外文文献翻译样本
毕业设计（论文）
外文文献翻译
系别自动化系
专业班机械电子工程0501
姓名黄海
评分
导师（签名）
2008年12月24日
华中科技大学武昌分校
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译要求：
1．外文文献翻译的内容应与毕业设计（论文）课题相关。2．外文文献翻译的字数：非英语专业学生应完成与毕业设计（论文）课题内容相关的外不少于2000汉字文文献翻译任务，英语专业学生应完成不少于2000汉字的二外文献翻译任务。
格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计（论文）撰写规范》的要求撰写。
3．外文文献翻译单独装订：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，本附件为封面。
如何有效地使用的CAD/CAM（题目黑体3号）
（字体宋体小四，行距固定值23磅，英文也一样）在美国软件的使用已成为生活的一部分。不同的企业对CAD/CAM的要求各不相同，因此许多企业认为通过定制自己的系统以满足他们的特殊需要是并不奇怪的。定制的企业有时要花费一年时间去完成这个任务。考虑到这一点，工程师怎么设计和企业如何有效地使用的CAD/CAM设计模具和零件以及企业如何有效地开展工作？当这些变得似乎是显而易见的时候，许多公司就会对这些工具和功能印象深刻，以至于软件开发商扔给他们甚至有时会忘记他们需要什么。为了使设计工程师能充分利用CAD/CAM设计模具或零件，有四个关键内容必须具备：
1通过软件的维护和定期的硬件更新使硬件和软件工具保持最新，从而确保兼容所有的设备。
2对使用他们软件产品公司。设计者必须提供全面和持续的培训，使公司通过设备和人员将会获得以最大的效益。
3为了制造工程师能在使用方法、程序设计和需求上简单易懂，设计工程师必须制定一个清楚的说明和解释
4企业选择的CAD/CAM系统必须完成某项工作。这应包括演示自己的部分，因为如果你的机器不能正常运行，就算是最强大的系统的最佳功能也是无用。大多数买家，除非他们在以前的系统遇到过这类问题，否则他们往往会忽视这非常重要的一点。对模具设计者来说这可能是昂贵的和费时的，所以，买家可要小心了。
保罗戴克是专门为办公设计软件的产品经理，在Alias/Wavefront（多伦多，安大略省）一个2-D/3-D图形技术供应商，他说“设计工程师必须清楚的知道这些，他们必须是多学科，能够跨越国界，在同一时间成为专家和通才。团队合作技巧已成为关键，而唯一的途径是公司提供合适的工具帮助工程师在这个蓬勃世界成长。”
CAD和CAM软件数据间的转换的应用是非常高的。在欧洲IGES的标准格式和流行的德国汽车工业协会的标准被软件开发者开发，以满足他们的数据库结构。当选择一个系统满足您的生产需要时，请确保该系统提供了一个灵活的IGES 的支持，可以进行工作通过使用公司的现有的软件或在不久的将来可以购买的软
件。
大多数制造商希望扩大它们的业务，使他们能够提供更多的服务给客户，并且获得新的客户。他们还可能会带来更多精密机械去减少模具/零件的制造成本。考虑到这一点，选择CAD/CAM的系统将伴随你的公司一起成长。
从这里可以看出高速加工机械可以节省时间和金钱，甚至在那些旧机器中也可以。例如，如果您正计划购买一台4轴或5轴联动的加工中心，你必须确保可以升级您的软件以支持这些机床的运行。
另外在进行模具或零件的工作演示时，你必须在今天内完成，以确保公司所选择的CAD/CAM系统可让你实现长期目标和带来最小的阻碍。查看供应商提供升级的路径以审查以前的软件系统。
那些共同特点-或附加应用程序-可选用成本项目轨迹核查，后处理器，制定后处理器的发展和通讯工具。找出如果升级到一个新的水平的软件系统，供应商的政策是什么，并得到书面的说明。
“从一个公司到另一个公司所给的模具或零件的要求大部分是建立许多因素之上，”查尔马修斯，DP科技公司（一个CAM系统的开发商）市场副总裁说到。“如公司的设计标准，制造过程中被使用或行业服务的公司-同一部分用于航空航天和医疗公司可能需要完全不同的设计要求是建立在为业界提供服务的政府规章里“
计算机辅助设计的能力:
在大多数公司里计算机辅助设计的能力还没有得到充分利用，这是和CAD 运营商技术和经验水平有关的。CAD运营商平均技术和经验水平的增加，公司将从CAD中得到更多的利益。另外，CAD软件公司可以改进那些易用性的软件，以减少技能或经验水平的需要，从而最大限度地受益。
George Bousted，Dassault Systemes公司（一个全球软件开发的的CAD，CAM，CAE和产品生命周期管理的市场）的汽车业务部门的技术经理，说他还没有看到任何一家公司-大的还是小的-即使接近充分利用一个CAD系统的能力，更不用说一系列集成的软件系统。
大公司把各种团队的人叫来一起定义“新”的做事方法，而这些团队的人并不通常都有那些工程和必要的技能去确定产品设计系统。越大的公司，你将会有更少的机会去发现工程师们实际负责的东西。小公司没有足够的技术去利用一个
CAD系统所提供所有的能力，也没有时间学习所有的或那些购买和实施的资源。然而，工作在较小公司的人通常有较大的广度去理解，因为他们要涉及许多领域。
在世界上一个好的设计工程师不会提供的所有工具和产品，然而，设计工程师需要在坐下来创造一个模具或零件之前知道如何使用这些工具。硬件，软件和数据库不会去做设计-而工程师去做。
“在过去一位CEO可以步行通过一个设计工作室，并知道他的工程师们在设计什么;看到蓝图和设计草图粘满了所有的墙壁，”Bousted说，“现在，一切都储存电脑的主机里，这意味着该公司的人必须知道的文件在哪里，最重要的是知道如何工作，而这只有工程师自己才知道。
How to Effectively Use CAD/CAM
Software has become a fact of life in American manufacturing.CAD/CAM requirements differ among companies,so it''s not surprising that many find it necessary to customize their systems to meet their particular needs.A company''s customization may sometimes take up to one year to complete.With this in mind, what do design engineers and their companies need to effectively use CAD/CAM to make molds and parts and what do companies need to have in place for them to do their work effectively?While this may seem obvious to some,many companies become so impressed by the gadgets and features that software developers throw at them that they sometimes forget what they need.In order for design engineers to fully use CAD/CAM to make molds or parts,four key elements need to be in place:
1.The hardware and software tools should be kept up-to-date through a software
maintenance contract and regular hardware updates,thereby assuring compatibility of all of the equipment involved.
2.The designers must be provided with comprehensive and ongoing training on the
software products they use in order to maximize the benefits that the company will receive from its equipment and people.
3.The design engineer must develop a clear understanding and compassion for the methods,process and needs of the manufacturing engineers.
4.The CAD/CAM system that a company chooses must perform the job it is advertised to perform.This should include a demonstration on your own parts because the most powerful systems with the best features are useless if they won''t run your machine properly.Most buyers,unless they have experienced problems with previous systems,tend to overlook this very important point.This can be costly and time-consuming a moldmaker-so let the buyer beware.
"Design engineers simply have to know more these days,"says Paul Dyke, product manager for Studio Tools at Alias/Wavefront,Inc.(Toronto,Ontario)-a 2-D/3-D graphics technology provider."They have to be multi-disciplined,they have
to be able to cross boundaries and be specialists and generalists at the same time. Teamwork skills have become critical and the only way companies can help engineers thrive in this new world of engineering is to supply them with the right tools." Software Needs Checklist
Data translation between CAD and CAM software applications is very high on the list of problems for buyers.The standard format IGES and the popular VDA in Europe are often flavored by software developers to fit their database structures. When choosing a system to fit your manufacturing needs,make sure that the system provides a flexible IGES support that can be customized to work with your company''s existing software or software you may be purchasing in the near future.
Most manufacturers hope to expand their operations so that they can offer more services to
customers and gain additional customers.They also may bring in more sophisticated machinery to decrease mold/parts manufacturing costs.With this in mind,choose CAD/CAM systems that will grow with your company.
Among the things to look for is high-speed machining that can save time and money even on your older machines.For example,if you are planning to add a four-or five-axis machining center,make sure that you can upgrade your software to support these operations.
In addition to being able to perform the mold/parts work that you need done today, make sure that your company''s chosen CAD/CAM system allows you to achieve your longer-term goals with minimum difficulties.Check to see that vendors provide upgrade paths that take into consideration your previous software systems.
The common features-or add-on applications-that can be optional cost items are toolpath verification,post processors,custom post processor development and communication utilities.Find out from the vendor what its policy is for upgrading to the next level of its software system,and get it in writing.
"The requirements for a given mold/part can vary greatly from company to company based on many factors,"says Chuck Matthews,VP of marketing for DP Technology,Inc.(Camarillo,CA)-a CAM system developer."Such as a company''s
design standards,the manufacturing process to be used or the industry the company is serving-the same part designed for aerospace or medical companies may require completely different design requirements based on the government regulations for the industry being served."
The Power of CAD
The power of CAD has not been fully utilized by most companies,which is associated with the skill and experience level of the CAD operators.As the average operator''s skill and experience levels increase,companies will be able to increase the benefits they receive from CAD.Alternately,CAD software companies can improve the ease-of-use of their software to reduce the skill/experience levels required to maximize the benefits received.
George Bousted,automotive business unit technical manager for Dassault Systemes of America(Troy,MI),a global software developer for the CAD,CAM, CAE and product life management markets,says that he has not seen any company-large or small-even come close to fully utilizing the power of a CAD system,let alone a series of integrated software systems.
Large companies put together teams of people to define"new"ways of doing things and these teams aren''t usually made up of people who have the engineering and requisite skills to define product-engineering systems.The bigger the company, the less chance you will find engineers actually in charge of something.Small companies don''t have the technical breadth to utilize all of the capabilities that a CAD system provides,nor do they have the time to learn all of it or the resources to purchase and implement it.However,the people working in smaller companies typically have a larger breadth of understanding because they have to wear multiple hats.
Being supplied with all of the tools and gadgets in the world does not a good design engineer make;however,design engineers need to know how to use the tools before sitting down and creating a mold/part.The hardware,software and databases do not do the designs-the engineers do.A big misconception out there is that you can train people to use CAD/CAM,when in reality engineers have to be pretty proficient
already-it''s the idea in the engineer''s head that gives life to the various CAD/CAM gadgets.
"A CEO in the past could walk through a design studio and know what his engineers were designing;seeing blueprints and design sketches pinned up all over the walls,catching glimpses of models sitting out on their desks,"says Bousted. "Nowadays,everything is stored in the depths of the computer''s mainframe,which means those in the company have to know where the file is and,most importantly, know how to bring up the work.Only the engineer can access it."
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
人力资源管理外文文献翻译
文献信息： 文献标题：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management（影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇） 国外作者：Dianna L. Stone，Diana L. Deadrick 文献出处：《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计：英文3725单词，21193字符；中文6933汉字 外文文献： Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field. Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology 1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economy One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford
外文文献及翻译
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
客户关系管理外文文献翻译(2017)
XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译 题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清
利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30?C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80?C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60?C）。用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体，室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。得出，每克Al2O3
工商管理专业外文文献翻译
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。
JSP外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 JSP JSP (JavaServer Pages) is initiated by Sun Microsystems, Inc., with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards. JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology, it is in the traditional HTML web page document (*. htm, *. html) to insert the Java programming paragraph (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), thus JSP documents (*. jsp). Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux, is also available for other operating systems. JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets, to produce dynamic pages package processing logic. Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic. JSP page logic and web page design and display separation, support reusable component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy. Web server in the face of visits JSP page request, the first implementation of the procedures of, and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer. Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites, in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function. JSP and Java Servlet, is in the implementation of the server, usually returned to the client is an HTML text, as long as the client browser will be able to visit. JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components. The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser. Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to