#文化透视英语3 unit 4 翻译+语言点
电视暴力：它会引起现实生活混乱吗？
苏姗R. 拉森
苏姗R. 拉森是美国步枪协会联邦事务的董事。在1993年的关于电视暴力的国家听证会上，拉森说明了美国步枪协会在这个话题上的立场。在这篇在1993年6月份美国猎人杂志上的文章上，拉森批评电视加剧了现实生活暴力行为。
几乎在任何一天的任何时候打开电视，你就会把一场谋杀，混乱，流血杀人事件的狂欢带入你的起居室。也许，和许多美国人一样，你已经变得习惯了甚至期待着它。但是退后一步从孩子们的眼中来看看这个杀人行为的万花筒，再考虑下电视暴力在美国新一代中所扮演的角色，你会发现电视暴力是真的是如此的让人讨厌。
电视放映的暴力混乱被看作是美国暴力犯罪盛行的最主要的原因。它是5月12日国会听证会的主题。我代表美国步枪协会参加了听证会，和全国的人类行为和心理学的专家们持相同的意见，都号召结束或者至少是减少暴力行为的播放，它在社会上已经造起了严重的代价。
正如华盛顿大学的流行性病学教授，布兰登S. 森特瓦尔博士说明道：自从20世纪50年代以来美国的杀人犯罪率提高了一倍。作为。。。研究小组的一员，我的职责是决定什么原因。许多种可能的原因都调查过了，包括：生育高峰的影响，城市化发展趋势，经济动向（发展趋势），酗酒的趋向，死刑的影响，社会动荡的影响，武器的可得性，观看电视。
森特瓦尔博士继续说道：“在经过为期七年多的调查，每一个声称的原因都用各种方法检验过了，为的是看看是否这个原因可以作为美国暴力成倍增长的可靠因子被淘汰掉。结果，一个接着一个的原因都是无效的，只剩下电视暴力。
如果这个对你来说是恐怖的，思考下这个：在他的1989年的著名的调查中，森特瓦尔总结道：“据估计，观看电视Etiologically和大约美国一半的杀人事件存在着因果关系，和大约每年10，000起杀人事件，和美国大部分的或许是一半的强奸，暗杀和其他形式的人和人之间的暴力存在着因果关系。
虽然并不是所有人都同意森特瓦尔对问题严重性的估计，很少有人会质问他的断定：好莱坞流血杀人剧情确实从延伸到了我们的生活中。正如。。。证明的，电视暴力和人类侵犯的因果关系已经被牢固地建立起来长达几乎20年了。但是直到现在电视台还是不愿意去改变。这就是为什么在1990年国会通过了电视暴力法案，这个法案允许电视台合作，再是制定一个电视台和公众可以接受播放标准。
问题是暴力卖座。媒体的行政人员们知道这点而且从中获取了利润。更多的观众意味着更高的收视率，更高的收视率意味着更多的广告收入。因此，正如。。。发现的，80%的电视节目包含着暴力剧情。但是暴力就像是毒品：观众对暴力剧情形成了忍受力，所以媒体“商贩”渐渐地增加了暴力片段。
实际上，黄金时间电视播放已经达到了平均每小时12个暴力片段。由。。。进行的最新的一个调查发现暴力在儿童的节目中达到了一个历史新高点——每小时32个暴力片段。而且据最新的一个电视。。。研究计算，在18个小时的电视观看时间内就有1845个暴力片段，大约每个小时就有100个暴力片段，或者说每36秒就有一个。
虽然成年人可能仅仅视所有的电视暴力为最新的“动作娱乐片”，儿童们并不理解。心理学们都认为三到四岁的儿童，他们不能区分现实和虚幻。对于他们电视就是现实的反映，而且他们发现是一个不太友好的地方。而且，青少年观众群
体庞大，儿童几乎每天看四小时的电视，在城区那个数字达到了十一个小时之多，这也就意味着在大多数情况下，电视就是现实。
而且这种电视暴力瘾正在逐渐造成及其恶劣的影响。美国联邦调查局和户口普查资料显示十七岁儿童的杀人逮捕率在1985到1991年之间增加了一倍以上，十五岁和16岁的逮捕率增加地甚至更快。心理学家指出了电视暴力的一些影响：孩子们被告知这个社会通常是暴力的。他们变得过于害怕受到迫害因此也变得更不容易去帮助犯罪受害者。他们自己也变得更加地侵犯性和暴力。
通过电视暴力法案，几个主要的电视台已经同意了一套在他们的电视节目中减少无道理电视暴力的标准。但是，直到现在，也没什么变化；电视台的行政人员保证情况到了1993年的秋季会有所转好。
饶有讽刺意味的是，今年的电视暴力国会听证会是在五月——“收视率调查月份”,而那时候正是电视台竞争收视率的时候，收视率将会决定他们明年的广告收入。一些评论家称1993年五月为电视历史上的其中一个最暴力的收视率调查月份.
在过去的一年中，电视娱乐的行政人员断然驳斥了电视暴力的危险，然而在五月的听证会上，作证的电视台领导们更愿意改变——或者说他们自己是这样说的。但是，他们的话听起来不诚恳，特别考虑到他们收视率调查月份节目播放的“暴行”。
哥伦比亚广播公司的主席霍华德全国广播公司的主席华伦李托菲尔德美国广播公司的主席托马斯S墨菲都在国会听证会上作了发言。Stringer 在会上谈到了他电视台“原则”: “严肃”“责任”和“慎重和大量的讨论”——然而流血片段似乎是没有止境。然后在几天后的华盛顿邮报上的一个故事中，Stringer指责了武器的危害：“ 在美国有200 000 000支枪，66000000支手枪。那和暴力有着很大的关系。”（读者们也许会记得Stringer的电视台的分公司，华盛顿广播公司最近刚刚拒绝了美国步枪协会的关于刑事审判制度失败新商业广告。哥伦比亚广播公司分公司给出的非凡的接口是这个商业广告易于激怒或者煽动。
除了立法以外，如果没有来自市民们统一的基层压力国会听证会取得不了多大的成效。最后，你的信件，你的电话，你的传真都是和削减电视暴力因此控制犯罪和保护你的第二修正案的权利斗争的最好的弹药。当你在电视节目中看到毫无意义，没有道理的暴力的例子的时候，给电视台的行政人员写信让他们知道你的感受。更好的是，记录下来在暴力节目中间做广告的产品和服务，然后对这些公司的领导者们表达出义愤。
最后，只有你——作为一个消费者，电视观众，投票者——能够要求终止血染我们社会的电视暴力。如果每一个美国步枪协会的成员和枪支拥有者能够在这场战斗中尽他们的力，我们能够削减这个严重危害我们的孩子们和人权法案的电视破坏。
Language study
2.3.1 Turn on your TV virtually any time of any day and you can bring a carnival of murder, mayhem and bloodshed right into your living room.
1）virtually adv.
to indicate that something is so nearly true that for most purposes it can be regarded as true 几乎；实际上
Examples：His contributions have run through virtually all of modern astronomy.
他的贡献几乎遍及现代天文学的所有领域。
So, it's virtually risk-free for you.
所以，事实上对您而言，是完全没有风险的。
2）carnival n.
(a special occasion or period of) public enjoyment and entertainment involving wearing unusual clothes, dancing, and eating and drinking, usually held in the roads of a city 嘉年华，狂欢
a carnival of
。。。的狂欢
Examples: The last twenty-four hours have witnessed a carnival of brutality.
在过去的二十四小时里，我亲眼目睹了残忍的活剧。
Topsy would hold a perfect carnival of confusion, for some one or two hours.
托普西就会恣意胡闹上一、二个小时。
2)menace n. something that is likely to cause harm；someone or something that is
dangerous and likely to cause harm有危险性的人(或物)；
Examples: A man who drives fast is a menace to other people.
开快车的人对其他人是个威胁。
These weapons are a menace to world peace.
这些武器是对世界和平的威胁。
4）right adv. It is used for emphasis.
Example: I'll be right back/I'll be right with you (= I will return very soon).
我马上就回来。
Translation:几乎在任何一天的任何时候打开电视，你就会把一场谋杀，混乱，流血杀人事件的狂欢带入你的起居室。
2.3.2 Maybe, like many Americ ans, you‘re grown accustomed to it and even expect it.
accustomed adj.
grow accustomed to to gradually start to feel that something is normal or natural 习惯于
be(get, become, grow) accustomed to习惯于
Example: He soon gets accustomed to dormitory life and make two or three friend.
他不久就逐渐习惯了宿舍的生活并交了两三个朋友。
accustom oneself to使自己习惯于
Example: You must accustom yourself to getting up early.
你必须使自己习惯于早起。
Translation: 也许，和许多美国人一样，你已经变得习惯了甚至期待着它。
2.3.3But step back and look at this kaleidoscope of killing through the eyes of a child——and consider what role it’s played for America’s new generation of ultra-violent killers——and you see what a menace TV violence really is.
1) step back to temporarily stop being involved in an activity or situation in order to think about it in a new way进入毫无意义的地位
Example: Let's step back and ask whether it is worth all the trouble.
让我们后退一步问问这些麻烦是不是划得来。
From time to time, the teachers should step back and let their pupils run things their own way.
有时，教师应该不介入而让学生以他们自己的方式处理事情。
2) kaleidoscope of a changing and enjoyable mixture or pattern (of patterns)
kaleidoscope n. something that is made up of a lot of different and frequently changing colours or elements万花筒
a scene, situation, or experience that keeps changing and has many different aspects: Examples: His paintings are a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors.
他的油画色彩斑斓, 变化万千.
The search lights and the fireworks made the sky a kaleidoscope of color.
探照灯和焰火使得天空的颜色千变万化。
3) Ultra prefix extreme or extremely: extremely violent 超级暴力Translation: 但是退后一步从孩子们的眼中来看看这个杀人行为的万花筒，再考虑下电视暴力在美国新一代中所扮演的角色，你会发现电视暴力是真的是如此的让人讨厌。
2.3.4 I represented NRA at the hearings and was joined by the nation’s leading experts on human behavior and psychology to call for an end—or at least a reduction—of the broadcast brutali ty that’s taking such a vicious toll on society.
1) was joined to come into the company of；share the same opinion of
2) call for demand that it should happen要求
Examples: Different circumstances call for different tactics.
不同的情势需要不同的策略。
More work does not necessarily call for more men.
增加工作不一定需要增添人员。
3) take a vicious toll on
vicious extremely unkind or unpleasant: extremely violent: 恶毒的，凶残的；剧烈的，严重的
Example: Your vicious dog is menacing my cat!
你那条恶狗对我家的猫太凶了！
take a toll it has a bad effect or causes a lot of suffering.
Examples: The war took a heavy toll of human life.
这次战争夺去了许多人的生命.
Long before, the bad weather took its toll.
坏天气造成恶果是很久以前的事。
Translation: 我代表美国步枪协会参加了听证会，和全国的人类行为和心理学的专家们持相同的意见，都号召结束或者至少是减少暴力行为的播放，它在社会上已经造起了严重的代价。
2.3.5 As Dr. Brandon S. Centerwall, professor of epidemiology at the university of Washington, explained: “The US national homicide rate has doubled since the 1950s.
1) epidemiology the scientific study of infectious diseases and their causes n. 传染病学,流行病学
Example: of or relating to epidemiology.
属于或关于流行病学的。
2) homicide n. US FORMAL OR LEGAL (an act of) murder; the crime of killing someone杀人;杀人罪
Example: The homicide rate has doubled in the last ten years.
在过去10年里，杀人犯罪率提高了一倍
Translation:正如华盛顿大学的流行性病学教授，布兰登S. 森特瓦尔博士说明道：自从20世纪50年代以来美国的杀人犯罪率提高了一倍。
2.3.6 A wide array of possible causes was examined—the baby boom’s effect, trends in urbanization, economic trends, trends in alcohol abuse, the role of capital punishment, the effects of civil unrest, the availability of firearms, exposure to television.
1) an array of a large number or wide range of them大量的
Examples: an array of heavily armed troops
大批全副武装的部队
an array of spare parts
大批零配件
an array of players
一队(阵容强大的)球类运动员
2) urbanization the process of creating towns in country areas 城市化
Example: Urbanization will become increasingly important in the future.
城市化将来将变得越来越重要
Translation: 许多种可能的原因都调查过了，包括：生育高峰的影响、城市化发展趋势、经济动向（发展趋势）、酗酒的趋向、死刑的影响、社会动荡的影响，武器的可得性、观看电视。
2.3.7 …each of these purported causes was tested in a variety of w ays to see whether it could be eliminated as a credible contributor to the doubling of rates of violence …
1) purported adj. said by some people to be real or true, but not proved to be real or true谣传的;号称的
Example: the purported author of the story.
这个故事传说中的作者
2) eliminate vt. to remove or take away.排除，消除，根除；淘汰
Example: She went through the typescript carefully to eliminate all errors from it.
她认真检查了打字稿,排除了所有的错误
3) credible adj. able to be believed or trusted可信的,可靠的
Example: It seems neither necessary nor credible.
这看来既非必需，也不可信。
4) contributor n. one of the causes of an event or situation, especially if that event or situation is an unpleasant one 原因
Example: Soil erosion is a main contributor to water pollution.
土壤侵蚀是水污染的一个主要根源。
Translation: 每一个声称的原因都用各种方法检验过了，为的是看看是否这个原因可以作为美国暴力成倍增长的可靠因子被淘汰掉。
2.3.8 And, one by one, each of them was invalidated, except for television. invalidate.vt. prove that it is wrong or cause it to be wrong使无效
Example: A faulty signature may invalidate a cheque.
签名的笔迹不对会使支票无效。
Translation: 结果，一个接着一个的原因都是无效的，只剩下电视暴力。
2.3.9 ，“it is estimated that exposure to television is etiologically (causally) related to…
1) it is estimated据估计
it is said/reported/estimated that 据说/报道/估计
Example: It is estimated that the meeting will last four days.
这次会议预计要开4天
2) etiologically adj.
etiology n. the scientific study of the cause of diseases [医]病因学, 病源论
Ｅxample：Hypnotic is the choice drug which etiologically and semeiologically treats insomnia.
【中英文摘要】催眠药物是对失眠症进行对因和对症治疗的首选药物。Translation: 观看电视Etiologically 和大约美国一半的杀人事件存在着因果关系，
2.3.10 While not all agree with Centerwall’s assessment of the problem’s severity, few challenge his claim that Hollywood bloodshed does spill out from the screen and into our lives.
1) assessment n.a)a consideration of someone or something and a judgment about them b) the process of making a judgment or forming an opinion, after considering something or someone carefully n.估计；评估
Example: He made a careful assessment of the situation.
他对形势作了细致的评估
2) severity ｎ．the seriousness of something bad or unpleasant n.严厉；严重；Example: Blunt injury to the skull may be of varying severity.
3) challenge vt. question their truth, value, or authority 质疑
Example: I challenge that interpretation.
我对那一解释提出质疑。
3)spill out from…into… a lot of them leave at the same time
He knocks the bucket over and all the water spill out
他撞翻了水桶, 水全流出去了
Translation: 虽然并不是所有人都同意森特瓦尔对问题严重性的估计，很少有人会质问他的断定：好莱坞流血杀人剧情确实从延伸到了我们的生活中。
2.3.11 But until recently the TV networks have been reluctant to change.
reluctant to not very willing to do something and therefore slow to do it不情愿的；勉强的
Examples: She was [seemed] reluctant to go with him.
她不愿意[好像不愿意] 跟他去
He was reluctant to admit any of the ample evidence.
他对这些充分证据的任何部分都不愿承认其有效
Translation: 但是直到现在电视台还是不愿意去改变。
2.3.12 …with whi ch they and the public could live.
live with to put up with , accept, tolerant 忍受，忍耐
Examples：You'll have to learn to live with it, I'm afraid.
我看, 你得学会容忍这种现实.
We find newspaper ballyhoo difficult to live with.
我们觉得难以容忍报纸的夸大宣传。
Translation: 一个电视台和公众可以接受播放标准
2.3.13The problem is, violence sells.
sell vi. it is bought by the public, usually in fairly large quantities卖座
Example: Her name will help to sell the film.
有她的名字，这部影片就卖座。
Translation: 问题是暴力卖座。
2.3.14 More viewers means higher ratings, which add up to more advertising dollars.
add up to result in that total when they are put together合计达，总括起来、意味着
Examples: I don't think these facts will add up to anything.
这些事实我看不说明任何问题。
The figures add up to 137.
这些数目加起来总和是一百三十七。
Translation: 更多的观众意味着更高的收视率，更高的收视率意味着更多的广告收入。
2.3.15 But violence is like a drug: viewers develop a tolerance for it, so media “pushers” give them steadily more.
pusher n. someone who sells illegal drugs (毒品等的)非法销售者
Example: The neighbourhood pusher got Joe a fix.
邻里的不法商贩给乔打了一针毒品。
Translation: 但是暴力就像是毒品：观众对暴力剧情形成了忍受力，所以媒体“商贩”渐渐地增加了暴力片段。
2.3.16 Typically, prime-time programming has averaged 8 to 12 violent acts per hour.
1) prime-time the time when the largest number of people are watching or listening:黄金时段
Example: Now it is prime time.
现在是黄金时间。
2) average n. the result obtained by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts平均,平均数
Examples: Her brother is above average in his reading ability.
他的阅读能力在平均水平以上
The average of 4, 6 and 8 is 6.
4，6，8的平均数是6。
adj. an average number is obtained by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts一般的,通常的,平均的
Examples: The average salary is correlated with length of education.
平均薪俸和教育时间之长短有互相的关联。
The average age of the boys here is ten.
这些孩子的平均年龄是十岁。
He is an average man, there's nothing special about him.
他是个普通人, 并没有什么异乎常人的地方
v. produce that amount as an average over a period of time 平均
Example: Meals at school average out to about 10 yuan per day.
在学校伙食平均每天大致10元.
Translation: 实际上，黄金时间电视播放已经达到了平均每小时12个暴力片段2.3.17 While adults may see all this TV mayhem as just the latest “ action entertainment”, children don’t get it.
get it understand 明白
Example: Can't you get it into your thick skull that we can't afford it?
你这个笨脑瓜难道还不明白我们买不起吗?
Translation: 虽然成年人可能仅仅视所有的电视暴力为最新的“动作娱乐片”，儿童们并不理解。
2.3.18 Psychologists agree that up to ages three and four, children can’t distinguish fact from fantasy.
1) up to used to say that something is less than or equal to but not more than a stated value, number or level: 至多，直到
Example: Up to two hundred people were on board the ship.
多达200个人上了那条船。
2) distinguish …from…differentiate; to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from another 区分Examples: He can distinguish a genuine antique from a reproduction.
他能区别真正的古董和复制品。
He could not distinguish cotton from wool.
他不能辨认是棉花还是羊毛。
Translation: 心理学们都认为三到四岁的儿童，他们不能区分现实和虚幻。
2.3.19 FBI and census data show that homicide arrest rate…
census n. a count for official purpose; especially one to count the number of people living in a country and to obtain information about them人口普查，统计Examples: According to the latest census, our population has increased.
根据最近调查，我国的人口有增加
This country has just carried out a census.
这个国家刚刚进行过人口普查。
Translation: 美国联邦调查局和户口普查资料
2.3.20 They become disproportionately frightened of being victimized and become less likely to help victims of crime.
disproportionately adv.
disproportionate adj. too large or too small in comparison to something else, or not deserving its importance or influence: 不成比例
Example: Babies often seem to have disproportionately large heads.
婴儿往往显得头部过大.
Translation: 他们变得过于害怕受到迫害因此也变得更不容易去帮助犯罪受害者。
2.3.21 …to reduce the lev el of gratuitous violence in their programs.
gratuitous adj. unnecessary, and often harmful or upsetting 无缘无故的；免费的Example: Gratuitous violence repels (most people).
无端使用暴力则激起民愤.
His films are full of gratuitous violence.
他拍的影片充满了不必要的暴力。
Translation:在他们的电视节目中减少无道理电视暴力
2.3.22Whereas in years past, entertainment executives flatly refuted the dangers of TV violence, the network heads who testified during May hearings were more receptive of change—or they said so.
1) flatly adv. refuse or disagree with something or someone completely or in a very clear and definite way; in a way that lacks emotion or interest: 断然地,平淡地Examples: I flatly refuse to come.
我断然拒绝来。
"He is dead," said Alice flatly.
"他死了",艾丽斯冷漠地说道
2) refute vt. o say or prove that a person, statement, opinion, etc. is wrong or false 驳斥，驳倒t
Examples: I was able to refute his argument.
我能驳倒他的论点。
Historical facts refute such a fallacy.
历史事实驳斥了这种谎言。
3) receptive of willing to listen to and accept new ideas and suggestions; able or quick to receive new ideas, suggestions, etc （对新的思想﹑建议等）易於接受的, 接受得快的:
Examples: He is receptive of new thoughts.
他善於接纳新思想
To be patiently receptive of just criticism and profit from its teaching.
耐心接纳合理的批评，并从中获益。
Translation: 在过去的一年中，电视娱乐的行政人员断然驳斥了电视暴力的危险，然而在五月的听证会上，作证的电视台领导们更愿意改变——或者说他们自己是这样说的。
2.3.23 Still, their words somehow ring hollow, especially given the brutality of their “sweeps month” programming.
ring hollow to seem to be false, or implausible听起来不诚恳
Examples: His promises always ring hollow.
他的种种许诺听上去都是空话
He declared that he was telling the truth, but his words rang hollow.
他宣称他说的是真话，可是他的话听起来不诚恳。
Translation: 但是，他们的话听起来不诚恳，特别考虑到他们收视率调查月份节目播放的“暴行”。
2.3.24 …, affiliate of Stringer’s network,…
affiliate vt.to cause a group to become part of or form a close relationship with another, usually larger, group or organization 使隶(附)属于
Example: affiliate with an American firm
和美国公司联合
n. a connection with a political party or religion, or with a larger organization: .附属机构,分公司
Example: an affiliate of the Red Cross
红十字会的分会
Translation: Stringer的电视台的分公司
2.3.25 Barring legislation, congressional hearings can’t accomplish much without unified grassroots pressure from citizens.
barring prep not including or allowing for (sth);.除...以外; if there is/are not如果没有?某事物?
Examples: Barring accidents, I'll be there.
除非有意外事故，我会一定到场的。
Now, barring all that, I mean to say she is a deuced fine girl!"
倒是我觉得她是一个非常漂亮的姑娘。”
Translation: 除了立法以外，如果没有来自市民们统一的基层压力国会听证会取得不了多大的成效。
2.3.26 Better yet, make a note of what products or services are advertised during violent programs, and voice your outrage to the leaders of those companies.
1) make a note of vt. memory or make a record of 记录
Example: I will make a note of that man's name.
我会记下那个人的名字。
I make a note of it.
我记一下。
2)voice vt.to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to express a doubt, complaint, etc. that you have about it说(话)
Example: The workers voiced their indignation at being unfairly dismissed.
对被不公正解雇一事工人们表示愤慨。
Translation: 更好的是记录下来在暴力节目中间做广告的产品和服务，然后对这些公司的领导者们表达出义愤。
英语新闻翻译的研究方法
新闻翻译的方法与策略 摘要：众所周知，词与词形成句，句与句构成篇，从而组成一则新闻。因此句子就成了整个新闻的主要组成部分。对新闻英语句子的翻译是始终表现出一个翻译者或一个记者的技巧。那就是把一个扩展开的简单英语句子翻译成中文的技巧。我们应该首先把英语句子分成几个意群。同时根据中国的时间和逻辑的序列，继而把意群转化成中文副本并同时记录下来。如果任何一个句子的失去了它的逻辑，句子无论如何也不能成立。 本综述报告将着重讲如何分析新闻英语翻译成中文的主要策略并进行研究。关键词：；新闻英语翻译；方法；策略 English news translation methods and strategies research and reviewed in this paper Author：Wang Jing The Guide Teacher：Zhang Jianlei Abstract：As we all know that news was formed by sentences and sentences were formed by words. So the sentences were the main part of all the structure of news. The translation of English sentences about news was always show the skill of a translator or a journalist. To translate an expanded simple English sentence into appropriate Chinese. We should first and foremost divide the English sentence into several sense groups. Then transform the sense groups into Chinese counterparts and simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or the logic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. This paper mainly studies how to use cross-communication theory to translate English news to Chinese. Key words:English news translation; method; strategy
英语语言文学专业基础
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考
《英语语言学》答案完整版
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II．判断(15×1?=15?) III．填空(10×1?=10?) IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?) V．简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.
2017复旦大学英语语言文学--基础英语708真题
2017复旦大学英语语言文学（050201） 基础英语708 1.English-Chinese translation (50 points) A passage about Balzac’s work. (I think it’s about 400 words.) 2.Chinese-English translation (50 points) 老舍《养花》 我爱花，所以也爱养花。我可还没成为养花专家，因为没有工夫去作研究与试验。我只把养花当作生活中的一种乐趣，花开得大小好坏都不计较，只要开花，我就高兴。在我的小院中，到夏天，满是花草，小猫儿们只好上房去玩耍，地上没有它们的运动场。 花虽多，但无奇花异草。珍贵的花草不易养活，看着一棵好花生病欲死是件难过的事。 我不愿时时落泪。北京的气候，对养花来说，不算很好。冬天冷，春天多风，夏天不是干旱就是大雨倾盆；秋天最好，可是忽然会闹霜冻。在这种气候里，想把南方的好花养活，我还没有那么大的本事。因此，我只养些好种易活、自己会奋斗的花草。 不过，尽管花草自己会奋斗，我若置之不理，任其自生自灭，它们多数还是会死了的。 我得天天照管它们，象好朋友似的关切它们。一来二去，我摸着一些门道：有的喜阴，就别放在太阳地里，有的喜干，就别多浇水。这是个乐趣，摸住门道，花草养活了，而且三年五载老活着、开花，多么有意思呀！不是乱吹，这就是知识呀！多得些知识，一定不是坏事。 3.Writing (50 points) Nowadays there exists less and less idealists in China. Chinese people, especially the young generation, are now becoming the slaves of houses and children. People are losing their dreams and consider them as impossible to realize. But Gao Xiaosong once said, “Life is about poetry and faraway places.” What do you think of this idea? Write a text for about 500 words, and please think of a title for it.
英语语言学基础知识
英语语言学基础知识 一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征 几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是 语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the
英语语言文学专业深度分析
英语语言文学专业深度分析 一、学科概况 英语语言文学是外国语言文学下属的一个二级学科。英语是联合国工作语言之一，是世界上最通用的语言，也是我国学习人数最多的外语语种。英语语言文学是我国设置最早的外语专业之一。 英语语言学的发展趋势体现了语言学的发展趋势，具体表现为以下特点：由纯描写性研究转向以解释为目的的研究，由侧重英语本身特点的孤立研究转为侧重语言普遍性的比较研究，由侧重语言形式的研究转为形式和语义并重的研究，由对语言结构的研究扩展到对语言的习得、功能和应用的研究，由对英语的语音、词汇、语法、历史、方言等传统领域的研究发展到对英语的各个方面及相关领域的全面研究。目前英语语言学的主要分支学科包括音位学、形态学、句法学、文体学、历史语言学；语言学的其他主要分支学科，如语义学、语用学、话语分析、篇章语言学应用语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学等，也主要基于对英语的研究。 二、培养目标 应具有坚实的英语语言文学的基础理论和系统的专业知识，了解本学科的当前状况和发展趋势；具有严谨、求实的学风和独立从事科学研究工作的能力，学位论文应有新的见解；熟练掌握所学语言，第二外国语应具有一定的口、笔语能力及阅读与本专业有关书刊的能力；能熟练运用计算机和互联网络进行科研工作。 三、研究方向 研究范围包括语言学，文学，社会文化，翻译理论和实践等。 各个招生单位具体研究方向略有不同，以北京语言大学为例 01英国文学 02美国文学 03西方文论 04西方文化研究 05中西文学比较研究 四、考试科目 各个招生单位考试科目略有不同，以北京语言大学为例 ①101思想政治理论 ②242二外日语或243二外法语或244二外德语 ③722基础英语 ④824英美文学 五、课程设置 基础理论课: a．普通语言学：语言的本质、结构、功能、语言研究的对象、目的、方法，主要学派及其理论； b．西方文艺理论：从柏拉图到20世纪的西方文论； c．世界文学：东西方文学发展史及流派；
英语学科知识与能力
第一章英语语言基础知识 第一节中学英语语音知识 一，字母，音素（phoneme）和音标（phoneme symbol）： 1. 根据发音时是否受到发音器官的阻碍以及阻碍程度，将26个英文字母分为?元音字母：a e i o u ?半元音字母：w y ?辅音：其他 （注）区分元音vowels的方法： ?舌头抬起的高度——高中低 ?舌头最高部分的位置——前中后 ?元音的长度或紧度——长元音短元音 ?唇的圆展度——圆唇非圆唇 2.英语音素： （注）英语音标发音方法巧记： ?/p/ ，/t/，/k/，/f/ ，/s/，/b/，/d/，/g/，/z/，/h/，/r/，/m/，/n/，/j/，/ w/与汉语拼音了的声母发音一致。 ? /θ/像一张嘴，咬住舌头，正是这个音标的发音。/e/与之相同，只不过清浊有变化。 ? /v/就是拼音的w（乌）。 ? /?/是拼音的sh（师）。 ? /ts/是拼音的c（次）。 ? /t?/是拼音的ch（吃）。 ? /tr/发音像汉字“戳” ? /?/是拼音的r（日）。 ? /dz/很难表达啊...有z（资）的音，但是前面浊化了。 ? /d?/是拼音的zh（知）。
? /dr/读“捉” ? /?/是拼音的ng（就是ang eng ing ong的后半部分）
二，语音的变化： 1.音节：一个音节至少有一个元音字母 1）重读：Stressed 2） 3）连音：liaison ●辅音+元音 ●R/re+元音 ●辅音+半元音 ●元音+元音 4）音的同化：assimilation 1 因唇形的影响而发生的同化： （1）[n], [d], [t]在双唇音[m], [b], [p]前面被同化，如ten men (十个人) （2）双唇音[p]后面的[n]变成[m], 如：open (打开) 2 因声带的影响而发生的同化： （1）浊辅音可变为清辅音，如：of course （当然） （2）清辅音可变为浊辅音，如:like that (像那样) 3 因发音部位的影响而发生的其他同化： （1）[s] 和[z]在?或[j]前面被同化为?和?如：this shirt （这件衬衣） （2）[t], [d], [s]和[z]在[j]前面和[j]合并为t?，d?，?和? last year （去年） Did you go? (你去了吗？) God bless you （上帝保佑你） Has your letter come? (你的信来了吗？) 5）失去爆破音： ?爆破音+爆破音：前一个爆破音失去 ?爆破音+摩擦音/破擦音 ?爆破音/t,d/+鼻音/m,n/ ?爆破音/t,d/+舌边音/l/ 第二章语言学与英语教学 美国语言学家克拉申在20世纪70年代提出了“语言习得”理论，认为人们掌握语言有两种方式，一种是习得Acquisition 无意识的逐渐掌握母语，一种是学习learning,一般指学习母语之外的第二种语言。
中国文化相关词汇英文翻译
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2019届中考英语复习 第一篇 语言基础知识 第3课 七下 Units 1-5课后练习
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中国传统文化英语翻译
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