人教版高中英语选修8 Unit 1 单词及课文详解

选修8 Unit 1 单词及课文详解

△California 加利福尼亚（州）

△Californian 加利福尼亚（州）人

△illustrate vt. 说明；阐明illustration 实例插图图解

Be illustrated with 有插图- sth. 给书加插图阐明

By way of -tion 作为说明in -tion of 作为...例证

distinct adj. 清晰的；明显的；明确的distinctive 独特的有特色的

distinction n. 差别；区分cn；卓著优秀un.

Distinguish between and :distinguish A from B -ed 杰出的以...著名

Make a distinction between and

Make no distinction 没有区别：without distinction with distinction 优异地

△immigrant n. （从外国移入的）移民

live on 继续存在；继续生存- by 以..为生- through 活过度过...熬过

Live up to 实践原则誓言等做到- down 改过自新生活忘掉过错

strait n. 海峡=straits

△Bering 白令海峡

Arctic adj. 北极的；北极区的

the Arctic 北极

means n. 手段；方法

by means of… 用……办法；借助By all means 一定务必by no means 绝不

By this means 通过这种方式：in this way/ with this method/ in this manner by some means or other 想尽办法

△prehistoric adj. 史前的

majority n. 大多数；大半the - 做主语谓语动词单数各个成员可用复数

The - of + 单数名词或pl. 谓语动词与名词保持一致

In a - 占大多数get a - 获得多数票have a - 拥有多数

Major minor minority -ity ...状态、性质

ministry n. （政府的）部；（全体）牧师；牧师的职责神职任期the - of Defense Catholic adj. 天主教的n.天主教徒

△Alaska n. 阿拉斯加（州）

△San Francisco n. 圣弗朗西斯科（也称旧金山）

△adventurer n. 冒险家

make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等

△despite prep. 尽管；不管

hardship n. 苦难；困苦

elect vt. 选择；决定做某事；选举某人

federal adj. 联邦制的；联邦政府的

rail n. 铁路；扶手；（护栏的）横条

percentage n. 百分比；百分率

△Los Angeles n. 洛杉矶

Italy n. 意大利

Italian n. 意大利人；意大利语adj.意大利人的；意大利语的

Denmark n. 丹麦（北欧国家）

keep up 坚持；维持；沿袭（风俗、传统等）- away from 不接近

- back 阻止抑制-... From 阻止免受伤害- off 远离- out 使不入内

- up with 跟上-an eye on 注视- hold of 抓住- a record of记载- in touch with

△Hollywood n. 好莱坞；美国电影业

boom n. （人口、贸易的）繁荣（运动音乐）突然风靡的时期深沉的响声

V. 轰鸣激增处于经济迅速发展时期

-er=baby -er 生育高峰期出生的人- town 新兴都市

aircraft n. 飞行器；航空器；飞机

△Cambodian n. 柬埔寨人；柬埔寨语

Korea n. 韩国；朝鲜

Korean n. 韩国/朝鲜人；朝鲜/韩语adj.韩国（人/语）的；朝鲜（人/语）的

Pakistan n. 巴基斯坦

Pakistani adj. 巴基斯坦（人）的n.巴基斯坦人

△immigrate vi. 移入（外国定居）

immigration n. 移民；移居入境

racial adj. 人种的；种族的

crossing n. 横渡；横越；十字路口；人行横道

vice n. & adj. 代理；副职

nephew n. 侄子；外甥

pole n. 地极；电极；磁极

applicant n. 申请人

customs n. 海关；关税；进口税

socialist n. 社会主义者；社会党人adj.社会主义者的

socialism n. 社会主义

occur vi. 发生；出现有计划或无计划

It -s to sb. To do/ that... 某人想到-rence

cattle n. 牛（总称）

△Hispanic n. （美）讲西班牙语的美国人

indicate vt. 指出；指示；表明；暗示

back to back 背靠背

luggage n. 行李（<美>baggage）

shave vt. & vi. (shaved; shaved, shaven) 刮；剃

△cable n. 缆绳；绳索；电缆

△cable car 缆车；（美）有轨缆车

△Andrew Hallidie 安德鲁?海利迪

tram n. （有轨）电车

apparent adj. 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的

apparently adv. 显然地；显而易见地

It is - to sb. That... 在某人看来显然...

brake n. 闸；刹车；制动器Vi. & vt. 刹（车）；用制动器减速

conductor n. （公车）售票员；列车员；（乐队）指挥

slip vi. 滑动；滑行；滑跤n.滑动；滑倒小错误

- off 迅速脱去衣服：- out of -on 迅速穿上-out 被无意中说出

- away 消失消亡- up 犯错误疏忽

△wharf n. 码头

bakery n. 面包房；面包厂

ferry n. 渡船；渡口vt.摆渡；渡运

△Angel Island 天使岛

team up with 与……合作或一起工作

hire vt. & n. 租用；雇用

- sth. To ...租给- ... From...向...租借租设备用hire 租房子：let/rent

△fascinating adj. 迷人的；吸引人的

mark out 划线；标出……界线选定表明

- down 记下减价给低分- off 划出界限-up 标高价格- with 以..为标记

- for life 留下终生的伤痕

seagull n. 海鸥

take in 包括；吸收理解欺骗

- apart 拆开-away 拿走- back 收回- to 喜欢习惯- on承担呈现雇佣- over 接管-up 占据继续-up with 和交往

angle n. 角；角度

a great/good many 许多；很多

Many/many a/an / a great/good many/ more than one/ a good/large number of +pl.

Much/ a good/great deal of/ a large amount of /amounts of+un

A lot of/lots of/ a quantity of/ quantities of/ plenty of/ a supply of/supplied of+pl./un

Amounts of/ quantities of+un. 谓语动词用复数

Many a(more than one)+单数谓语动词用单数

apply for 申请；请示得到

Apply 申请敷产生作用使努力

- to do 申请做- ..to..将...涂抹于

- oneself to 专心从事applicant application applied

nowhere adv. 无处；到处都无

△miserable adj. 痛苦的；悲惨的

punishment n. 处罚；惩罚

justice n. 公正；公平

mourn vt. & vi. 哀悼；悼念；表示悲痛-er哀悼者-ful 忧伤的-ing n, 哀悼

civil adj. 公民的；国内的；民间的

authority n. 权威；权力(pl)当局；官方

reform vt. & vi. 改革；革新n.改革；改造；改良

grasp vt. & n. 抓住；抓紧；掌握；领会

△thoughtful adj. 关切的；体贴的；深思的

thankful adj. 感激的；感谢的

insert vt. 插入；嵌入n. 插面广告挿入物-ion 放入

选修八Unit1 CALIFORNIA加利福尼亚

California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population（grow/fall; large/small）. 加州是美国第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。It also has the distinction of （有与众不同之处）being the most multicultural（多元文化的，multi-多方面多方向multicolored multimedia multiparty）state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. 加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州。它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史，你就不会对其文化的多样性感到惊奇了。NA TIVE AMERCANS美洲土著人

Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 最早一批人具体是什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的, 谁也说不清楚。However, it is likely （可能的，=probable , it is likely that/sb is likely to do more than likely 很可能likeable 可爱的likewise同样的likelihood可能性）that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而，可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土

著人就住在加利福尼亚了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffer（+痛苦损失；suffer from+ 战争自然灾害带来的苦难-ance 经勉强同意）ed greatly. 欧洲人在16世纪到来这里之后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难。Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. 成千上万人被杀或被迫成为奴隶。In addition, many died from（外因die of 内因- by 自杀吊死被刀剑杀死- down 渐渐消失-off 相继死去-away 逐渐消失- out 绝种pass away sleep the final sleep be no more breathe one’s last）the diseases brought by the Europeans. 另外, 欧洲人带来的疾病，使许多人染病而死。However, some survived （比...活的长- from 从..幸存下来-on靠...维生survival survivor）these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 不过，还是有一些人经历了这些恐怖时期而活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。

THE SPANISH西班牙人

In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. 在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是被西班牙统治的。Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought （打架打仗争辩- against 为反对..而斗争- for 为争取而斗争- with并肩战斗；=- against ; - back 奋力抵抗-off 击退-sth. Back 忍住抑制住- to the death 战斗到底）against the native people and took their land. 西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，夺去了他们的土地。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 两个世纪以后, 西班牙人在南美洲大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加利福尼亚州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence（win/gain/have -from, be independent form/of independent school=private school）from Spain. 1821年,墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立。California then became part of Mexico.加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。In 1846 the United States declared （+n./that../sb./sth. To be/as... - war on宣战- against 声明反对-on 宣布...要发生-for 宣布支持-off宣布取消-ration -d 公开宣布的公开正式announce 第一次宣布预

告性质）war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. 1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。However, there is still a strong Spanish influence（exert /have - on/upon...）in the state. 但是,这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙文化的影响。That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。It/that/this is why...

The reason why...is that...

RUSSIANS俄罗斯人

In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. 在19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.今天，住在旧金山及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人大约25，000人。

GOLD MINERS金矿工

In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. 1848年,美墨战争后不久,在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. 发财梦很快就吸引了来自世界各地的人。The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. 距离最近因而来的最早的是南美洲人和美国人，Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. 随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. 事实上, 很少有人圆了发财梦。Some died or returned home, but most remained （-+n./a./done/doing/介词短语；+to do/to be done; that... -der 剩余物-s 残余物-ing 剩下的）in California to make a life （开始新生活习惯新的生活方式）for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. 许多人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，大多数人仍然留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生，在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候, 它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。LATER A RRIV ALS后来的移民

Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 虽然中国移民在淘金热期间就开始来到（美国），但是更大批量的中国移民却是

在十九世纪六十年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage（术语，百分百不能用数词修饰high/low what提问数词+percent there is no percentage in...做没有好处）have chosen to stay in the "Chinatowns" of Los Angeles and San Francisco. 今天,加利福尼亚州各地都有美藉华人居住,尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和旧金山的“中国城”里。Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. 十九世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到加利福尼亚，他们主要是渔民，也有些酿酒工人。In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own（属于某人自己的后置定语表语; 前置定语：one’s own sth.）, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. 1911年丹麦移民建立了他们自己的城镇，至今仍保留着丹麦文化。By the 1920s the film industry was well establish ed （it is -ed that 据证实... - oneself in 定居）in Hollywood, California. 到了二十世纪二十年代，电影产业在加利福尼亚州的好莱坞建立了起来。The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. 这个行业吸引了许多欧洲人包括许多犹太人。Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States. 今天，加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位。Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. 日本的农民是在20世纪初期开始到加利福尼亚来的,而从20世纪80年代以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了。People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. 非洲人从19世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的。However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries. 然而更多的非洲人在1942年到1945年之间来到加利福尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作的。

MOST RECENT ARRIV ALS最近期的移民

In more recent decades, California has become home（be/feel at home 舒适自在；be/feel at home with sb.与某人相处无拘束with sth.愉快从事某事make oneself at home 请随意make sb. Feel at home 宾至如归the home for/of 。。发源地the home to 动植物的栖息地）to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. 在最近几十年里,加利福尼亚成了亚洲人的家,包括柬埔寨人、朝鲜人、越南人和老挝人。Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California. 从20世纪70年代开始发展计算机工业以来，加利福尼亚又吸引了印度人和巴勒斯坦人的到来。

THE FUTURE未来展望

People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California世界各地的人，由于受气候条件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在继续迁入加利福尼亚。. It is believed（=people believe that。。。）that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.人们认为, 要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。Such an interesting book is is that I can’t tear myself away from it.爱不释手

选修八Unit 1 GEORGE’S DIARY乔治的日记

12TH—14TH JUNE

Monday 12th, June

Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave. 清晨乘公共汽车抵达，直赴饭店，放下行李，洗澡、刮脸，即去观光。Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. 先是乘缆车，在山顶揽胜，观看旧金山湾及整个城市。Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams. 缆车系统建立于1873年，是由安德鲁·哈利迪发明的，他试图找到一种比马拉的轨道车更好的交通方式。Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it. 他曾经看到过一次可怕的交通事故：一辆马车刹车失灵，驾车失控，车子和马一起从山上滑了下去，很明显这让他受到了极大的震惊。Had a late lunch at Fisherman's Wharf. 午餐是在渔人码头吃的，吃得很晚。This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. 意大利渔民在19世纪末首先来到这个地区，并且在这儿开始捕鱼业。Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. 如今这儿是一个旅游区了，很多商店、海鲜馆和面包坊。It's also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay（to do 作定语）. 这儿也是乘渡船去天使岛和海湾其他地方的渡口。Did so much exploring at Fisherman's Wharf. Am exhausted（exhaust exhaustion exhaustive 完全的彻底的）and don't feel like（feel oneself 感到正常-one’s way 摸索前进- up to 觉得适合）doing anything else. Early bed tonight!在渔人码头看了这么多东西，我太累了，什么也不想干了。今晚要早点睡觉!

Tuesday 13th, June 6月13日星期二

Teamed up with（与合作team up to do）a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. 同酒店里的一对夫妻(彼得和泰莉)作伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。Spent all day driving（drive 大道驱车出行私家车刀有计划的努力）around the city. 一整天驱车游览城市。There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. 有一种专门为旅游者选定的驾车游活动。It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go. 车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记，上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线。It's a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. 这是一次79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。Stopped many times to admire the

view of the city from different angles and take photographs. 途中多次停车，从不同角度欣赏城市风景并摄影。Now have a really good idea of what the city's like. 现在有对城市的面貌有了一个很好的了解。

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必修一 UNIT1 survey 调查；测验 add up 合计 upset adj.心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的vt.使不安；使心烦。 ignore 不理睬，忽视 calm vt.vi（使）平静；（使）镇定adj.平静的；镇静的；沉着的 calm (…)down （使）平静下来；（使）镇静下来 have got to 不得不；必须 concern （使）担忧；涉及；关系 be concerned about 关心；挂念 walk the dog 遛狗 loose 松的；松开的 vet 兽医 go through 经历；经受 Amsterdam 阿姆斯特丹（荷兰首都）Netherlands 荷兰（荷兰国家）Jewish 犹太人；犹太族的 German 德国的；德国人的；德语的；德国人；德语 Nazi n.纳粹党人adj.纳粹党的 set down 记下；放下；登记 series 连续；系列 a series of 一连串的；一系列；一套outdoors 在户外；在野外spellbinding 迷住；迷惑 on purpose 故意 in order to 为了… dusk 黄昏；傍晚 at dusk 在黄昏时刻 thunder v打雷；雷鸣；n雷；雷声entire 整个的；完全的；全部的entirely 完全地；全然地；整个地power 能力；力量；权力 face to face 面对面地 curtain 窗帘；门帘；幕布 dusty 积满灰尘的 no longer\not…any longer 不再 partner 伙伴；合作者；合伙人 settle 安家；定居；停留使定居；安排；解决 suffer 遭受；忍受；经历 suffer from 遭受；患病 loneliness 孤单；寂寞 highway 公路；大路；<美>高速公路recover 痊愈；恢复；重新获得 get\be tired of 对…厌烦 pack 捆扎；包装；打行李小包；包裹pack（sth）up 将（东西）装箱打包suitcase 手提箱；衣箱 overcoat 大衣；外套 teenager 十几岁的青少年 get along with 与…相处；发展 gossip 闲话；闲谈 fall in love 相爱爱上 exactly 确实如此；正式；确切地disagree 不同意 grateful 感激的；表示谢意的 dislike 不喜欢；厌恶 join in 参加；加入 tip n.揭示；技巧；尖；尖端；消费vt. 倾斜；翻到 secondly 第二；其次 swap 交换 item 项目；条款 UNIT2 subway 地下人行道；<美>地铁elevator 电梯直升机

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