分析电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异_英语论文
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Title:An Analysis of the Cultural Differences Between China and the West from The Joy Luck Club
题目:分析电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异
年级2009级英语本科五班
专业英语
系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书
摘要
本文以电影《喜福会》系列为切入点，对比和比较了中国和美国在文化诸多方面的差异，主要从以下几方面进行了讨论：教育方式方面、爱情观和婚姻观方面、价值观方面、语言表达方面、称谓语方面。通过对电影《喜福会》中不同人物性格、生活方式及个人命运的刻画，生活化地描写了中西方文化差异与交融，也深刻细致地表达出这种差异和交融对人们的启发和思考，表达作家谭恩美得人生观和中西方文化交融中的世界观。几位女性主人公的命运是中西方文化差异和交融的现实体现。
关键词：教育方式；爱情观；婚姻观；价值观；文化差异
Abstract
This paper uses The Joy Luck Club series as an entry point, contrasts and compares the similarities and differences between China and America in many aspects of culture, mainly discussed from the following aspects: ways of education, views of love and marriage, senses of value, ways of language expression and address terms. The article describes the difference and combination of Chinese and western culture according to different figure characters, living ways, and individual fates in the movie The Joy Luck Club, and also profoundly expresses people’s inspiration and pondering upon the difference and combination. The fates of several female figures in the movie are the realistic manifestation of the difference and combination of Chinese and western cultures.
Key words: ways of education; views of love; views of marriage; value; cultural differences
黑龙江外国语学院2013届毕业论文
Contents
摘要 (i)
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... i i Chapter 1 Introduction. (1)
1.1 Brief Introduction to the Author (1)
1.2 Brief Introduction of the Novel (1)
1.3 Introduction About the Thesis (2)
Chapter 2 The Differences Between American and Chinese Cultures Presented
in the Movie (3)
2.1 The Chinese Culture in the Movie (3)
2.2 Different Views on Love and Marriage (3)
2.2.1 Maternal Love in The Joy Luck Club (3)
2.2.2 Different Views on Marriage (6)
2.3 Different Senses of Value (8)
2.3.1 The Differences Between Chinese Family in the Pecking Order
and American Family of Equality (8)
2.3.2 The Differences Between Chinese Traditional Family Concept
and American Individualism (9)
2.3.3 China’s Modest Comity and American Foursquare People (10)
2.4 Different Ways of Language Expression (11)
2.5 Different Uses of Address Terms (12)
Chapter 3 Compatibility Between Chinese and American Culture (14)
Chapter 4 Exploring the Methods of the Harmonious Coexistence of
Sino-US Culture from The Joy Luck Club (16)
4.1To Enhance Political and Cultural Exchanges (16)
4.2 To Show Understanding of and Respect for Foreign Cultures (17)
4.3 To Seek Common Points While Reserving Differences (19)
Chapter 5 Conclusion (20)
Bibliography (21)
Acknowledgements (22)
An Analysis of the Cultural Differences Between China and the
West from The Joy Luck Club
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1Brief Introduction to the Author
Amy Tan (Chinese: 譚恩美; born February 19, 1952) is a Chinese American writer whose works explore mother-daughter relationships. In 1993, Tan’s adaptation of her first novel, The Joy Luck Club, became a commercially successful film. The book has been translated into 35 languages.
1.2 Brief Introduction of the Novel
The Joy Luck Club is a well-known American-Chinese writer Amy Tan’s representative works.
In the novel, she presented to the reader four Chinese immigrant mothers and their daughters. Although living in America, the immigrant mothers cling to Chinese traditional culture. They organize the Joy Luck Club regularly, a weekly meeting of best Chinese friends. Four mothers with their own view of the world, their world view is based on their experiences of life in China. However, the girls from their mothers can not understand the Chinese culture because they are born in America. So the conflicts have been vividly described in this book. As time goes by, after a series of misunderstandings and conflicts, they begin to understand each other. The two generations go into harmony with their efforts of love.
1.3Introduction About the Thesis
The thesis is the discussion about the mother-daughter collision and compatibility between Chinese and American cultures, it is divided into five major parts: Introduction, The difference between American and Chinese cultures presented in the movie, Compatibility between Chinese &American culture, exploring the methods of the harmonious coexistence of Sino-US culture from The Joy Luck Club, conclusion. In addition, the paper argues that mother-daughter conflict presented the different culture between China and American in the movie. More importantly, after a series of misunderstandings, the two generations are in harmony which means cultural compatibility between China and America. It brings hope that contradiction or oppositions in our lives between past and present, between generation and between cultures can possibly be well reconciled.
Chapter 2 The Differences Between American and Chinese
Cultures Presented in the Movie
2.1 The Chinese Culture in the Movie
In the movie, we can see that the four mother-immigrants hold The Joy Luck Club every week. All their best friends and related people will attend. They cook Chinese food, wear Chinese traditional clothes. Especially, they prefer to play mahjong. It undoubtedly provides a place for the others to get in retrospect.
In my oppinion, I think that playing mahjong reflects the character of a person and the culture of a nation. In the movie The Joy Luck Club, we can see four vivid characters at the mahjong table. Jingmei (the leading acterss) plays mahjong with three eldly women, the expression and behavior of Auntie Lindo, she is aggressive and mighty as we see after the movie telling the stories between she and her daughter. Analysing the character of Auntie Lindo, culture of the mahjong can present. When playing mahjong, every person prefers to suppress the others, making every endeavor to win. If something indicates he will lose, he will destroy all the games to make everyone lose. But people are enjoying strifing openly and secretly. Such a game mirrors most of Chinese characters：passive, defensive, selfish. Instead, as we know, pokers are more popular in America. So it is hard to be accepted by the America-born girls.
2.2 Different Views of Love and Marriage
2.2.1 Maternal Love in the Joy Luck Club
Every mother loves her child or children. Although the Joy Luck Club mothers are very strict with their daughters, they still love their daughters. And the maternal love
the four mothers impart to their daughters is just a typical Chinese one. The maternal love of Chinese mothers is not as direct as that of American mothers. Chinese mothers do not kiss and hug their daughters and say “I love you” to them like their Americ an counterparts. Mothers all love their daughters in a Chinese way.
First, just as the woman in the preface of the Feathers From A Thousand Li Away cooes to her swan, In America I will have a daughter just like me. But over there nobody will be measured by the loudness of her husband’s belch. Over there nobody will be look down on her, because I will make her speak only perfect American English. And over there she will always be too full to swallow any sorrow! She will know my meaning, because I will give her this swan—a creature that became more than what was hoped for. the Joy Luck Club mothers put high expectations upon their daughters. They hope their daughters will become successful. They begin to plan for their daughters’ future since they are children. They don’t care whether their daughters like the plan or not, because in traditional Chinese culture, sons and daughters must obey their parents, and they cannot rebel against the parents. If they do this, it is filial impiety, and they will be criticized by the family members and the neighbors and the society.
Second, the Joy Luck Club mothers criticize their daughters much more instead of praising them more like the American mothers. In their eyes, if they want their children to have power and skills so that they can survive in the fiercely competitive society, they have to be strict with their offspring. For the Joy Luck Club mothers, in order to make sure that their daughters are powerful enough in the future, they are very strict with their daughters and criticize them much instead of praising them. When Ying-ying thinks that Lena can go to school by herself, she urges again and again: “You must not walk in any direction bu t to school and back home”. But too much criticism makes the daughters feel dissatisfied and even angry with their mothers. They cannot accept this kind of love because they are strongly influenced by American individualism. They cannot bear their mothers’ arbitrariness and criticism no longer. Some of them openly say “no” to their mothers.
Third, they care too much for their daughters’ life. The Chinese parents hope that their offspring will have a happy life. Even if their child or children get married, they
will still pay much attention to their marital life, and want to make sure that their offspring have a happy life. For the Joy Luck Club mothers, their care and love can be reflected in the assistance they provide their daughters to solve their marriage problems. They never hesitate to help their daughters when their daughters have marriage problems. They try their best to pull their daughters out of troubles. Both Rose and Lena marry Americans. In front of their American husbands, they have a sense of inferiority. Rose does not make any decision on anything. Instead, she lets her husband decide because she believes her husband’s decision is always better. Gradually, she begins to lose charms to her husband who believes that she is shouldering off responsibility. He even proposes a divorce. Crisis also exists in Lena’s marriage. They fight to solve the problems, but they are too weak to work out a solution. At this critical moment, their mothers do not walk away from them but try their best to help their daughters. An-mei encourages Rose to speak up, “Why do you not speak up for yourself? Why can you not talk to your husband?” When Rose takes her mother’s advice and does speak up for herself, she not only astounds her arrogant husband, but also saves her marriage. Ying-ying shows her daughter what disastrous consequences would happen if she continues to ignore the imbalance between her and her husband. In this way, she reminds her daughter to take immediate actions to get rid of the imbalance in her marriage. From the assistance that their mothers provide them, the two daughters feel the deep love as well as the powerful strength of their Chinese mothers, although sometime they may feel annoyed. Rose finally realizes that her mother is more enthusiastic and helpful than an American psychiatrist in pulling her out of psychological troubles. The American psychiatrist only makes her feel “hulihutu”. As for Lena, she finds out that her mother loves her better even than her American husband because her mother still clearly remembers that she never eats ice-cream while her husband knows nothing about it even though he has been married to her for many years. From this aspect, the Joy Luck Club mothers give their daughters a lot of help and comfort.
In fact, the maternal love of the Joy Luck Club mothers exists almost everywhere. The four daughters come to realize that their mothers are always loving them in every
possible situation. They find out that their mothers would express maternal love at any moment. At the crab dinner, Suyuan would not let her daughter Jingmei pick the crab with a broken leg after every guest has taken away the good ones. In Suyuan’ eyes, a crab with a broken leg is a symbol of bad luck. She does not want her daughter to suffer from bad luck. In order to protect Jingmei from bad luck, when there are only two crabs in the plate, Suyuan picks the one with a broken leg for herself, and gives her daughter the better one. Again, the maternal love of a Chinese mother is vividly shown here. The mothers would always protect their daughters and make any sacrifice for them at any moment.
In all, the maternal love that the Joy Luck Club mothers show to their daughters is brim with Chinese culture. In the beginning, because their daughters don’t know anything about their mothers’ motherland culture, they cannot understand their mothers, but after hearing their mothers’ experiences in China, and sensing their mothers’ sincere love, they begin to understand and accept their mothers. Although they have been soaked in the American culture, the same blood of the Chinese people in their bodies and their mothers’ love reminds them that they cannot deny their mothers’ culture.
2.2.2 Different Views of Marriage
2.2.2.1 Comparison of the Western Concept of Marriage
Female failed marriage seems to be the theme in the film “The Joy Luck Club”, touch one deeply in the heart, for example: the young aunt Lin became a child bride, When she found her husband’s position is determined by the pregnant belly, she used own wisdom ended her marriage without love successfully. The film can be seen different attitudes and ideas about life of the two generations after emigrated to the United States, it is the direct embodiment of the difference in marriage concept of west and east culture. Chinese marriage multi-legged no autonomy. Mothers in the film
the marriage is good portrayal; such as marriage, child bride. Theory of personality structure can be a very good explanation of this point, Chinese is based on interpersonal self as the core to forge their own personality, self - not from others of their own requirements. This decision in Chinese parents marriage plays a dominant role in micro, daughter and her mother's marriage is the direct reflection, micro in order to get the mother recognized and experienced a failure marriage, while his mother is the direct victims of child bride. In order to interpersonal self as the core personality of Chinese especially pay attention to their relations with others, pay attention to the opinions of others on their own. In addition, Chinese marriage represents the reproductive marriage - model of sex, also reflect the personality characteristics of R in china. In Chinese marriage is based on reproduction, marriage is a personal belongs to family and family, sex in the secondary position, resulting in a lack of emotional arranged marriage and child bride.
In contrast,American marriages are independent random. This point can be reflected by daughters’marriages in the film. Rose’s marriage is a typical example, although her husband’s mother does not agree, marriage can still realize. According to the theory of personality structure, Western personality structure is the inner self as the core, named “self-discipline personality”. Western marriage reflects a mode: “the love, a marriage, reproduction”, so two people have feelings, then have the marriage, which fundamentally affirmed the autonomy of marriage. Thus Westerners tend to choose a spouse independently, but cannot tolerate any other people involved. So her mother-in-law want to persuade Rose and her son separate in the film. the son is furious to her, with a very rude word criticism mother, this is called the mistake in china. Americans if you like, you do not care about the others’opinions, but listen to your heart. Thus, the differences beween China and west of the marriage concept.
2.2.2.2 Morphological Characteristics of Chinese and Western Views of Marriage
Different personality structure decides different marriage. China’s interpersonal self of personality model decides marriage: “reproduction, marriage and sex”. While
the Chinese marriage is basisd on family of photograph, to maintain family. From the morphological characteristics of ways, it is these aspects to strengthen the stability and persistance of Chinese marriage, Chinese people sacrifice quality of personal sex in exchange for stability and persistance of marriage and family. In China, the nature of marriage is two people lose their independence and to form a new complete independent person, to form a new personality, named two people into a person. This kind of relationship depend on each other mutual confluence, add to its stability. Westerners’ inner self as the core of the personality structure is decided to the marriage patterns: “Love, marriage and reproduction”. This model leads to the personal autonomy of west marriage, and sex as a basic form of marriage, so that their marriage without stability. Due to personal autonomy. Western marriage and westerners sacrifice family stability and durability, In order to gain personal sex of different quality, no others involved. so sex as a foundation of western marriage is very unstable.
2.3 Different Senses of Value
2.3.1 The Differences Between Chinese Family in the Pecking Order and American Family of Equality
“Respect your parents”, children honor their parents, children follow their will, is typical of Confucianism, “Filial piety”first performance in the respect for parents, concerned parents’ health, nearer layer of “filial piety” means obedience to parents and elders will. Four mothers in the film are grown in old China, grew up in a strong Confucian culture, which imposed the “filial piety”on their children’s education invisibly. But in the United States this open advocating human rights culture background, Parents do everything is not allowed, it impinge on human rights. America advocates the freedom, equality, everyone is an independent individual, live for themselves. No one can deprived others of freedom and independent choice of the right .
In “the Joy Luck Club” this film, Suyun Wu feel that her daughter had a talent for playing the piano, so that she hope her daughter become a pianist in the future. Suyun Wu to help clean the house, do some chores, purpose to buy a piano, in order to let her daughter practice the piano at home every day. However, Suyun Wu’s daughter grew up in the United States, accept to the American education, impacted by the American culture, she advocates equality, democracy and freedom, can not tolerate that the mother arrange her future. In order to eliminate the mother thought, she does not take piano lessons deliberately, She knew that her mother will not give up, never let her go. Of course, she had got everything ready, in order to win back their own right of choose independently, she decided to against her mother: “here is America, not China, we make decision by ourselves, it’s no need to bring an outsider in.”
Therefore, daughters edify by America culture, they are unable to tolerate the mother to make decisions for them, refused to mother’s any demonstration and guidance, they think that mother violated of freedom and their rights of independent choice.
2.3.2 The Differences Between Chinese Traditional Family Concept and American Individualism.
In the traditional Confucian thought influence, clan and family concept was promoted to a very important position, a personal thing to be amplified in family affairs, and personal achievements will be praised by the whole family.
Another daughter in the film, Waverley won the national chess champion, Also she appeared on the cover of the magazine. Wei’s mother Gong Linda is proud of this, she was holding a magazine covered with his daughter’s photo, To every stranger with the casual eye asked “do you know? This is my daughter Waverley.” When she heard praise from others, Gong Linda also feel flattered highly. Her daughter dislikes her practice, even feel embarrassment, shame. She said to her, “ as your daughter, I feel a bit shame. If you want to show off, why don’t you go to learn chess?”Gong Linda heard her daughter words, could not believe her ears, she was furious. Finally,
Waverley because of the mother this disgusted behavior and give up playing chess.
Since ancient times, Chinese parents regard their children’s success as a capital to show off, But also because Chinese parents repose their all hopes in the children, parents think that children’s success is their maximize returns. While American culture is paid more attention to personal struggle and the realization of personal value, they think their success is the result of their efforts entirely, no relationship with the family, the family has no right to show off their success.
2.3.3 China’s Modest Comity and American Foursquare People
The humble comity is traditionally considered as the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, The modest words to cover up their performance, and denied to others praise and appreciation by courtesy, to appear more modest and prudent. In the United States, people attach importance to the individual value, will praise something sincerely, and is also willing to accept praise and thanks. For Example：in order to obtain her mother’s support, Waverly comes home to have supper with Rich. Because she knows that “ Cooking was a way for my mother to expressed her love, her pride, her power and her proof.” Lindo would be happy if someone praised her on her perfect cooking. Thus, Waverly told Rich again and again before they reached home: “Just be sure to tell her later that her cooking was the best you ever tasted.”As is the Chinese cook’s custom, Lindo always made disparaging remarks about her own cooking. That night Lindo chooses to direct it toward her famous steamed pork and preserved vegetable dish, which she always served with special pride.” Ai! This dish not salty enough, no flavor,” she complained, after tasting a small bite. “It is too bad to eat.” This was the family’s cue to eat some and proclaim it the best she had ever made. But before the People present could do so, Rich said, “You know, all it needs is a little soy sauce.”And he proceeded to pour a riverful of the salty black stuff on the platter, right before Lindo’s horrified eyes. Everybody was embarrass dvery much and didn’t know what to say. Yet Rich obviously had had a different opinion on how the evening had gone. He could hardly understand this Chinese Self-deprecating modesty.
2.4 Different Ways of Language Expression
Language is the carrier of culture and information, is the communicative link between people. Different language can express different information. “The joy luck club”reflect the different language of Chinese and American cultures incisively and vividly. In the movie, due to family ties get every generation together, But because of the different language and age gap alienated from each other. The different of language cultural is an invisible wall of emotional communication of two generations.
Block the communication between two generations. Mothers in the joy luck club, neither said accurate Chinese nor accurate English, Only speak English and Chinese language. They speak in Chinese but often are mixed up with English, when you talk in English with Chinese again. Their daughter grow up, accept education in the United States, can speak fluent English, although also can speak Chinese, however,When communicating with his mother, there are some difficulties. The language communication is a big difference. The language is the most important way to express emotion .
In the movie “the joy luck club”, because mother and daughter do not have the same cultural background of language, they can’t be effective communication. For example: When Jiang Lindu proud refer her hometown in taiwan to her daughter, the daughter thinks that her mother is in Taiwan.
“Hi”, Jiang Lindu shouted, “I’m not from Taiwan, I was born in China, in taiyuan.” Oh, I think that you said in Taiwan, This two word pronunciation are Similar. The daughter is explained. “The pronunciation is different completely, the place is also different completely!” Jiang Lindu said angrily, they dream that they are in China, I’m sure if you are a Chinese, you will never be able to erase China from your mind. From here you can see, due to differences in language, the communication between mother and daughter will always has a lot of obstacles. The huge different culture of East and th West resulted the mother and daughter in self-identity of different identity, originally
this identity is the opposite, however, the language becomes the opposing catalyst.
2.5 Different Uses of Address Terms
In the film “The Joy Luck Club”, the use and analysis of address terms, in order to emphasize the relationship between characters that have different life experiences and social and education background, the author pay special attention to the selection of address terms. Four family film lines, except Lena, the other three girls have brothers and sisters. Waverly has two brothers. Due to the influence of western culture,she called her two elder brothers’ English names directly to show equal. Her two brothers use “Meimei”this name to call their little sister, showing their intimate relationship. Rose has two sisters, four brothers. They use the nickname called each other. The following is that Rose recall origin of their nickname.
Janice, my oldest sister, had an allergy that made one nostril sing like a bird at night, so we called her Whistling Nose. Ruth was Ugly Foot because she could spread her toes out in the shape of a witch’s claw. I was Scared Eyes because I would squeeze shut my eyes so I wouldn’t have to see the dark…
They could be seen under the influence of western culture, the concept of international desalination. Jing-mei is only daughter of Suyuan and CanningWoo, but in China, she has two half-brothers twin sister. When they met, Jing-mei does in Rome as Rome does automatically, uses not skilled Chinese called “sister, sister!” and her two sister also used “sister” call her. In this environment of China, for the different ages of three sisters, even Jing-mei was born in the United States, and grow up in the United States, but she is awared that use “sister”, this reflects the elder appellation language more appropriate. Rich is an American. He is deep in love with Waverly, and want to be her second husband. Waverly worries that he doesn’t accept by parents, in part because the Rich’s face has a lot of freckles does not comply with the Chinese traditional aesthetic view. On the other hand, because he has different habits and the ways of speak, Once, Waverly invited Rich to his parents’house to eat dinner. The
中西方饮食文化差异比较
中西方饮食文化差异比较 古人云：民以食为天。在人类社会的发展中，各国的饮食也逐渐形成了自己独特的文化。不同的地区有着不同的饮食习惯，不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。 （一）中国的饮食文化 中国有着五千多年的历史，形成了灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化。中国人注重“天人合一”。中国饮食以食表意，以物传情。中国的饮食文化令人拍案叫绝，赏心悦目。 中国的传统饮食有四大特点： 1.重食：古人就有“民以食为天”之说。见面常问“吃了没有”，可见饮食文化的地位。朋友离合，送往迎来，人们都习惯在饭桌上表达惜别和欢迎的心情。感情上的风波，人们也往往借酒菜平息。这是饮食活动对社会心理的调节功能。 2.重养：以“五谷”养“六脏”，饮食中重视人体养生保健。中国的饮食注意各种食物的搭配，以相生相克、相辅相成等阴阳调和之理性认识指导烹饪。 3.重味：中国的饮食最注重食物的味，讲究“色、香、味、型”。孙中山先生讲“辩味不精，则烹调之述不妙”，将审美视作烹调的第一要义。 4.重理：对于饮食活动中的情感文化，有个引导和提升品位的问题。中国的饮食提倡健康优美、奋发向上的文化情调，追求一种高尚的情操。 （二）西方国家的饮食文化
西式餐饮的主要特点是：一是生,如牛排带血丝；二是冷,如凡是饮料都加冰块；三是甜，无甜不餐，无餐不甜。此外西式餐饮不讲究精细，追求快捷方便，也不奢华，比较大众化。 此外西餐还有以下显著特点： 1.重视各类营养成分的搭配组合，根据人体对各种营养（糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素）和热量的需求来安排菜或加工烹调。 2.选料精细，用料广泛。西餐烹饪在选料时十分精细、考究，而且选料十分广泛。如美国菜常用水果制作菜肴或饭点，咸里带甜；意大利菜则会将各类面食制作成菜肴：各种面片、面条、面花都能制成美味的席上佳肴。 3.讲究调味，调味品种多。西餐烹调的调味品大多不同于中餐，如酸奶油、桂叶、柠檬等都是常用的调味品。 4.注重色泽。在色泽的搭配上则讲究对比、明快，因而色泽鲜艳，能刺激食欲。 5.工艺严谨，烹调方法多样。西餐十分注重工艺流程，讲究科学化、程序化，工序严谨。西餐的烹调方法很多，常用的有煎、烩、烤、焖、焗、炸、熏、铁扒等十几种，其中铁扒、烤、焗最具特色。 6.器皿讲究。烹调的炊具与餐具均有不同于中餐的特点。特别是餐具，除瓷制品外，水晶、玻璃及各类金属制餐具占很大比重。 二、中西方饮食方式的差异 （一）就坐形式的差异中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。
中西方礼仪文化差异论文
论“诚实守信” 系、部、院：美术与设计学院专业：国画三班 年级：2012级 姓名：王波 学号：2012101108
论“诚实守信” 王波 诚信是什么？诚信是成功人生的灯塔，诚信是人生的重要美德，诚信是人的立足之本，而且诚信更是一种高尚人格的体现，是人类社会和谐发展，人与人友好共处的基础，也是当代大学生的“必修课”，古人云：“君子立其诚”。“诚信明礼，以信为美”，而且在这个竞争激烈的社会，诚信越来越成为，我们当代大学生在以后的生活中精诚合作的开始，而且我也是这样认为，共有以下几点: 一．大学生诚信的现状和问题 首先大学时期是大学生立志成才的关键时期，是大学生完善自我的时期。但是在当前时期的高等院校的诚信建设却出现了许多新的问题，如大学生考试作弊现象；求职履历“掺水”或造假；不履行还贷义务，故意拖欠助学贷款；个别毕业生还在就业合同中出现毁约现象，但总的归结起来都是大学生本人的诚信教育有着息息相关。而我经过网上查询得出大学生的诚信状况有： 1.大学生的现状大致有以下几个特点： a、从认识层面来讲，多数学生把诚信作为一种重要品质来看待。 b、大学生将诚信划分为理想认识与现实操作两个层面 c.从对别人要求的角度，大学生对于别人的诚信品质要求普遍较高，而作为自己的道德要求却不高，并且自身实践诚信较差。 d、有相当一部分学生对于什么是“诚信”认识不清。 e、大学生选择诚信同时考虑自身的经济利益，有强烈的功利倾向 2.大学生在诚信方面存在的突出问题有： a、日常言行缺乏诚信，背信违约。 b、信贷诚信：恶意拖欠贷款、学费，银行高校处境为难。 c、考试诚信：考试作弊，屡禁不止。 d、就业诚信：求职履历，弄虚作假；就业签约，无故悔约 e、学术诚信：抄袭成风，瞒天过海 二．诚信问题产生的主要原因 大学生活其实就是一个小社会，因为大学实际上是社会、家庭、学校的一个缩影。所以我针对大学生出现的诚信危机，我不能简单地归结为大学生道德品质
浅谈中西方文化差异
浅谈中西方文化差异 摘要文化是一种社会现象，是人们长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说，文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、地理、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。中西方文化各有各的特点，也在社会礼仪、社会关系、社会风俗、价值观等方面存在差异。关键词文化中国文化西方文化差异 一、关于中西方文化 1、文化的定义 著名人类学学者泰勒（Edward Burnett Tylor）这样给文化定义：“文化或者文明就是由作为社会成员的人所获得的，包括知识、信念、艺术、道德法则、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯的复杂整体。”这个定义已经比较权威。在此，我们将文化定义为人和环境互动而产生的精神、物质成果的总和。这个总和中可以包括生活方式、价值观、知识、技术成果，以及一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。 2、中国文化定义 中国文化一般指中国传统文化，它是中华民族在长期历史发展中形成的，是中国各民族集体智慧的结晶。汉族是中华民族的主干民族，对中国文化的形成和发展起了重要的作用，其他少数民族也对中国文化做出过不可抹杀的贡献。 3、西方文化定义 西方文化和东方文化一样，源远流长，气象万千。一般是指发源于古希腊、罗马时期,浸染了中世纪的基督教传统,兴盛于文艺复兴、宗教改革,经启蒙运动而最终确立,并且近几百年来大盛于西欧北美的文化系统。 二、中西方文化差异 1、社会礼仪的差异 中国人见面喜欢问对方姓名、年龄、单位及收入等。而西方人很讨厌人家问及年龄与收入等个人私事。对于别人的赞扬，中国人通常表示谦虚，并有一套谦虚之词，像“惭愧”、“哪里”、“寒舍”、“拙文”等。而西方人总是高兴地回答“thank you（谢谢）”以表接受。中国人用“谢谢”的场合较西方人少，尤其是非常亲近的朋友和家庭成员之间不常说“谢谢。”而西方人整天把“thank you”挂在嘴边，即使是亲朋好友和家庭成员之间也常如此。中国人收到礼物时往往放在一边，看也不看（生怕人家说贪心）。而西方人收到礼物时要当着客人的面马上打开并连声称好。中国人殷勤好客，一杯杯地斟酒，一遍遍地上菜，客人不吃不行，不喝也不行，使西方人觉得难以对付。而西方人的习惯是：Help yourself，Please（请随便用）！中国人送客人时，主人与客人常说：“慢走！”“小心点！”“再见，走好啊！”“你们进去吧！”“请留步”等。而西方人只说：“Bye bye（再见）！”“See you next time（下次见）！”“Good night（晚安）！” 2、社会关系的差异 (1) 等级观念 中国封建社会的等级观念早已深入人心。无论是在社会上, 还是在家庭里, 等级意识的氛围都十分浓厚。“上下有等、亲疏有间、长幼有序、男女有别贫富有差”就是等级观念的具体表现。虽然封建制度早已被废除, 但等级观念仍在影响着中国人的思想观念。在中国,年轻人很少被委以重任, 他的经验是遭到质疑的首要原因。在西方, 大多数国家都提倡平等, 尤其是在美国, 机会面前, 人人平等, 只要努力, 牛仔也能当总统。西方人平等意识较强, 无论贫富、贵贱, 都不允许别人侵犯并充分尊重他人。在家里, 西方人也不讲究等级, 子女甚至可直呼父母的名字; 在中国, 这恐怕要被看作大逆不道了。
中西方_文化_差异比较分析
第28卷 总第118期科学?经济?社会Vol.28,Su m No.118 2010年 第1期SC I ENCE?ECO NOMY?S OC I ET Y No.1,2010 【文化艺术】 中西方“文化”差异比较分析 雷兴长 (兰州商学院经济研究所,甘肃兰州 700020) 摘 要:不同的自然地理气候环境是导致东方文化多元化与西方文化一元化生成的主要因素。客观认识中国文化和西方文化的差异,有利于推进中华文化的国际化建设和扩大中华文化的世界影响力。 关键词:中西方;多元文化;一元文化 中图分类号:G04 文献标识码:A文章编号:1006-2815(2010)01-0173-04 The New Com para ti ve Theory of Ch i n ese and W estern“Culture” LE I Xing-chang (L anzhou Co mm ercial College,Institute of Econo m ic Research L anzhou,L anzhou730020,China) Abstract:D ifferent physical geography and cli m atic conditi ons led t o the the diversity of eastern culture and unitariness of western culture.An objective understanding of the differences of Chinese culture and W estern cultural will p r omote the internati onalizati on and world influence of Chinese culture. Key words:east and the west;multi-cultural;unitary culture 文化是人类社会发展的产物。国家、民族的生存环境不同,发展历程不一,必然导致文化之间存在较大差异。同样,不同的文化也对一个国家或民族的生存方式、发展方式产生巨大影响,而且这种影响不能小视。目前,文化的地位日益上升,已经被认为是国家经济社会不断持续发展的一种重要战略资源,这就更有必要探讨分析不同文化之间的差异。不同国家民族的文化都有优点与缺点、长处与短处。对中西方文化进行比较研究,中国文化的优势在哪里?西方文化的长处有哪些?这是一个难以搞清楚的老问题。 一、中西文化的环境差异 大自然对文化的影响力是不可小视的。不同的自然环境培植了不同的民族文化。中国文化诞生的自然环境与西方文化产生的自然环境是有很大差异的。中国文化的自然环境主要是河流,西方文化的自然环境主要是海洋。海洋无比广阔,是无法征服的,只能顺其势,利用海洋,欣赏海洋;河流相对狭窄,是有可能征服的,集中社会力量,利用人力,征服河流,利用河流,就成了中国古人的愿望和使命。 大自然决定着社会文化,生存的自然环境特性决定着社会文化特色。由于广阔的海洋成了西方文化的自然环境,就养育了西方人的自由个性、丰富想象力和大胆创造力的文化基因;由于奔腾的河流成了中国文化的自然环境,就培育了中国文化的社稷为上、循规蹈矩、顺势而为的文化基因。海洋变化无常、无法驯服,滋生了西方人自由奔放的个性文化;海洋的一望无际、变化多端,给予了西方人想象力丰富的思想文化;海洋的深不可测、无穷无尽,培植了西方人不断探索的创新文化。河流的可征服、可利用,滋生了中国人善于凝聚力量的社会文化;河流的顺势而流、不破不泛,培植了中国人善解人意、循规蹈矩的行为文化;河流的水到渠成、可堵可导,培育了中国人无为而治、灵活机动的哲学文化。 二、中西文化的含义差异 与西方文化相比,中国的“文化”含义更多的是教化人、规范人的言行。在汉语中,文化是一个词组。“文”是指文章、典籍,“化”是指教化、训化。用著名的文章、典籍教化、训化人,规范人的言行,就成了“文化”这一词汇的基本含义。 收稿日期:2009-09-06 基金项目:国家社会科学基金项目:西部文化资源产业可持续发展研究(西部项目———批准号08XZX020)的阶段性研究成果。 作者简介:雷兴长(1959—),男,陕西武功人,教授。研究方向:文化产业与国际经济研究。 371
中西方文化差异及语言体现——论文
学号： 09416611 常州大学 题目中西方语言文化差异 学生杨静晶 学院信息科学与工程学院专业班级计算机093 二○一一年十一月
中西方语言文化差异 摘要:中西方不同历史背景和发展进程导致中西文化存在着很大的差异。伴随着经济的迅速发展，中国和世界上的其他国家的经济文化联系日益密切。随着相互间了解的加深，中西方间的文化冲突也日益增多。语言交流是交流的主要形式，而语言的使用与文化有着密切的关系，所以“文化差异及语言体现”已成为跨文化交际的重要议题。在未来，拥有跨文化交际能将成为我们走向世界的重要基础。 关键词:文化差异；文化与语言；跨文化交际 Abstract:Chinese and western different historical background and developing process lead to the great cultural differences between them. With the rapid development of economy, the economic and cultural links between China and other countries are getting closer. With the deepening of mutual understanding, the culture conflicts between eastern and western countries are increasing. Language exchange is the main form of communication, and the use of language has a close relationship with culture. So “Cultural differences and language reflects” has became an important issue of cross-cultural communication. In future, the ability of cross-cultural communication will become an important basis for us to move towards the world。 Key Words:culture difference; culture and language; cross-cultural communication
中西方文化差异主要表现在哪些方面
中西方文化差异主要表现在哪些方面全球化背景下如何加强中国传统文化的传承关于“中西方文化差异主要表现在哪些方面”这个问题，讲起来实在困难。作为一个理科生，不得不有些投机地抓住“哪些”这个词来论述个人认为很重要的一个方面——饮食。 首先不得不强调一下，饮食确实是“主要表现”之一。所谓民以食为天。饮食作为日常生活的重要组成部分，必然反映了中西方文化之间的某些差异，或者说中西方文化的绝大多数差异，通过饮食的取材、制作方式、口味偏好等等形式体现出来。有三种艺术是不分国界所共通的——音乐、美术，另一个就是美食。作为一种不分国界的艺术，饮食又是怎么体现出中西方文化之间的差别的呢？ 首先从食物的取材上来说，西方国家秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化传统，以渔猎、养殖为生，认为菜肴是充饥的，所以传统饮食习俗以动物性食料为主，专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国人的传统饮食习俗是以植物性食料为主。主食是五谷，辅食是蔬菜，外加少量肉食。形成这一习俗的主要原因是中原地区以农业生产为主要的经济生产方式。中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。 还有就是厨具，或者说食物的制作过程上。走进一个传统的中式厨房，总是这么一把刀，一口锅，一个灶。而对于一个西式厨房，这是远远不够的，就刀具而言就至少有八把之数，每一把刀都有它独特的用处。其实这就反映了中西方人在遇到问题时的不同态度。遇到问题时，西方人总是倾向于发明创造新的工具——更多的刀具，厨具……而中国人，却倾向于改变自身，对自己稍加改变，来适应问题，以求解决。所以中国人只用着一把刀，变化出各色各样的刀法技巧。表现到文化上，就如同老师讲的，西方人总是要“征服自然，改造自然”，而中国人则更倾向于一种“天人合一”的生活方式。在制作上不难发现，中国厨师总是说这样的词“盐适量”，而在翻阅外国厨师的书著时总是用到这样的词语“盐3克”。西方人总是精细准确地计划操作每一部分，而中国总是感受需要的多少，适时地做出改变。 在饮食观念和准则上。西方人也总是精确地计算着热量和各种营养成分，以营养作为评价食物好坏的第一标准。对于有营养的食品，即使味道并不太好，西方人也总是试图甚至乐于食用。而中国则是美食至上，尽管我们讲究食疗、食补、食养，重视以饮食来养生强身，但我们的烹调术却以追求美味为第一性要求，致使许多营养成分损失于加工过程中。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。人们内心之于“色、香、味”，而没有提及营养组合，从来都是“味”字“挂帅”的。 饮食上虽说折射了中西方文化的巨大差异，但同时饮食也是全球化背景下，传承弘扬传统中国文化的有力武器。 电影《饮食男女》让导演李安在国际上打响了知名度，也让世界认识了传统的中国饮食。如今中国食物可以说是享誉国际。国外大大小小的中餐馆层出不穷，中国菜受到全球各地食客的追捧，甚至不少外国游客，不远万里，慕名前来品尝美食。借助这一优势，以饮食作为媒介传承弘扬中国传统文化。 首先，我们要坚持传统中国菜的烹饪技法，不能轻易向占据主流地位的西方屈服。 其次就饮食本身，我们不得不做出一些改变。虽说中国菜极受各地食客追捧，毕竟它片面追求美味的准则与现如今追求营养健康的大潮是格格不入的。不必如西方人一样精确计算，但至少我们应该更多的关注中国文化中有关“养生”的部分。以味动人之余，也要以营养服人。 此外，在向世界推销中国食物的同时，也应该以食物为媒介，介绍更多的中国传统文化中不为人知的部分
中西方节日文化差异比较解读
中西方节日文化差异比较 传统的民族节日形成是一个民族的历史文化的长期积淀。节日的由来原因与人们的生活有密切的联系, 它体现了人民丰富的情感 世界, 寄托了人民对生活的热爱。有这样一句名言: “每个民族的每个节日, 正是反映这个民族文化最真实的一面”。可见, 要了解一个民族的文化底蕴, 必须从他们的传统节日入手, 才能了解到他们的 文化特色与民族特点。 一、中西节日的起源与形成差异 中国长期以来处于封建自给自足的农业社会和自然经济中, 其传统 节日具有浓厚的农业色彩,包含了农耕文明的社会特征, 主要是从岁时节令转换而来的。我国古代长期以农为本, 在生产力和农业技术不发达的情况下, 十分重视气候对农作物的影响。在春种、夏长、秋收、冬藏的过程中认识了自然时序的复杂规律, 总结出四时、二十四节气,形成了以节日为主的传统节日。勤劳的中国人民为了更好地生存, 必须大力发展农业, 而农业的发展离不开天气的关照。古人云“春雨贵如油”、“清明忙种麦, 谷雨种大田”。在古代, 春节、清明节( 古代称三月节) 等都是重要的农事节日。 西方文化由于长久受基督教的影响, 其传统节日起源带有浓厚的宗 教色彩, 如情人节( 纪念名叫瓦丁的基督教殉难者) 、复活节( 基督教纪念耶稣复活) 、万圣节( 纪念教会所有圣人) 、圣诞节( 基督教纪念耶稣诞生) , 这些节日的起源大多与宗教有关系。当然, 西方节日中也有和农业有关的节日, 但他们以农业为主的节日的历史不如
中国漫长。 二、中西节日庆祝方式差异 中国的传统节日, 基本是封建社会时期形成的, 不可避免地留下封建社会的痕迹: 等级制、家族式, 节日无不以家族内部活动为中心。西方的传统节日就不同了, 更多的是表现出人们的互动性、集体性和狂欢性, 以自我为中心, 崇尚个性张扬。这与中国节日的家族性恰好相反, 体现了西方文化的群体性, 反映了人们渴望互相交流、群体参与的愿望,体现了人人平等、自由表现自我的特点。这里试举两例说明。 ( 1) 春节与新年。作为新一年的开始, 中西方有着极大差异的庆祝方式。春节作为中国最重要的传统节日, 源于秦朝, 定于每年农历的一月一日, 从农历12月23日开始, 人民开始开展各种庆祝方式, 一直持续到元宵节。春节的习俗繁多, 如大扫除、吃团圆饭拜年、放鞭炮, 舞狮子等。总之, 不论是大街小巷, 都笼罩着一股浓浓的喜庆气氛。而西方, 他们崇尚的是过公历新年, 即元旦。相比之下他们过年的方式就浪漫多了, 在12月31日晚, 各地区的人民涌上街道,进行盛大的狂欢, 到了深夜接近零时时, 数十万人会聚集于一起, 诚心地祈祷, 为新的一年的到来倒计时。当大钟敲响12下, 顿时, 优美的乐曲奏响, 揭开了华丽舞会的序幕, 人们通宵达旦地庆祝。 可见, 春节与新年各有千秋: 春节, 充满浓厚的传统气息和独有的魅力; 新年, 体现时代的气息和潮流的感觉, 更贴近现代生活。( 2) 万圣节与中元节。万圣节作为西方的重要节日之一, 颇受人民
中西方企业文化差异
企业文化是指一定历史条件，企业在生产经营和管理活动中所创造的具有本企业特色的精神财富及其物质形态的总和。是形成于企业内部的一种群体亚文化，包括物质文化、制度文化和精神文化三个层次。随着当前我国的市场环境不断完善，外资企业与本土企业之间的并购、联合等现象经常发展，但由于不同国家的企业文化存在差别，这使得企业之间文化的融合非常困难，如何有效地克服这些差别，消除不同文化之间的差异呢？我认为关键要弄清两者之间存在的差异与联系。本文就中国企业文化与西方（以美国为代表）企业文化进行对比研究。 一、文化形成的渊源不同 企业文化的特征与其国家民族文化息息相关，中国与西方文化形成的历史渊源和地理渊源都有所不同。 从历史渊源来看，对“人论”的不同以及当时所处的环境决定了一国文化的特征，任何文化都是以人类社会生活和个人生活为基础，所有打上人类印记的物质和精神的存在都归于文化之列。以美国为代表的西方文化，其文明的起点是古希腊，在古希腊，人们在现实生活中彻底地脱离了自己所处的自然状态，因此古希腊人认识自己的道路是从明确区分人与自然，把人和自然当作各自独立甚至相互对立的对象分别加以研究开始的。于是人与自然的对立和分离就成了西方文化的“人论”基础。随着时间的变迁，文化的不但演变，西方的文化形成了如今以个人为本位、以注重自我权利为特征的权利型伦理价值观。而中国的文化，文明的发生是在原有氏族制度的基础上，通过氏族之间的相互联系，逐渐形成了如今的以血缘宗法为基础、注重人际关系的等级制度。由于等级森严，无法获得像西方那样的平等和独立的地位，因此对待自然和自己的态度就有着很大的差别。站在自己的宗法人伦关系的基础上来理解人，把人看作是“人伦”的派生物，重视和强调人与自然的和谐统一。天人合一自然就成了中国文化的“人论”基础。 从地理渊源来看，由于西方文化源于古希腊，古希腊土地贫瘠、临海，无法靠农牧为生，但临海且岛屿星罗棋布又给古希腊人带来了机遇，船成了他们最主要的生存工具，航海可以占领新的空间，激发人的创造力，古希腊人在惊涛骇浪中锤炼出了冒险精神与扩张的本性，形成了西方文化个人本位的原始定位。而中国西面高山、东临大海、缺乏横越大海的条件，形成了一个封闭的环境，这是形成整体性文化的客观基础。土地肥沃，小农经济长期占主要地位，从而形成了中国文化群体本位的原始定位。 二、中国文化的合理内核与西方文化的理性成分 中国的传统文化与儒家思想为主体，极具人文精神，以重视并善于处理人际关系为其显著特点，作为一种深入人心的观念，它不随着自然经济的瓦解和封建制度的衰落而自动消失，而是在不断地吸收外来文化的同时赋于自己新的时代内容，但其合理的内核保持不变。中国文化的合理内核主要包括：（1）人本主义精神。强调人际关系的和谐，对人生价值尊重，主张“人爱”，推及万物，实现人与自然的和谐。（2）“内圣外王”。首先造就德、才、智全面发展的“自我”，然后积极参与社会，实现自我的个人价值。（3）注重个人道德的培养。通过“修身”，进而达到“治国，平天下”，以国家、民族的利益为重。（4）强调群体本位。以家族、血缘等为纽带形成一个个群体，以此为基础建立和谐的人际关系。（5）积极进取，自强不息。“天行键，君子以自强不息”，通过自力更生、改革进取，从而造就了历史悠久的中华文明。西方文化崇尚智慧和理性，讲究科学、民主，信仰宗教，追求道德和灵魂的净化，个人主义价值观深入人心。鼓励个人奋斗、勇于竞争和拥有个人成就感是其价值概念的核心。美国文化是西方高度发达的现代资本主义精神的代表，是由各种文化组成的“大融炉”，具有强烈的开方性和兼容性。美国人民有争取自由、独立、民主的传统；富有开拓和创新精神；极度推崇个人主义和个人奋斗；重视法治，公平竞争。 三、中国文化的消极因素和西方文化的非理性方面 中国几千年的传统文化有其精华，但也有其糟粕。在中国现代化进程中，它一方面使中国社
浅谈中西方文化差异_英文_
综 合 191 # 浅谈中西方文化差异 文/黄文娟 摘 要:中西方文化差异导致了中西方交流中的误解,引起了很多不便。本文针对日常生活中中西方文化交流中的典型现象如婚姻家庭,餐厅礼仪和日常招呼等进行分析,阐述了这些文化现象后所隐藏的文化内涵和其所植根的文化根基,从个人主义和集体主义,平等概念和等级观念,自我中心和牺牲精神等方面做出解释,为困顿于中西方文化的学习者提供参考。关键词:中西方文化;现象;文化内涵;文化根基作 者:湖南对外经济贸易职业学院 ?1Cited phenomena A 1Mar riage A Chinese gir l got mar ried with an Amer ican boy and sett led down in Los Angeles not far away from wher e her par ents-in -law lived.T he fir st few months went by much smoothly and the Chinese girl got along very well with her new family. Six months later,she got pr egnant and infor med her par ents -in-law at the fir st moment.The r eady grandparents blessed her and her baby and went to Europe where they planned to enjoy a half -year holiday.The Chinese gir l was surprised at their decision:/Don .t you stay to take car e of me and my baby?Don .t you think the baby is the most import ant thing in the family now?0T he parents-in-law also got confused:/We love this baby,but does it mean we should give up our own life and do everything for it?0 B 1Rest aur ant customs A young Chinese tourist sat in a Par is caf and or der ed tea.Twice he asked for more hot water to top it up while putting the saucer on the cup to keep the tea warm,as he would have done at home. T he waiter grew impatient./This Chinese is too stingy t o pay for mor e tea.And doesn .t he know t he saucer goes under the cup to cat ch the dr ips?0 T he Chinese man noticed the displeasure on the wait er .s face and lost pat ience himself./This Wester n waiter is r ea lly stingy and silly!Why is he so reluctant to serve me hot water?Why does he put the lid under the cup?0he got angry,and left the caf st eam ing with resent ment. C 1Greeting An American student Charlie went to China and continued his study in Peking University.Ever ything went well with him except that the Chinese people were hard to understand for him somet imes. One day afternoon,he was on his way back from the super market when he encounter ed two Chinese classmates./H i,Charlie,wher e are you going?0one of the Chinese classmates greeted him./I .m just back from the supermar ket.0H e answer ed./What did you buy?0T he Chinese student continued./Er ,0Char lie felt ver y awkward,/I bought a bar of bread,five apples,a bott le of salad jam and ,0/You don .t have to tell us all these specific t hings,we ar e just greeting you by asking you questions.0/What?You confused me!0 ò.Analysis on the cited phenomenon and the cor responding cultur al implications In the fir st case,both the Chinese girl and her par ents-in -law can keep their own opinion.In China,it is par ents .dut y t o be responsible for their childr en and this responsibility will last (4)勤巡视病房,观察生命体征、面色、意识及有无感染、周围组织坏死等。当出现因插管技术而导致的并发症(如穿破脐血管造成出血插进或堵塞腹主动脉分支、空气栓塞、血栓形成、误插在门静脉沟处、穿破肝实质等)时,应通知医生尽早拔管,同时给予对症治疗,使症状得以改善。 (5)细菌学检测。每周1次分别做外周血和脐部穿刺处皮肤的细菌培养。本组病例共做16次外周血和脐部穿刺处皮肤的细菌培养,无1例发生院内感染等插管并发症。 参考文献: [1]余波,李莎莎.新生儿126例脐静脉插管末端细菌培养的临床分析[J]中国新生儿科杂志,2007(4) [2]宋新志,曹明艳,何咏梅,等.新生儿窒息血肌钙蛋白T 变化[J ]湘南学院学报,2005(1) [3]周宇,周晓光.新生儿胎粪吸入综合征临床分型与特点的初步探讨[J]中国当代儿科杂志,2000(5) [4]高树辉,周杰,张映辉,等.早产儿血脂水平与出生体重的关系[J]中国当代儿科杂志,2003(3)
中西方文化差异(论文)
题目：中西方礼仪文化差异学院：数学与统计科学学院专业：数学与应用数学 学生姓名：白莉 学号：201141000102 指导教师：刘晓玲
中西方礼仪文化差异 [摘要] 中西方不仅在语言方面有很大的差异，同时也在饮食习惯，交际礼仪等等多方面。大学生在学习生活中也要去了解与学习中西方文化的差异。本文阐述了中西方文化在日常礼仪与餐桌礼仪方面的不同之处，帮助学生更好地了解中西方文化的不同，提高对中西方礼仪差异的认识，从而加深交际能力和跨文化意识。 [关键词] 中西方文化；餐桌礼仪；日常礼仪；交际礼仪
目录 引言 (3) 称呼 (3) 饮食 (4) 餐具 (4) 交谈 (5) 结论 (5)
引言 培根说过：“举止彬彬有礼的人，一定能赢得好的名誉。”正如同西班牙的伊丽莎白女王所说：“理解是一封通行四方的推荐书。”中国自从加入世界贸易组织，国际交往日益增多，身为高等学府的学生，有更多的机会与外国友人交往。在交往中需要学习并且写好这份“推荐书”，仅有流利的语言交流是不够的，必须了解中西文化利益的差异。“礼仪”的学习与了解应该是有意识的加入到日常生活照，下面，对中西方文化礼仪之差异作进一步分析。 礼仪是在社会交往活动中应该遵守的尊敬他人的礼节程序。中文中的“礼仪”由“礼”和“仪”两个字组成，分别代指礼貌、礼节，仪式、仪表。它们是一种要求，一种被人们规定的共同认可的程序。《论语》说“礼之用，和为贵”。“礼”可以产生出“人利”的气氛。“不学礼，无以立”，不懂礼貌，则无法立身，这是中国自古以来的共识，反映了孔子对礼仪的重视。中国自古被称为文明古国，礼仪之邦，礼仪在中国历史上源远流长。中国古代有《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼仪》三部名著，这三部涵盖了中国古代礼仪的重要内容。 西方礼仪有很多种词汇，比如courtesy：有礼貌的行为。Etiquette：除了礼仪外，还指对从事某一行业人士的行动起约束作用规矩。Protocol：一种刻板的，在外交和军事领域内实行的长期公认的相处准则。Tite：仪式、典礼和惯例、习俗。 繁多的有关礼仪的词汇反映出了西方人对礼仪的重视，并有对礼仪更加细致的划分。这具体到礼仪文化上，中西方有如下多种差异。 称呼 中国传统意义上的家是指家庭，中国的礼仪产生于不同的家族文明。西方则从古希腊就开始以工商经济为主，这种经济于天然人伦无法相容，所以，宗法文明未充分发展。英语中的家源自拉丁词汇，而这个拉丁词汇源于在“家族之父的权力下”从事劳动的奴隶[1]。这与中国的家的概念完全不同。西方的家带有与工商经济发展相融的私有财产的意味。不仅家不同，国家也有不同的地方。在英语中，国家主要表示地域性或民族性的含义。是地域、民族、家族的总和。在中国人看来“国之本在家”。家是国家的命脉。中国人重在家中做人，英文中所说的一个人的背景与起源在中文中时身家，出身的表示。中国礼仪有着一种高超的宗法文明，同时内外亲疏之别，是中国人往往注重拉关系，“义父”、“义子”、“干
中西文化差异比较英文
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c h i n e s e a n d w e s t e r n c u l t u r e With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows. First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the
浅谈中西方文化差异(中西文化比较论文)
浅谈中西方文化差异 计算机科学与技术学院 xx级x班 xxx 学号：xxxxx 通过对本学期中西文化比较课程的学校，我对中西方文化的异同有了一定程度的认识，以下我将从饮食、节日、音乐、建筑等方面，简要对中西文化的异同做一下探讨。 首先，从饮食方面来说：餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 中国和西方的饮食习惯之间的主要区别是，不同于西方，其中的每个人都有自己自己的食品板块，在中国菜都放在表和大家共享。如果你是被视为一个中国主机，准备一吨的食物。中国是他们的饮食文化非常自豪，并会尽力给你许多不同类型的菜肴的味道。朋友之间，他们只是为了将足以为那里的人民。如果他们有人出来吃饭的关系是半礼貌客气的，那么他们通常会比客人数量（例如四口人，五菜）为了一个菜。，如果它是一个商务宴请或一个非常正式的场合，有可能是一个巨大的食物量，将不可能完成。一个典型的餐开始与一些凉拌菜，像煮花生和大蒜捣烂黄瓜。这些都是其次的主要课程，热鲜肉和蔬菜菜肴。最后，汤是带了出来，这是由淀粉的“主食”食品，通常是米饭或面条或有时饺子。许多中国人吃米饭（或面条或其他）最后，但如果你要与其他菜肴米饭，你应该说那么早。 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方