文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 语用学 论文 Speech Act Theory and Translation Teaching

语用学 论文 Speech Act Theory and Translation Teaching

语用学 论文  Speech Act Theory and Translation Teaching
语用学 论文  Speech Act Theory and Translation Teaching

Speech Act Theory and Translation Teaching

[Abstract] pragmatic speech act theory is an important area of research. In this paper, speech act theory, discussed the theory of foreign language teaching, translation teaching has found its important guiding significance. The theoretical framework used in foreign language teaching, will have a significant impact.

[Paper Keywords] indirect speech act speech act of translation teaching

I. Introduction

Speech act theory of pragmatics, as of today one of the core, it tells us that people use language not only for the alleged world, more importantly, to do things with language, that is, people often use the language of communication is In the words and deeds matter. recalled home and abroad in recent decades, research on speech acts, can be described as multi-angle, multi-level, made significant progress. internationally, in recent decades, many experts and scholars concerned about the discussion of speech acts and research. from Austin after the speech act theory is most concerned about the significant progress of the most important and J. R. Searle.70 era Ross (1970) noted that the simple declarative sentence, speech acts and the dominant share common facilities for the syntactic properties of sentences and discussed .80's theory of speech act speech act type of the verb be applied in the Survey analysis and made significant progress in the Australian linguist Wierzbicka (1987), she surveyed about 250 English speech act verbs and classified, and then from the structure of semantic field analysis, trying to find the semantic structure Model of Speech Act Verbs .90 linguists since more attention to the international language potential, the actual intent, the purpose of speech acts, specific categories of speech acts, indirect speech act, etc., and cross-disciplinary discussions, such as cognitive, semantic and other aspects of comprehensive study and two Comparison of languages.

At the same time, domestic linguistics experts and scholars are constantly discussed and research attention and speech act theory. Mainly from the basic theory of speech acts to interpret or comment on, from the perspective of communicative speech acts intended to discuss, from two Comparison of the above aspects of language and culture specific categories of speech acts, from the discussion of discourse analysis, combined with cognitive theory and semantics, pragmatics, to discuss the speech act.

At the same time opened up a number of speech acts the future path of development. Such as: cognitive analysis of the direction, the direction of interdisciplinary research to study the center of the direction of the verb, the structure turned to the structure description to explain, monolingual research to bilingual or multilingual integrated comparative study. This paper will focus on speech act theory in foreign language teaching, because the foreign language teaching in the translation of foreign language learners develop skills important guiding significance.

Second, speech act theory Summary

1, Austin's Speech Act Theory

Speech act (speech act) is the language of early philosophers in the 50's object of study. The so-called speech act is the speaker with a statement to the implementation of an act, that language is behavior. Speech act theory is a British philosopher, founder of Austin. He Speech Act envisaged two-thirds said: words within the act (1ocutionary act), illocutionary acts (illocutionaryact) and perlocutionary act (perlocutionaryact). Made the act refers to "speak" the act itself, that is a voice, to say the words, phrases and sentences and so on. The act itself can not constitute a language communication. Illocutionary act is through the "talking" the implementation of this action a behavior, such as transmission of information, issue an order to pay tribute greetings and so on. perlocutionary act the consequences of speaking, that is to say words after the speaker the listener who had those effects. For example, "I'm hungry." This act, in his words and behavior that is to say these three words, the implementation of the speaker's illocutionary act, a "request" behavior, the request listener can provide some food, or food that is made available to the other after the act. In behavior of these three words, pragmatic study is most interested in illocutionary acts. because it is consistent with the intent of the speaker's. the speaker how to use language to express their intention, the listener how to correctly understand the intent of the speaker is the central issue of language communication.

2, Searle's theory of indirect speech act

Phenomenon of indirect speech acts Searle (1969) first noted and made. Because people often use the language is not directly say what they think, but "beat around the bush," the words. If A said: "The afternoon go shopping together ? "B's answer is" Korean Ministry of the afternoon finale. "There is no direct answer to B or not, but it can be a word in the Interpretation of the B B refused to A. with the literal meaning of the sentence and discourse to explain the inconsistency between the meaning of the indirect nature of the language has broad implications. perspective from the speech act, Searle fact that the phenomenon of indirect speech "by implementing an alternative to indirect speech act commits an act."

Third, the speech act and Translation

Translation is a cross-language, cross cultural communication behavior. Discusses the translation from the perspective of speech act, is to ask the translator correctly understand the subjective intent of the original author, teachers make learners aware, is not simply a translation from the original to the conversion of indigenous languages, according to speech act theory, the translator, not only to understand the literal meaning of the original, more important is to understand the true intentions of the original author, but according to different communication scenarios, cultural traditions, social conditions, way of thinking, language structures and expressions such as targeted, quality masterpieces to be translated. such as the Links in the free paper download https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8a18205630.html, (1) Itseemstomewhatissauceforthegooseissauceforthegander. Here the translator as understand the inner meaning of obtaining the most likely translated as "I think what sauce to cook the goose, gander cooking what soy sauce also." Baffled so incomprehensible to the reader, through the surface to understand the translator if deep meaning can be

translated "I think that the equal treatment." to the author's expressed intention clear.

(2) Doyouthink hehasitinhim? Do you think he has done? Inhim / inher / inthem often said in the "ability to do" rather than "what."

(3) Thestudy room had aSpartan look. Understanding of this sentence involving the cultural background knowledge, because it contains an allusion, if translated, "This study has views of Sparta" For readers not familiar with Sparta had no idea it goes. Sparta in ancient Greece of an important city in the history plays an important role, Spartan is the Spartan, Spartan meaning Spartans had a reputation for Gangyong known for simplicity, so this sentence is best translated as "This study There is a spartan simplicity. "and stating (Note: The Spartans, known for simplicity.)

Cite a few examples below:

(4) Heisanoldman. He was a sentimental man.

(5) Heisan athletewith acapita1. He is a typical athlete.

(6) Ribentropisasecond-ratemanwithsecond-handidea. Li Binte Luopu is parroting second-rate figure.

IV Conclusion

Pragmatics Speech acts as an important theory, which not only explains the communicative use of language function, but also on people in the communication made in the interpretation of indirect speech act, so that our words have a deeper understanding of function. The relevant theory is used in the cultivation of skills, foreign language learners break through the traditional emphasis on language teaching language form the shackles of language teaching will shift from center to form a functional center, and the translation of foreign language learners to improve skills are very important, foreign language teachers on the speech act theory to have a deep understanding of the importance of the theory is applied to foreign language teaching, so that effective services in the foreign language learners various skills training. Links to download the free paper Center

语用学课程论文:Positive Politeness Strategies in Oral Communication

Positive Politeness Strategies in the Communication Theory Introduction In this paper, I would like to focus on the usage of the positive politeness strategies in oral communication. Then what is positive politeness strategies? To clear up the theory, we should take the terms, such as face, politeness theory into consideration. Politeness theory, which is developed by Levinson and Brown, is based on the concept that people have a social self-image and meanwhile, people consciously project and try to protect it. This sense of self-image is referred to as “face.” And the theory holds that people use various politeness strategies to protect the face of others. Under politeness theory, there is a positive and a negative face. Positive face is the need to be concerned, reflecting the desire to have one’s self-image accepted by others. While negative face is the need to be independent, reflecting the desire not to be imposed on by others. According to a person is dealing with another’s positive or negative face, the politeness strategies will differ, that is positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies. As to positive politeness strategies, it leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship, by orienting to preserving the positive face of other people, briefly, it emphasizes the closeness between speaker and hearer in the communication. Using Positive Politeness Strategies in Oral Communication In order to make sense of what is said in communication, take my word for it, the positive politeness strategies should be given priority for its potential benefits. On one hand, the usage of positive politeness strategies is a good way to avoid being refused. To a great extent, the positive politeness strategies orients to preserving the positive face of the listener in the communication. Since the self-image of listener is concerned, he is likely willing to cooperate with the speaker, thus making the communication continuous. For example:

新版简明英语语言学 Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学

Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学 知识点: 1.*Definition: pragmatics; context 2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning 3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory 4.Searle’s classification of speech acts 5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle 考核目标: 识记:*Definition: pragmatics; context 领会:Searle’s classification of speech acts 综合应用:sentence meaning vs utterance meaning;Austin’s model of speech act theory;Grice’s Cooperative Principle 一、定义 1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。(它不是孤立地去研究语义,而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。) 2. Context 语境:The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。一般认为他是由言者和听者的共享知识所构成的。 二、知识点 6.1.2 pragmatics vs. semantics语用学与语义学 二十世纪初,Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics 一书的出版标志着现代语言学研究的开始,同时也为现代语言学奠定了基础调,即语言应该作为一个独立的,内在的系统来加以研究。 语用学和语义学既有相关性又有相异性。两者都是对意义的研究。传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的,内在的,是语言本身的特性,不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究语义的内在特征,不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述,因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语义学和语用学的根本区别所在。 Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.

英语语用学论文.

The Cooperative Principle of Pragmatics: An Analysis of the Verbal Humour in the Sitcom Home with Kids Since the language was born, the research of it has never interrupted. Humor is the spice of our lives, leave it the life will be boring. Pragmatics is a main branch of Linguistics, with the development of pragmatic theory, linguists and hobbyists from many angles analysis on verbal humor and achieved fruitful results.While cooperative principle, as one of the most important pragmatic principle, makes a systemic study about language use and lays a solid foundation for later development of pragmatics. The violation of cooperative principle can often generate conversational implicature or achieve certain communicative effects. On the basis of previous humour and pragmatic theory research, I will analysis from the point of the cooperative principle of those verbal humour dialogue in the sitcom "Home with Kids", which reflects the daily life of a rebuilt family and attracts many Chinese audiences by its creating writing, good acting as well as its wonderful transcripts. 1. Four Maxims of the Cooperative Principle In 1975, the language philosopher H. P. Grice published a seminal article entitled “The Cooperative Principle” which created quite a stir in the linguis tic world and generated a large number of linguistic publications that are built on Grice's postulates. According to Grice, in conversational exchange, people usually try to reach a common goal by mutual efforts or at least make the conversation develop in the direction of their expectation. To achieve this, people need to cooperate with each other. Grice' theory of the cooperative principle explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than what is literally said and foe the hearer to understand. The four maxims of CP are Quantity Maxim, Quality Maxim, Manner Maxim and Relation Maxim. The maxim of quantity has two sub-maxims that require the cooperative

语用学研究现状谈

10 F L C J a n . 2006V o l .3 N o .1 (G e n e r a l S e r i a l N o .9) 2 语用学研究现状谈 向明友 同济大学 可以在语言的所有层面上展开。 语用学理论发展的第三个方向体现于关注语言使用与社会文化、大脑神经等的关系以及语用研究的方法论。对语用学作各种跨面和不同视角的分析,从而兴起了集中研究语言在社会的使用情况的社会语用学 (societalpragmatics)、研究文化与语言使用关系的文化语用学 (cultural pragmatics)、研究人们使用第二语言进行跨文化交际过程中出现的语用问题的跨文化语用学 (cross-cultural pragmatics)、运用民族志方法 (ethnomethodology) 研究语用问题的民族志语用学 (ethnopragmatics)、以神经生理科学为基础探讨言语使用过程中大脑作用的神经语用学 (neuropragmatics)、专注两种及其以上语言的语用差异的对比语用学(contrastive pragmatics) 及将西方经济学成熟的理论用于语用行为分析的经济分析语用学(econopragmatics)。此外,优选论、决策科学等在语用研究中的运用也呈蓬勃之势。语用理论的应用 随着语用学理论的不断完善,其应用领域也不断拓展。语用学理论,尤其是关联论在翻译研究中的应用已成为译论中的显学;语用学理论运用于文学批评与赏析,形成了文学语用学 (literary pragmatics);语用学理论运用于语言习得及语言教学研究形成了习得语用学(acquisitional pragmatics)、发展语用学(developmental pragmatics) 和教育语用学(pedagogical pragmatics);语用学理论运用于法律活动形成了法律语用学 (legal pragmatics);语用学理论运用于对语言的历时演变的研究形成了历史语用学 (historical pragmatics);语用学理论运用于形态学研究形成了形态语用学(morphopragmatics);语用学理论运用于计算机科学,尤其是机器翻译领域形成了计算语用学 (computational pragmatics) 和工程语用学(engineering pragmatics)。此外,语用学理论还广泛运用于话语研究、广告学、文体学等领域,并显示出强大的解释力。 除上述论及的理论与应用研究外,语用学对礼貌、言语行为、指示语、前提及会话结构等传统议题的研究还在不断深入。从事语用和语义界面及语用和句法界面研究的学者也大有人在。 1 20世纪80年代初,胡壮麟教授首次较系统地将语用学介绍到国内。此后语用学研究逐步为国人所认识、接受和偏爱。随着语用学研究的不断深入,国内定期会有学者就语用学研究的阶段性成果撰文评述。发端于20世纪30年代,兴起于20世纪70年代的语用学一直沿着完善理论体系和拓宽应用领域两条轴线不断向前发展。我们对当前国际、国内语用学研究状况的描述也将由此入手。 语用理论的完善 传统的语用学研究植根于语言哲学,脱胎于语义研究。Levinson (1983) 所勾勒出的语用学研究的基本轮廓内的几项核心议题,如指示语、会话含义、前提及言语行为理论等也都是对语言使用中的意义的研究。因此,当前语用学理论体系的拓展和完善是在不断深化传统的语言哲学范式下的意义研究的基础上沿着以下3个方向朝纵深展开。第一:从认知、心理实验及博弈论等视角出发,尝试为意义研究另辟蹊径;第二:突破英美语用研究传统,将语用学具体化为一种从认知的、社会的和文化的整体角度对语言现象的综观,坚持认为语用学涉及到的是语言性行为的全部复杂现象,反对将语用学与音位学、形态学、句法、语义学、神经语言学、心理语言学、社会语言学等语言学分支并列,从而形成与英美传统对垒的语用“综观论”;第三:在继承英美语用研究传统的基础上,将语用学研究从传统的有关意义的研究扩展到对整个话语及言语交际过程的多视角研究,并着力尝试语用研究方法论的革新,不再将语用学局限于语言哲学的定势。 在语用意义研究方面,继新格赖斯会话含义研究之后兴起的以关联理论为核心的认知语用学 (cognitive pragmatics)、以心理实验为基础的实验语用学 (experimental pragmatics) 和以博弈论为分析工具的博弈语用学 (gametheoretical pragmatics) 突破传统语用学以语言哲学为基础的意义研究模式,大大拓展了语用意义研究的视角和空间。 比利时学者Verschueren的语用“综观论”认为不可能给语用学指派一个基本的分析单元,也不可能鉴别出一个具体的相关对象,语用学是对语言各层面的功能性综观,语用研究

“语用学”课程教学大纲

“语用学”课程教学大纲 教研室主任:唐建萍执笔人:唐建萍 一、课程基本信息 开课单位:外国语学院 课程名称:语用学 课程编号:043103 英文名称:Pragmatics 课程类型:专业方向限选课 总学时:18 理论学时:18实验学时: 学分:1 开设专业:英语 先修课程:语言学导论 二、课程任务目标 (一)课程任务 语用学是英语专业语言学方向的一门专业限选课。本课程主要通过语用学中两个重要的概念,即“言语行为”和“语境”使学生掌握其相互作用和构成在话语交际中的核心作用,通过对语用学中指示、预设、言语行为理论、会话合作原则、话语逻辑等若干论题的研究,使学生可以从说话者和听话者的角度,知晓语言行为是受各种社会规约制约的行为,并可以运用社会规约结合语用知识去解释某些语言现象。让语言研究变成“语言—使用者—语境”这样一个三位一体的立体研究,对语言的认识从必然性跨越到自由性,从静态到动态,从单向分析向整体扩展,凝结出跨文化交际行为适合性的精髓。 (二)课程目标 在学完本课程之后,学生能够: 1. 区分语用学与语义学和其它相关学科在研究意义上的差别; 2. 在了解英语语言的基本特征以后,从语言使用的各种情况解释语言使用的意义、规 则和条件,从而以更高、更广的视角了解语言的特征; 3. 了解近二、三十年来语用学的发展、目前最新的研究动态及趋势,增强外语教学与

学习中的语用观念。 三、教学内容和要求 第一章引论 使学生了解语用学的起源和发展,并初步了解语用学中的几个基本概念及语用学同其它交叉学科的关系与学习意义 第一节语用学的起源及发展 第二节语用学的定义 第二章指示现象 使学生从语用角度了解指示词语的功能,脱离结构主义对指示词语的狭义理解,把话语和周围的世界联系起来。 第一节指示语的定义、分类和特点 第二节人称指示 第三节时间指示和空间指示 第四节语篇指示和社交指示 第三章语用预设 使学生了解预设、前提的定义及前提的反射问题。培养学生对话语命题进行逻辑切分的能力和逻辑推理能力 第一节前提的定义 第二节前提的种类 第三节前提的映射问题 第四节前提与蕴涵的关系 第四章会话含义(I):合作原则 要求学生掌握会话合作原则,并能应用到话语交际中,在话语轮回中动态的判断信息量,信息的真实性、相关性及谈话方式,发现话语的隐含意义 第一节合作原则的四项准则 第二节违反合作原则产生的语用效果 第三节隐含意义的定义及分类

语用学期末论文

2014-2015学年第一学期 语用学与英语教学课程考核 (研究报告) 题目:An analysis of Pragmatic Failure with Cross-cultural Communications 学号(准考证号):1230100054 姓名:焦凯丽 专业:英语(教法方向) 年级:2012级 学院:外国语学院 完成日期:2015年 1 月10日

Introduction The Cross-cultural Pragmatics is a relatively young linguistic branch compared with the Traditional Linguistics and Structural Modern Linguistics. It attaches great importance to the research of cross-cultural characteristics. And the cross-cultural pragmatic failure is a common phenomenon in cross-cultural communication process. This paper focus on the analyzing of different kinds of pragmatic failures in our cross-cultural communication, at the same time, giving reflections and feedbacks on our English learning and Language teaching. Being in the rapid developed century of our human society, we should heighten the awareness of appropriating use of pragmatic language in our cross-cultural communication.

英语语言学论文

华 中 师 范 大 学 本 科 生 课 程 论 文 论文题目 The Study of Speech Sound in Language 完成时间 2012.12 课程名称 现代语言学概论 专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业 年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生 成 绩 评卷人 姓 名 学 号

The Study of Speech Sounds in Language I. Introduction Knowledge of a language includes that of the different components of the language: the morphemes,words,phrases,and sentences. It also includes knowing what sounds are in the language and how these sounds are put together to form meaningful units. Different terms can be found in describing the sound system of language. Traditional terminology puts phonetics and phonology at a paralleled level. In this terminology, phonetics is the study of separate speech sounds, while phonology is concerned with the system of combination of sounds. According to the terminology in some books, however, the study of speech sounds in a general way is termed as phonology. It is concerned with all the aspects of the speech sounds and sound systems of a language. Its subdivisions are phonemics. Phonetics deals with speech sounds in isolation, and phonemics studies the systems of speech sounds. To avoid confusion, the traditional terminology is adopted in this book. II. Analysis on ---- 2.1. Analysis of speech sounds The study of phonic medium of language in isolation is the level of phonetics, attempting to describes all the sounds that occur in human language. It’s mainly concerned with the production, transmission, and perception of the speech sounds. Analysis of speech sounds can be approached from the following 4 levels Level 1: anatomy and physiology----refers to speech organs and their functions Level 2: articulatory phonetics----studies how to produce speech sounds. Level 3: auditory phonetics---studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Level4: acoustic phonetics----studies the way speech sounds are transmitted in the air(using spectrographs, analyze sound waves). 2. 2. Process of speech production and perception 2.2.1. Articulatory phonetics studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view,how a speaker manipulates his speech organs to produce speech sounds. This branch is the longest established and the most highly developed. 2.2.2. Auditory phonetics studies the way listeners perceive the speech

语用学思考题最后版

第一章 1、什么是语用学?P14它探索的主要现象有哪些?P16主要有哪些理论?(莫里斯研究符号理论/奥斯汀和塞尔的言语行为理论/关联理论/格赖斯的会话含义理论/新格赖斯会话含义理论) 2、字面意义和语境意义有何区别?请举例说明?P17 3、语用学和语言学的其他分支学科是什么关系?P9 4、语用学有哪三类研究方法?P15 5、语用学的研究内容主要包括哪些方面?P15-16 第二章 1、什么是语境?P22 2、波兰籍人类语言学家马林诺夫斯把语境分为哪两类?P18 3、“伦敦学派”的创始人弗思提出了什么语境理论?P18-19 4、索振羽主张语境要研究哪些内容?P23 5、研究语境有何理论意义和实用意义?P37-38 第三章 1、英语“deixis“有哪些汉译?应该翻译成什么比较确切?P39 2、什么是指示语和指示信息?P39 3、指示语包括哪些主要类别?各类指示语在话语中传达什么样的指示信息?P42-53 ①人称指示语P43 ②时间指示语P45 ③地点指示语P47 ④话语指示语P48 ⑤社交指示语P51 4、举例说明是地点指示语的手势用法。P47 5、为什么说“我们”这一第一人称指示语也具有社交指示语的双重交际功能?举例以说明。 “我们”:人称指示语、社交指示语 语用移情的社交指示功能,缩短主持人和听众之间在现时语境中的社交距离,改善社交关系,有利于推进言语交际, 例:①我们是学生,我们的主要任务是学习。 语用功能:批评、劝诫,移情,从学生角度出发,提高该话语的可接受性与劝说力 ②我们认为,语用学与社会语言学之间存在很多交叉现象。 语用功能:仅指作者本人,不包括读者在内的其他人,与读者商榷的语气,表明谦虚,有助于提高其所指内容的可接受性、认同性。 6、举例说明“来”和“去”的内在指示意义。P48-49 7、照应和指别有何区别?P53 8、举例说明第三人称代词既有照应功能,又有指别功能。 如:①我和杨老师是好朋友,我们志趣相投.②你和汤姆是同屋,你们应该互相帮助。例①中的第一人称代词“我们”和例②中的第二人称代词“你们”都有照应功能。既起照应功能,又起指别功能。③她乖得很,是我们么儿。例③是一个给她邻居介绍自己的宠物狗的年轻女人说的话,这里的“她”起的是纯粹的指别功能。 第四章 1、什么叫会话含义?P54为什么要研究会话含义? 是由美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H.P.Grice)首先提出来的,是语用学的核心内容,在言语交际中起着非常重要的作用。 交际中,很多信息不是直接传递的。说话人通过某一话语传递的语用信息并非等于该话语的字面意义或语义组合。听话人根据相关语境因素进行推理,获取字面意义以外的交际信息(隐含的语用信息,言外之意)。这种字面以外的信息就是一种隐含的语用信息,简称“含意”。它是一种言外之意、弦外之音。在言语交际中,类似的字面意义或语义意义以外的隐含信息就是我们要讨论的会话中的含义,即会话含义,也就是语用含义。本质上是一种关于人们如何运用语言的理论,不是从语言系统内部(语音、语法、语义等)去研究语言本身表达的意义,而是依据语境研究话语的真正含义,解释话语的言外之意。会话含义关注的不是说话人说了些什么,而是说话人说这句话可能意味着什么。

从语用学角度分析小说人物的态度

从语用学角度分析小说人物的态度 摘要:合作原则是语用学中重要的理论之一,强调会话的参与双方要遵循某些合作性的原则以求会话得以顺利进行。常与会话原则共同出现的还有礼貌原则,它更细致地解释了人们在对话中所要遵循的准则。但是小说中的对话并不完全遵循这两种原则,本文以《傲慢与偏见》为例,尝试从会话原则和礼貌原则角度分析小说主人公之间态度和看法的转变,讨论小说人物如何通过违反会话原则和礼貌原则展现他们关系的变化,推进情节的发展。 关键词:合作原则礼貌原则《傲慢与偏见》人物态度 1 简述合作原则与礼貌原则 1967年,格莱斯在Austin和Searle的言语行为基础上提出了会话合作原则,简称CP。他认为“在所有的语言交际活动中为了达到特定目,说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契,一种双方都应遵守的原则”。他将这种“双方都应遵守的原则”归纳为几种准则,分别是数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。在现实会话中,参与者常因某些目的而违反这些准则。说话人以违反这些准则为代价,表达超越字面意义的隐含意义,但是我们可以将双方配合的态度视为在

另一种意义上遵守了合作原则。在格莱斯之后,英国语言学家利奇提出了礼貌原则(Politeness Principle)作为合作原则的补充。他将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonal rhetoric)和“篇章修辞”(textual rhetoric),礼貌原则属于人际修辞的范畴。礼貌原则很好地解释了人们为什么故意要违反“合作原则”的某个准则来产生“会话含义”,礼貌原则共包含有六条准则,分别是策略准则、慷慨准则、称赞准则、谦虚准则、一致准则和同情准则。 2 从语用学角度分析人物态度的转变 小说中的会话含义,常常与字面意义不同,这为我们从语用学角度研究这部小说提供了可能性。在《傲慢与偏见》中作者安排了大量富有戏剧张力的会话描写,这些会话赋予了该作品独特的艺术魅力和感染力。整部小说以伊丽莎白对达西先生的态度和看法为主线,经历了初步印象的形成,误会加深,偏见形成和偏见消除几个阶段。伊丽莎白对达西的看法的转变在二人的对话中也都有迹可循。 在开篇的舞会上,宾利极力请达西,但达西用“在这样的舞会上跳舞,简直是活受罪”为借口拒绝了他,这违反了合作原则中的质量准则和礼貌原则中的谦逊准则,不难看出他对朋友生硬直接的态度。宾利打算把“坐在达西身后的那位可爱美女”介绍给他做舞伴,达西明知宾利所指伊丽莎白,却反问到“你指的是哪一位?”,他这样违反了合作原则中

语用学 莱文逊 读书笔记

《语用学》读书笔记 法1401 赵涵 1404000116 莱文逊(Levinson)所著的《语用学》一书,由英国剑桥大学1983年出版,是英国剑桥大学出版社语言学教材系列中的一种。它是第一本比较全面地对语用学这一领域作出阐述的教科书和专著。这本书的价值除出版早外,更重要的是因为它写得好。作者对语用学研究的几个最基本、最重要的题目作了比较全面的归纳和比较深人的论述。 本书的第一章是导论,介绍了语用学的研究范围。作者在这一章里谈到了语用研究的起源、它的实质、它和语言学研究尤其是和语义学研究的关系等等。读者期待在这一章里能看到语用学的定义,但在这一节的开头,莱文逊却说道“给语用学下一个定义决非易事,我们将探讨一系列可能的定义,其中的每一种至多勾画出这一领域可能的研究范围。”直到这一章的结束,莱文逊确实没有给出一个语用学的定义,他只是对一系列可能的定义作了讨论。但我认为这样的讨论十分有益,这是十分值得细细一读的一节,读一下他对各种可能的定义发表的高见,远比仅仅看到一个很宽泛的定义有帮助。在对各种可能的定义进行讨论的过程中,莱文逊涉及到了语言学和语用学研究中一系列基本概念,基本范畴,和一些重要关系,例如语言的功能观、语境、语言和语境的关系及其语法化等等。其中特别值得注意的是对“语用学是对语义理论未能包含的那些意义侧面的研究”这一定义的讨论。莱文逊还谈到了语用研究和语义研究的关联和差别,谈到了句子和话语的区别,诸如格莱斯(Grice)的自然意义和非自然意义,句子意义和话语意义等各种类型的意义,以及相互知识在意义理解中的作用,所有这一些概念和关系十分有利于加深对语用和意义的理解。 第二章《指示》是在导论之后进行讨论的和话题,莱文逊把指示作为第一个题目的理由很明确同时也很充分:“语言和语境的关系通过指示这一现象在语言结构得到反映;”在已出版的多种语用学专著和教材中,大多数作者都把指示列为第一章或第一个论题,这是有道理的。指示这一现象是使语言哲学家和传统的语义学家感到头痛的问题,因为只从真实值这个角度无法解释指示词语的意义,指示词项的“编码”和“解码”都得依赖语言使用的语境,而语境正是语用研究的基础。传统对指示的研究包括人称指示、时间指示和空间指示三种,莱文逊在此基础上又加了篇章指示和社会指示两种。对各种指示的论述莱文逊大体上是对莱昂斯(Lyons)和菲尔莫(Fillmore)七十年代初有关指示的论文和专著中有关章节的综述,书中提到的“手势型指示”、“象征型指示”、“编码时间”、“解码时间”等概念均借自菲尔莫七十年代初所作的一系列关于指示的讲座。 在谈到指示时,重要的是对指示这一现象的语用性质的认识,然后才是对指示词语的意义的语用解释,在这个过程中有趣的是我们常常会遇到一些指示词语,尽管它们的意义是由语用决定的,如“来、去”之类,但在使用过程中却常常会出现语用反常的情况,如“我马上就来”这样的话,而这样的语用反常的情况则又只能从语用的角度加以解释。在人们充分认识到指示的语用本质,并从语用的角度对指示进行解释之前,指示这一现象和指示词语的使用和理解通常被作为篇章内部的语法—语义关系来解释,也就是认为

语用学论文

浅析语用学 指示是指利用语言进行指点或标示。语言中存在这一语言现象充分说明了语言和使用语言之间的语境之间的密切关系。指示语作为语用学研究的一个重要课题,一直受到语言学家们的重视。本文将着重从语用学中的指示语角度来分析在对外汉语教学中的造成学生学习汉语语用失误的原因。 一、语用学基本概念 顾名思义,语用学(pragmatics)就是关于语言使用的实用学。简言之,语用学就是研究话语在使用中的语境意义,或话语在特定语境条件下的交际意义,包括意义的产生与理解,也包括交际中语言形式或策略的恰当选择与使用。(冉永平,2006.) 二、语用学中的指示语 何自然先生认为:“我们把表示语言指示信息的词语称为指示语,归入语用学的范畴,因为指示语是一些不能单用语义学的真假条件衡量的词语,它们的意义只有结合语境才可能得到正确的解释”。指示(dexis)这一术语来自希腊语,它的意思是利用语言进行指点或标示。指示语可以分为五类,分别是人称指示语、时间指示语、地点指示语、话语指示语和社交指示语。 三、对外汉语教学中语用学之指示语 历来的对外汉语教学,内容基本上只包括语音、词汇、语法等语言项目。但通过实际教学,我们发现,外国人在掌握以上汉语基本语言项目后仍然出现话语不当的现象。这就要求我们在研究汉语语音、词汇、语法的同时,还要研究汉语的语用。而语用学之指示语应该是我们研究的一个重要内容。 1、对外汉语教学中指示语的影响 外国人学习汉语在语用方面的失误不是因违反语法规则或用词不当而引起的,而是在指示语上没有很好理解汉语的不同才导致出现语法正确但语用错误的现象。这些指示语不同的使用就体现了在使用汉语语言形式或词语时因思维方式和习惯的不同或观察事物的角度、范围有差异。根据指示语的性质,指示语的使用有两个必不可少的阶段:先要确定以言语行为中的哪一要素为参照点,下面从人称指示、时间指示、地点指示三个方面举例加以说明。

孔乙己语用学分析

《孔乙己》语用分析 (湘潭大学文学与新闻学院罗云) 摘要:语用学也叫语言实用学或语言使用学,是语言学中新开拓的一个领域。语用学主要研究语言的具体运用及其规律,尤其注重在不同的语言交际环境中如何理解和运用语言。在众多的文学作品中,用语用学的理论去关注文学作品可以使我们队作品的理解更为深入。本文将运用合作原则和面子理论解析《孔乙己》。 引言:本文通过运用语用学中的合作原则与会话舍义、礼貌原则以及面子理论,分析了鲁迅的小说《孔乙己》中的人物对话,剖析了其中丰富的的会话含义,分析了人物有意违背合作原则的原因,从而更好的理解作品。 关键词《孔乙己》会话含义合作原则面子理论正面面子负面面子 一、《孔乙己》 鲁迅先生的《孔乙己》小说通过对孔乙己悲惨一生的描写,一方面反映了封建文化和封建教育对下层知识分子的严重毒害,有力地控诉了科举制度的罪恶;另一方面也真实地反映了当时一般群众的冷漠麻木和思想昏沉的精神状态,揭示了封建社会的世态炎凉,使读者从一个侧面认识封建社会的腐朽与与黑暗。本文选取了《孔乙己》中典型的对话,并从语用学的合作原则角度进行分析,从而帮助我们更好的理解作品。 二、会话含义理论及其合作原则 会话含义理论是美国哲学家格莱斯提出的。他认为,“在所有的语言交际活动中为了达到特定目标,说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契,一种双方都应遵守的原则。他称这种原则为会话的‘合作原则’”。【1】换句话说,“合作原则”就是要求每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈过程中所说的话符合这一次交谈的目标或方向。正是交谈者的这种合作使得他们能够顺利地、持续地进行有意义的语言交际。格莱斯的“合作原则”具体体现为四条准则: ①数量准则 ②质量准则 ③相关准则 ④方式准则 三、面子理论 很多时候我们会发现这样违反合作原则的很大部分原因是为了顾及自己的面子问题。研究合作原则我们常常联系到面子理论来进行分析。 Brown & Levinson (1978)在Goffman 等人的研究基础上提出了成熟的面子理论,力图将面子作为一种普遍的语言现象来研究。他们认为面子是每个社会成员想为自己争取的公开的自我形象(self-image)。人们在交际活动中希望彼此维护对方的面子,并随面子威胁程度的增大而采用较高程度的礼貌策略。面子威胁程度的计算取决于交际双方之间的社会距离(social distance)、社会权力(social power)的差别以及特定文化对具体言语行为强加程度的认定。【2】Brown & Levinson将面子区分成正面面子(positive face)和负面面子(negative face)。

语用学参考文献

?1] 顾曰国. 使用者话语的语言学地位综述[J]. 当代语言学. 1999 (03)?[2] 姚小平. 索绪尔语言理论的德国根源[J]. 外语教学与研究. 1993 (03) ?[3] 许国璋. 关于索绪尔的两本书[J]. 国外语言学. 1983 (01) ?[4] 岑麒祥. 瑞士著名语言学家索绪尔和他的名著《普通语言学教程》[J]. 国外语言学. 1980 (01) ] 顾曰国. 使用者话语的语言学地位综述[J]. 当代语言学. 1999 (03) ?[2] 姚小平. 索绪尔语言理论的德国根源[J]. 外语教学与研究. 1993 (03) ?[3] 许国璋. 关于索绪尔的两本书[J]. 国外语言学. 1983 (01) ?[4] 岑麒祥. 瑞士著名语言学家索绪尔和他的名著《普通语言学教程》[J]. 国外语言学. 1980 (01) ? ?[1] . 《语言科学》稿约[J]. 语言科学. 2003 (03) ?[2] 余光武. 当代语言科学创新与发展国际学术研讨会暨《语言科学》创刊十周年庆典在徐州召开[J]. 语言文字应用. 2012 (04) ?[3] 丁邦新. 祝贺《语言科学》创刊十周年[J]. 语言科学. 2012 (06) ?[4] 余光武. 当代语言科学创新与发展国际学术研讨会暨《语言科学》创刊十周年庆典综述[J]. 语言科学. 2012 (06) ?[5] 侯精一. 贺《语言科学》杂志创刊[J]. 语言科学. 2002 (01) ?[6] 李宇明. 面向社会需求,发展语言科学[J]. 语言科学. 2002 (01) ?[7] 孙宏开. 贺《语言科学》杂志创刊[J]. 语言科学. 2002 (01) ?[8] . 《语言科学》2005年(总第14-19期)总目录[J]. 语言科学. 2006 (01) ?[9] . 《语言科学》2006年总目录[J]. 语言科学. 2006 (06) ?[10] . 《语言科学》2007年总目录[J]. 语言科学. 2007 (06)

相关文档