1.10 "Bill of Quantities" and "Day work Schedule" mean the documents so named (if any) which are comprised in the

中国政府白皮书中英文对照

中国政府白皮书 中国一贯以负责任的态度积极推动知识产权保护工作，在坚持遵循知识产权国际保护规则的同时，按照国情确定相应的知识产权保护水平，努力平衡知识产权创造者、应用者与社会公众之间的利益关系，使知识产权的创造与应用形成良性循环。 China has always adopted a responsible attitude to actively promoting IPR protection. While adhering to the international rules on IPR protection, China has decided on a level of IPR protection appropriate for its own national situation, and made great efforts to balance the interests among intellectual property creators, users and the general public, so as to create a benign circle for the creation and use of intellectual property. 多年来，在全社会的共同努力下，中国保护知识产权取得重大进展。 Major progress has been made on IPR protection in China over the past years thanks to concerted efforts made by people from all walks of life. ——建立健全符合国际通行规则、门类比较齐全的法律法规体系。上世纪80年代以来，国家颁布实施了《中华人民共和国专利法》、《中华人民共和国商标法》、《中华人民共和国著作权法》和《计算机软件保护条例》、《集成电路布图设计保护条例》、《著作权集体管理条例》、《音像制品管理条例》、《植物新品种保护条例》、《知识产权海关保护条例》、《特殊标志管理条例》、《奥林匹克标志保护条例》等涵盖知识产权保护主要内容的法律法规，并颁布一系列相关的实施细则和司法解释，使中国知识产权保护的法律法规体系不断趋于完善。为对知识产权实行切实有效的法律保护，2001年中国加入世界贸易组织前后，对知识产权保护相关法律法规和司法解释进行了全面修改，在立法精神、权利内容、保护标准、法律救济手段等方面更加突出促进科技进步与创新的同时，做到了与世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》以及其他知识产权保护国际规则相一致。 - A relatively complete system of laws and regulations that covers a wide range of subjects and is in line with generally accepted international rules has been established and keeps improving. Since the 1980s, the state has promulgated and put into effect a number of laws and regulations covering the major contents in IPR protection. These include the "Patent Law of the People's Republic of China," "Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China," "Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software," "Regulations on the Protection of Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits," "Regulations on the Collective Management of Copyright," "Regulations on the Management of Audio-Video Products," "Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants," "Regulations on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights by the Customs," "Regulations on the Protection of Special Signs," and "Regulations on the Protection of Olympic Logos." China has also promulgated a series of relevant rules for the implementation of these laws and regulations, and their legal interpretation. As a result, the system of laws and regulations on IPR protection in China has been continuously improved. In 2001, around the time when China was admitted into the WTO, in order to provide effective legal protection to IPR, the country made comprehensive revisions to the laws and regulations regarding IPR protection and their legal interpretation. While

业主咨询工程师协议书白皮书英文版

FIDIC, CLIENT/CONSULTANT MODEL SERVICES AGREEMENT (“White Book”) Third Edition, 1998 CONTENTS AGREEMENT GENERAL CONDITIONS DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION 1. Definitions 2. Interpretation OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONSULTANT

FIDIC业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件 （白皮书） 业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书(协议书) 业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(第一部分标准条件) 业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(第二部分特殊应用条件) 业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(第二部分附注)

FIDIC土木工程施工合同条件 (红皮书) 第一部分通用条件 1.定义和解释 第一部分通用条件 2.工程师及工程师代表 第一部分通用条件 3.转让 第一部分通用条件 4.分包 第一部分通用条件 5.合同文件的语言和法律及优先次序 第一部分通用条件 6.图纸 第一部分通用条件7.补充图纸 第一部分通用条件8.一般义务 第一部分通用条件9.合同协议书 第一部分通用条件10.履约保证金 第一部分通用条件11.现场考察 第一部分通用条件12.标书的完备性 第一部分通用条件13.按合同规定施工 第一部分通用条件14.进度计划 第一部分通用条件15.承包人的自监 第一部分通用条件16.承包人的雇员 第一部分通用条件17.放样 第一部分通用条件18.钻孔和勘探性开挖 第一部分通用条件19.现场环境 第一部分通用条件20.工程照管 第一部分通用条件21.工程和承包人设备的保险 第一部分通用条件22.对人身和财产的损害和赔偿 第一部分通用条件23.第三方保险 第一部分通用条件24.对工人的事故处理和事故保险 第一部分通用条件25.保险的完备性 第一部分通用条件26.遵守法律、法规 第一部分通用条件27.化石 第一部分通用条件28.专利 第一部分通用条件29.干扰 第一部分通用条件30.材料与设备的运输

(白皮书中文版)FIDIC业主咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件

FIDIC业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件 （白皮书） 业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书(协议书) 业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(第一部分标准条件) 业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(第二部分特殊应用条件) 业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(第二部分附注)

业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书(协议书) 兹就以下事项达成本协议： 1.本协议书中的措词和用语应与下文提及的“业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件”中分别赋予它们的含义相同。 2.下列文件应被认为是组成本协议书的一部分，并应被作为其一部分进行阅读和理解，即： （1）中标函； （2）业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件（第1部分——标准条件和第2部分——特殊应用条件）； （3）附件，即 附件A——服务范围 附件B——业主提供的职员、设备、设施和其他人员的服务 附件C——报酬和支付 3.考虑到下文提及的业主对咨询工程师的支付，咨询工程师在此答应业主遵照本协议书的规定履行服务。 4.业主在此同意按本协议书注明的期限和方式，向咨询工程师支付根据协议书规定应付的款项似此作为履行服务的报酬。 本协议书谨于前文所载明之年月日，由立约双方根据其有关的法律签署并开始执行。 特此证明。

业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(第一部分标准条件) 定义及解释 1.定义 下列名词和用语，除上下文另有要求者外，应具有所赋予它们的涵义： （1）“项目”是指第二部分中指定的并为之建造工程的项目。 （2）“服务”是指咨询工程师根据协议书所履行的服务，含正常的服务、附加的服务和额外的服务。 （3）“工程”是指为完成项目所实施的永久工程（包括提供给业主的物品和设备）。 （4）“业主”是指本协议书所指的雇用咨询工程师的一方以及业主的合法继承人和允许的受让人。 （5）“咨询工程师”是指本协议书中所指的，作为一个独立的专业公司接受业主雇用履行服务的一方以及咨询工程师的合法继承人和允许的受让人。 （6）“一方”和“各方”是指业主和咨询工程师。“第三方”是指上下文要求的任何其他当事人或实体。 （7）“协议书”是指包括业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书第一、二部分的条件以及附件A（服务范围），附件B（业主提供的职员、设备、设施和其他人员的服务），附件C（报酬和支付），中标函和正式协议书（如果已签订），或第二部分中的其他规定。 （8）“日”是指任何一个午夜至下一个午夜间的时间段。 （9）“月”是指根据阳历从一个月份中任何一天开始的一个月的时间段。 （10）“当地货币”（LC）是指项目所在国的货币，“外币”（FC）是指任何其他的货币。 （11）“商定的补偿”是指第二部分中规定的根据协议书应支付的额外款项。 2.解释 （1）本协议书中的标题不应在其解释中使用。 （2）单数包含复数含义，阳性包含阴性含义。视上下文需要而定，反之亦然。 （3）如果协议书中的规定之间产生矛盾，按年月顺序以最后编写的为准。 咨询工程师的义务 3.服务范围 咨询工程师应履行与项目有关的服务。服务的范围在附件A中规定。 4.正常的、附加的和额外的服务 （1）正常的服务是指附件A中所述的那类服务。 （2）附加的服务是指附件A中所述的那类或通过双方的书面协议另外附加于正常服务的那类服务。 （3）额外的服务是指那些既不是正常的也不是附加的，但根据第28条咨询工程师必须履行的那类服务。 5.认真地尽职和行使职权 （1）咨询工程师在根据本协议书履行其义务时，应运用合理的技能、谨慎而勤奋地工作。 （2）当服务包括行使权力或履行授权的职责或当业主与任何第三方签订的合同条款需要时，咨询工程师应： ①根据合同进行工作，如果未在附件A中对该权力和职责的详细规定加以说明，则这些详细规定必须是他可以接受的。 ②在业主和第三方之间公正地证明、决定或行使自己的处理权，如有此授权的话。但不作为仲裁人而是根据自己的职能和判断，作为一名独立的专业人员进行工作。 ③可变更任何第三方的义务，如有此授权的话。但对于可能对费用或质量或时间产生重大影响的任何变更，须从业主处得到事先批准（除非发生任何紧急情况，此时咨询工程师应尽快通知业主）。 6.业主的财产 任何由业主提供或支付费用的供咨询工程师使用的物品都属于业主的财产，并在实际可行时应如此标明。当服务完成或终止时，咨询工程师应将履行服务中未使用的物品的库存清单提交给业主，并按业主的指示移交此类物品。此类移交应被视为附加的服务。 业主的义务 7.资料