1995-2017全国英语专业八级改错真题及答案10

All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops over time. In friendship and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, rituals, habits, and customs that give that relationship a special character—a character that differentiates it in various ways from other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for two individuals. Thus, any social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, or society—develops a culture over time. While the defining characteristics—or combination of characteristics—of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain common functions. The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural characteristics are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction. In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to preserve and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another. One can say, therefore, that culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication.

The ability to comiiiunicnte is the primary factor that distinguishes humaii

beings fiom arrivals. And it is the ability to coiumiuiicate well which 1.

distiiiguishes one iiidividual from another.

The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to

be equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2.

what will make one a happy and successful social being.

In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledge

the fact that they iieed to iiiiprove commiuiication skills from time to time.

They need to take stock of the way how they interact arid the direction 3.

in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constant

in life is change, the more vie accepts one’s strengths and works towards dealing w ith their shortcomings, specially in the aren of comiiiunicntion skills, the better will be their interac?ons and

the more their social p opularity. The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve

communication skills? The nnswer is simple. One cm find plenty of litmature on this. There are also experts, who conduct workshops and s eminar’s based on c ommunication skills o f m en and wommi. In fact, a large number of companies are briiqqng in

trainers to regularly make sessions oii the subject, in order to help their work force iiiaintain better interpersonal work relations. Today effective communication skills h ave becoiiie a p redominant 4.

5.

d. 7.

factor even while recruiting employees. While iiiterviewing candidates,

most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they commiuiicate with. They b elieve that s ome skills c an b e i mprovised on the j ob; but a bility t o 8. comiiiunicnte well is important, as every employee becomes the

mpresenting face of the company.

Then are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made 9.

programs on the siibject. Through the sessions they not only facilitate

better communication skills in the workplace, but also look into

the problems in the mariner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10.

The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes human beings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well that distinguishes one individual from another.

The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to be equipped with habits for good communication skills, as this is what will make them a happy and successful social being.

In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledge the fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time. They need to take stock of the way they interact and the direction in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constant in life is change, and the more one accepts on e’s strengths and works towards dealing with their shortcomings, especially in the area of communication skills, the better will be their interactions and the more their social popularity.

The dominating question that comes here is: How to improve communication skills? Well, the answer is simple. One can find plenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conduct workshops and seminars based on communication skills of men and women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing in trainers to regularly conduct sessions on the subject, in order to help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.

Today, effective communication skills have become a predominant factor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates, most interviewers judge them on the basis of the way they communicate. They believe that skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to communicate well is important, as every employee becomes the representing face of the company.

There are trainers, who specialize in delivering custom-made programs on the subject. Through the session they not only facilitate better skills in the department of communications, but also look into the problems that come in the way of being able to convey messages effectively.

When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular show on ice by the mother of a friend. Looking around at the luxury of the rink, my friend’s mother remarked on

the‘plush’ seats we had been given. I did not know what she meant, but being proud of my vocabulary and not wanting to lose face by admitting ignorance, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. ‘Plush’ was clearly intended as a compliment, a positive evaluation; that much I could tell from the tone of voice and the context. So I started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, and so are the ice rink and the

c ostumes of the skaters, aren’t they? My friend’s mother was too polite to correct me, but I coul

d tell from her expression that I had not got th

e word quite right.

Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughly means, and that is in fact the way in which we usually acquire both new words and new meanings for familiar words, particularly in our own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should have asked about plush, and this is particularly true in the case of a second or foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by speakers of the language you are learning, you can of course ask them directly, but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English. So dictionaries, such as the one in your hands, have developed to fill the gap.

1. is 添加also

2. possessed 改为attracted 词汇搭配attract one’s attention

3. the same sense 后添加as one 固定搭配(介词)：the same as

4. the fact 后添加that adults 从句：同位语从句，关系代词that 不可省略

5. the language 去掉the , 此处泛指不特指，非特指

6. check 改为review 词汇：纵览，回顾，综述

7. attempts 改为attempting 介词后+名词/动名词短语

8. or 改为and 连词：顺应关系

9. involving 改为involved 非谓语动词：被动关系，用过去分词

10.touch 改为interaction 词汇interaction 指交流，互动；touch 触碰，指身体接触

Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psycholopical processes involved in language. Psycholingiiistics study iuiderstanding,

production and reiiiembering language, and hence are c oncerned 1.

with listening, reading, speaking. writing, and inemory for language.

One reasou why we take the lam iage for granted is that it usually 2. happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accuiately. 3. Indeed. whmi you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 4.

you normally cannot help but undeistand it.

It is only in exceptional ciiciunstances we miglit become awaie of 5.

the coniplexity involved: if we are senmhing for a word but cnnnot

remembei it: if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has ?. influenced their lanpuage; if we observe a child acqnire language; 7.

if we tiy to leam a second lanpunge ourselves as an adult: or if w e

are visually iinpaired or hearing-impnired or if we meet anyone else g.

who is. As we shall see, all these exainples of what might be called

“language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, listening, writing and reading. But 9.

given t hat language p rocesses were n ormally so a utomatic, we also 10.

need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.

Psycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.

One reason why we take language for granted is that it usually happens so effortlessly, and, most of the time, so accurately. Indeed, when you listen to someone speaking, or look at this page, you normally cannot help but understand it.

It is only in exceptional circumstances that we might become aware of the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has affected their language; if we observe a child acquiring language; if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet someone else who is. As we shall see, all of these examples of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about the processes involved in speaking, listening, writing, and reading. But given that language processes are normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening

The central problem of trmislating has always been whether to

translate literally or freely. The argument has bemi going shice at least the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many

1.

writers favoied ceita?i kind of “five” translation: the spiriL not the 2.

letter. the sense not the word: the message zather the fomi: the matter 3.

not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writei=s who 4.

wanted the truth to be read and uiiderstood. Then in the turn of 19th century. when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that

5.

the linguistic barriers were insuperable rind that the language was 6.

entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible 7.

gained some currmicy. and with it that, if was attmnpted at all, it must g.

be as literal as possible. This view culnfiriated the statemmit of the extreme “literalists” Walter Bmijainiii and Vladimir Nobokov.

The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,

the nature of the readership. the type of the text, was not discussed.

9.

Too often, writer, tmnslator and render were implicitly identified with each

other. N ow, the c ontext has changed. and the basic problem i ts. 10.

2012 Key:

4. is — @ was

7, view/\translation — J JQ that

- view 10 translation !“o \)JhN that. fJ “fianslation was impossible ” ” -, -- “

9, culminated /\the — ))P A in

The main problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going on since at least the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the nineteenth century, many writers favoured some kind of "free" translation, namely, the spirit, not the letter; the sense not the words; the message rather than the form; the matter not the manner.

This was the often revolutionary slogan of writers who wanted the truth to be read and understood--Tyndale and Dolet were burned at the stake, Wycliff's works were banned. Then at the turn of the nineteenth century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that language was entirely the product of culture, the view that translation was impossible gained some currency, and with it that, if attempted at all, it must be as literal as possible. This view culminated in the statements of the extreme "literalists" Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nabokov.

The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, the nature of the readership, the type of text, was not discussed. Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each other. Now the context has changed, but the basic problem remains.

From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer. Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this

idea, but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books. I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeable mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had the lonely child’s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure.

So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be as well equipped as any other to say the things its speakers want to say. It may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. But this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not bring to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in different environments. The English language would be just as rich in terms for different kinds of

snow, presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction important.

Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed part of the Eskimos' life. For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?

4 somet??ag ?x ? ?vaag ?t?ir —+?i?+ye/%n/s

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The desire to use language as a sipn of national identity is a

very natural one, and in result lanpiiage has played a prominent 1.

part in n ational moves. Men h ave o ften f elt the n eed to c ultivate 2.

a given l anguage to show t hat t hey are d istinctive fiom a nother 3.

race w hose h egemony t hey r esent. A t the t ime t he U nited S tates 4.

split off from Britain, for example, there weie proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use ofa

5. different language from t hose o f B ritain. There w as e veli o ne proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others toured the a doption o f G reek, t hough, as one m an p ut i t, t hings would certainly be simpler for Ameiacans if they stuck on to English

6.

7.

and made tire British learn Greek. At the end. as everyone 8.

knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solutimi of carrying with the same language as before. 9.

Since nenrly two hundred years now, they have shown the world that political independence and national identity can b e c omplete

10.

without sacrificing the enormous muttul advantages of a common langtuge. 2008 Q Key

1.in result @Jik in consequence,

2.moves @JiJ movements.

3.distiiictive @JiJ distinct different

4. /fi time @ J)0 when

5.accepted pick realized ,acknowleged, confined

6.those pJ k that

7. J@ on,

8 .At play In

9.carrying with j caring on with

10 .uow JJiJ ago Since For

From what h as b emi said, it must b e c lear t hat no o ne c an

make very positive statements about how language originnted.

There i s n o m aterial in a ny l anguage today and i n t he earliest 1. records of ancient lan rages show us lan iage in a new and 2. emerging state. It is o ften sail of course, that the language 3. originated in c ries o f a nger, fean pain a nd p leasure, and t he 4. necessary evidence is entirely lackiiig: there are no remote

tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of

a language with a lnrge proportion of s uch c ries

5. than w e f ind i n R nplish. It is t rue t hat the a bsence

of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds 6. too the theory is not very attractive.

People of all races and languages make rather similar

noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that

7. such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen

and Malaysiaas whose languages are utterly different.

serves to emphasize on the fundamental différence

between these noises and language proper. We may

say that the cries of pnin or chortles of amusement 8.

are l argely r eflex actions, instinctive to l arge e xtent,

whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt arid that are wholly conventional. 10.

2007 @ Key: 1.@ and or, any languagages today or r ecordsof aiicimit languages

l)Jjk , J@ Q JQ] or 2.@ s how show JJ i ](J i 3. s'l@ t be, @ ????i

?. H in on, ou other grounds “ & T ù1$ TI ”, &

7. H return respoiise , iii response to “ 7é,.…1J TUv ”

8. @. o n, e mphasize s th emphasize QJJit)

9. large %JJq a, extent @ t , %Q J))P it) . "to a large extent"QiJJ

10. A thèse

those, those thatfwho N F)J

-t- i

We use laiipuage primarily as a means of c?niniuiication with

other hnman beings. Each of us shares with the community iii which we

live a s tore of w ords and i neaniiigs as w ell a s agreeing conventions as 1.

to t he w ay in w hich w ords s hould be a rmnged to c mlvey a p articular 2.

message: the E nglish speaker I ras i n h is d isposal vocabulaiy a nd a 3.

set o f p raminatical niles w hich e nables h iiii t o c ommimicate his 4.

thoiights and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the oiiier E nglish 5.

speakeis. His xocabulary, in particulat, both that which he uses actively

and that which he recognises, increases io size as he grows

old a s a r esult of e ducation and e xperience. 6.

But, whether the language store is relatively s?all or large, the system

remains no more than a psycholopical reality for the individuel, unless

lie I ras a means of e xpressinp it i ii t eims able to b e seen by a nother 7.

iliember of his linguistic community; he has to pive the systeiii a

concrète transmissi?i fois W e take i t for pranted the t wo f rost 8.

comuion foiuis of tmnsinission-by means of sounds produced by our

vocnl ons (speech) or b y visnal s igns (writing). And thèse a re 9.

among most striking of huinan achievements. 10.

1. @ agreeing agieeéL agreed c onvmitions cii

“ ” 2. wo?ds gij )Jg tbe,

@ tbose, tbese @ ' 3. H in at at one“s disposal N

I'm‘ QiJ “ &J A JI ” 4. H enables enable, i‘ R% iT vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules

8. $}J @ it , take sth for granted take it for grmited tbat…

2ID5 & N

The University as Busines

A number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuition

increases for next year —-much steeper than the current, very low rate of

inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of

university endowments heavily investing in c ommon stock. I am skeptical. I.

A business finn chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues,

iiTespective Onctuations in i ncome, and i ncreasingly the o utlook of 2.

universities in the U nited Stntes is indistinguishable from those of 3.

business finns. The rise in tuitions may reoect the fact economic 4.

uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of

being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a 5.

factor in graduate arid professional-school tuition), the poor one's job prospects, the more sense it makes to

reallocate time from the job market to education,

in order to mnke oneself more iiurrketable.

d. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students7.

include soft majors, studmit evaluations of teachers, giving studmits

a governance role, and eliminate required coimes. Sky-high tuitions g.

have caused universities to regard the? students as custmners. Inst as

business finns smnetiines collude to shorten the rigors of competition, 9.

universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes

whom they recniit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now oftmi bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries

earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the

antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition

for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis

of merit rather thru purely of need —just like business

firms a greeing n ot to g ive d iscounts on t heir b est c ustomer. 10

10. @ to give d iscounts on to give discounts to tiieir best customer

One of the most impoitant non-legislative functions of tire U.S. Congress

is the power to iiivestigate. The power is iisually delegtnted to committees — either stading committees, special committees set for a specific purpose,

oi joint comn?ttees consisted of members of both houses. Investigations a re h eld t o g athei information en t he n eed for

Future legislation. to test the effectiveness of laws already pnssed,

toioq einbtheguaflfcahouaudpafonraoceofuicnberszud i. z.

o&cials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to l ay the 3.

gioimdwork for i mpeachment pioceedinps. Fi nnntly, committees

rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 4. and to make out detailed studies of issues. 5. There are importaiit corallaries to the investigative power.

One is the power to publicize investigations arid its results.

most c ommittee hearings an open t o public and are reported 7.

widely in the mass media. Congressional investigation

nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes 8.

to infmni the ci ’hzeury and to arouse public interests in national issuses.9.

Congressional committees also have the power to compel

testiiiiony fiom unwilling witnesses, and to cite fio contempt

of C ongress witnesses who refuse to t estify and for perjury

these who give fnlse testimony. 10.

Demographic indicators show that Aniericans in the postwar

period were more eager than ever to estnblish faiiiilies. They quickly brought down the age at c arnage for botli mien and wornen and biought the biith mte to a twentieth ceutury height after more thaii a hundred 1. years of a steady decline. producing the “baby boom.”Tàese young 2. adiilts established a bend of enrly maiade and relatively larg

fainilies that weot for more tiian two decades and caused a m ajor 3.

but temporaiy reversal of long-term dem.opiaphic patterns. F rom

the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate 4.

and a t a y ounger age than t heir E urope counterparts. 5. Less noted but equally more significant, the inen and wmiien who 6. formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless r educed the 7. divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to

a gieater extent thaii did that of c ouples who married in e arlier as well 8.

as latei decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious 9. distinction of having the hiphest divorce rate in the world. the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the sante extent in 10. Europe. Coritiary to fears of the experts, the role of

breadwiuner and liomeniaker was not aband?ied.

4. kisk=ósna o?Tix?a,?9I????t?^ńI.

S. Europe—European

9. Since Although ( ? While )

There are great impediments to the general rise of a standard

in pronunciatimi comparable to tiiat existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally” and unconsciously, rind oithogiaphy is learnt 1. deliberately and consciously. Laige niuiibers of us. in fact.

remain throughout our lives quite unconscioiis oith what 2. our speech s ounds like when w e spenk o iiL and i t often S. comes as a s hock when w e f irstly hear a recording of ourselves. 4. It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting

is sometiiing which we almost always know. We begin the ‘&tural” 5. leariiing of pronimciation lcnig before we stait leaniing to read or write, and in our e arly years we ust on iioconsciously i mitating and 6. praclicing the proiiunciation of those aroimd us for many more hours per e veiy dny tban we ever haxe ?o spend leariiing even our difficult 7. English spelling. This i s “natural”therefore, that one s peec)i-sounds 8. should be those of our immediate circle; after nll, as we have seen,

speech operates as a means of holding a community and giving a sense of “belonging”. We learn quite early to r ecognize a “stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different Community —chaps only a few miles far.

9.

10.

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析 About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____ pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____ University. The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____ within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____ families to moderate size. This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____ the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____

【星火英语版】2017年专八考试参考答案

【星火英语版】2017年英语专业八级考试参考答案 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE 1. signing 2. primary 3. literacy 4. different but complementary 5. avoiding 6. many other contexts 7. characteristics/features 8. reaction 9. distance 10. emotion 11. deliberate 12. intimacy and immediacy 13. continuum 14. types of language 15. the usage SECTION B INTERVIEW 1.What is international leaders’ assessment of the current battle

against Ebola? 答案：B. Disheartening. 2.How many people are now working in the treatment unit in Liberia? 答案：A. 200. 3.According to Mary, what is the challenge in the battle against Ebola? 答案：D. Insufficient operational efforts on the ground. 4.Why do health workers need case management protocol training? 答案：B. They can open up more treatment units. 5.What does this interview mainly talk about? 答案：C. Ebola outpacing operational efforts. 6.What is Tom’s main role in his new position? 答案：C. Using media information to inspire new ideas. 7.According to Tom, what does innovation require of people? 答案：B. Being brave and willing to take a risk 8.What does T om see as game-changing chances in the future? 答案：B. Aiming at a consumer level. 9.What does T om do first to deal with the toughest part of his work?

2017年英语专业八级考试改错模拟测试题及答案5

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