Prebiotics and probiotics: are they functional foods?1–3 Marcel B Roberfroid
research groups. These effects may be used to justify either func-tional claims or claims of reduced disease risk (7–10). Improvement of functions
Alleviation of lactose intolerance
Lactose intolerance is a problem for ≤70% of the world’s popu-lation who have a low amount of intestinal ?-galactosidase activity and for whom lactose behaves like an osmotic,nondigestible car-bohydrate. Probiotics have been shown to improve lactose diges-tion by reducing the intolerance symptoms as well as by slowing orocecal transit (7).
Immune enhancement
Infants supplemented with a strain of Lactobacillus casei have enhanced concentrations of circulating immunoglobulin A (IgA), which correlates with shortened duration of rotavirus-induced diarrhea (11). In addition,consumption of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum significantly enhances the nonspecific immune phagocytic activity of circulating blood granulocytes (12). This latter effect may explain,in part,the stimulation of intestinal IgA antibody responses in infants. Indeed,it is known that phagocytic activity is involved with natural immunity and that phagocytes are implicated in antibody immune responses acting as antigen-presenting cells. Finally,ingestion of yogurt has been shown to stimulate the production of cytokines by blood mononuclear cells.
Decrease in fecal enzymes and mutagenicity
Probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains decrease the quantity of such fecal microbial enzymes as ?-glucuronidase,?-glucosidase,nitroreductase,and urease,which are involved in the metabolic activation of miscellaneous mutagens and carcino-gens. In addition,these or similar strains have been reported to decrease fecal and urinary mutagenicity in healthy volunteers consuming fried ground beef.
Hypocholesterolemic effect
The hypocholesterolemic effects of probiotics are the subject of controversy. Studies published in the 1970s and 1980s consis-tently reported 5–17% reductions in serum cholesterol concen-trations after 2–4 wk of daily consumption of fermented milk products,but these data have been challenged by the results of more recent studies,almost all of which did not report any signi-ficant effect. As discussed recently by Jackson et al (13),the major limitations of these earlier studies were as follows:1) the excessive volumes (0.5–8.4 L) of yogurt consumed daily in most of the positive studies,2) failure to assess or control for the back-ground diet and exercise patterns of the subjects studied,3) fail-ure to randomize groups for confounding factors,4) lack of run-in periods during which the volunteers adapted to the diet, 5)lack of multiple baseline measurements,and 6) changes in control groups. Jackson et al (13) concluded that experimental evidence does not support a hypocholesterolemic effect for pro-biotics when consumed in easily achievable quantities. Reduction of risk of disease
Rotavirus-induced diarrhea and possibly colon cancer are the only disorders for which there is evidence of disease reduction from probiotic consumption. For rotavirus diarrhea,different groups of investigators working under a variety of conditions have consistently reported that humans consuming probiotic-fermented dairy products had a shortening of episodes or a reduction in risk of the disease (9). For colon cancer,the evi-dence comes exclusively from experimental animals,in which lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were shown to decrease the num-ber of aberrant crypt foci,a marker for risk of cancer develop-ment after treatment with a chemical carcinogen (14). PREBIOTICS
The only prebiotics for which sufficient data have been gen-erated to allow an evaluation of their possible classification as functional food ingredients are the inulin-type fructans,which include native inulin,enzymatically hydrolyzed inulin or oligofructose,and synthetic fructooligosaccharides (15,16).
Inulin has been de?ned as a polydisperse carbohydrate material consisting mainly,if not exclusively,of ?-(2-1)fructosyl-fructose links. Inulin-producing plant species are found in several mono-cotyledonous and dicotyledonous families,including Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae,Gramineae,and Compositae. However,only one inulin-containing plant species (chicory,Cichorium intybus) is used to produce inulin industrially. In chicory inulin,both Gpy-Fn (?-D-glucopyranosyl-[?-D-fructofuranosyl]n?1 ?-D-fructofura-noside) compounds are considered to be included under the same nomenclature,and the number of fructose units varies from 2 to >70. Native inulin is processed by the food industry to produce either short-chain fructans,speci?cally oligofructose (degree of polymerization:2–10; average:5) as a result of partial enzymatic hydrolysis (inulinase,EC 3.2.1.7),or long-chain fructans by applying an industrial physical separation technique.
An analytic method has been developed to quantify inulin and oligofructose in plants and food products. After a multicenter validation ring test,this method was adopted as Association of Official Analytical Chemists method 997.08:“Fructans in food products,ion exchange chromatography method”(17). Inulin and oligofructose are present in significant amounts in miscella-neous edible fruit and vegetables; average daily consumption has been estimated at 1–4 g in the United States and 3–11 g in Europe. The most common sources are wheat,onion,banana, garlic,and leeks (18). Chicory inulin and oligofructose are offi-cially recognized as natural food ingredients in most European countries,and they have a self-affirmed generally recognized as safe status in the United States. The synthetic inulin-type fruc-tans are obtained by enzymatically catalyzed fructosyl transfer (using fungal fructosyl transferase) from and between sucrose molecules. In Europe,these are classified as novel foods.
Inulin-type fructans are used as sugar substitutes,as fat replacers (inulin only),and as a means of providing texture,sta-bilizing foam,or improving mouth feel in miscellaneous prod-ucts such as fermented dairy products; desserts such as jellies and ice creams; bakery products such as cookies,breads,and pastries; spreads; and infant formulas. In a recent consensus paper inulin-type fructans were classified as nondigestible oligosaccharides (19).
Improvement of functions
Fate in the gastrointestinal tract
Because of the ?-con?guration of the anomeric C-2 in their fructose monomers,inulin-type fructans resist digestion in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover,there is evidence
PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS1683S
that they are not absorbed to any signi?cant extent. Thus,it has been proposed that they be called a colonic food (ie,a food enter-ing the colon and serving as a substrate for the endogenous bacte-ria,thereby directly providing the host with energy and metabolic substrates). The idea that inulin-type fructans are fermented by bacteria colonizing the large bowel is supported by many in vitro (both analytic and microbiological) and in vivo studies,which,in addition,con?rm the production of lactic and short-chain car-boxylic acids as end products of the fermentation. Furthermore,it was shown in human in vivo studies that this fermentation leads to the selective stimulation of growth of the bi?dobacteria popula-tion,making inulin-type fructans the prototypes of prebiotics (2). Effect on mineral absorption
The nondigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber) have been reported to impair the small-intestinal absorption of minerals because of their binding or sequestering action. However,the minerals that are bound or sequestered and,consequently,not absorbed in the small intestine,do reach the colon,where they may be released from the carbohydrate matrix and absorbed. Moreover,a high concentration of short-chain carboxylic acids resulting from the colonic fermentation of the nondigestible carbohydrates facilitates the colonic absorption of minerals, particularly Ca2+and Mg2+. In addition,independent of any binding or sequestering of minerals,some nondigestible carbo-hydrates (eg,inulin-type fructans) may improve mineral absorption and balance because of an osmotic effect that trans-fers water into the large bowel,thus increasing the volume of fluid in which these minerals can dissolve. Furthermore,these carbohydrates,being extensively fermented,acidify the colonic content and consequently raise the concentration of ionized minerals,in particular Ca2+and Mg2+,a condition that favors passive diffusion. Finally,studies of ileostomy patients showed that inulin-type fructans do not impair mineral absorption in the small intestine (20). Indeed,this study showed that the amount of calcium,magnesium,and iron ions recovered in the ileostomate over 3 d is not significantly modified after supple-menting the diet with 17 g of these fructans daily.
It was reported that inulin-type fructans enhance Ca2+and Mg2+absorption in growing rats and increase ionic iron and Zn2+ balance without having a significant effect on Cu2+bioavailabil-ity (21). More recently,in vivo human studies confirmed the pos-itive effect of inulin and oligofructose on the absorption and bal-ance of dietary calcium but not of iron,magnesium,or zinc. In the first published report,9 men (mean age:21.5±2.5 y) who ingested 850 mg Ca/d and a dietary supplement of 40 g/d of inulin had a significant increase in the apparent absorption (±12%) and balance (100 mg/d) of calcium without any signifi-cant change in urinary excretion (21). In the second study,the calcium balance of 12 males between the ages of 15 and 18 y who consumed 16.8 g oligofructose/d,as measured by the dou-ble stable isotope technique,increased 11% (P=0.09) with no significant effect on urinary excretion (22).
Effect on the metabolism of lipids
The effects of inulin-type fructans on triglyceridemia have been studied in both animals and humans. In rats,a decrease in serum triglyceridemia (in both the fed and the fasted state) was consistently reported in several studies; in healthy humans,only fasting triacylglycerol was measured,and it was modified in only one study. No data have been published for hypertriglyceridemic patients. Data concerning the effects of inulin-type fructans on cholesterolemia or lipoproteinemia are scarce (14).
Feeding rats a diet supplemented with oligofructose (10% in the diet) signi?cantly lowers serum triacylglycerol and phospholipid concentrations but does not modify free fatty acid concentrations in serum. The hypotriglyceridemia is due mostly to a decrease in the concentration of plasma VLDL. This effect likely results from a decrease in the hepatic synthesis of triacylglycerol rather than from a higher catabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Hepatocytes isolated from oligofructose-fed rats have a slightly lower capacity to esterify [14C]palmitate into triacylglycerol but a 40% decrease in capacity to synthesize triacylglycerol from [14C]acetate (23). These data support the hypothesis that decreased de novo lipogenesis in the liver through a coordinate reduction of the activities of all lipogenic enzymes is a key event in reducing VLDL triacylglycerol secretion in fructan-fed rats. That de novo lipogenesis is the basis for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of fruc-tans in the rat liver might explain the lack of effect observed in healthy humans,who ordinarily eat much less carbohydrate than do rodents. Some experiments should be performed in either obese patients or insulin-resistant persons consuming high-carbohydrate,high-energy diets (14).
To explain a possible effect of inulin-type fructans on the mod-ulation of triacylglycerol metabolism,2 effects are hypothesized. The ?rst effect is the modi?cation of glucose or insulin concentra-tions,because dietary modulation of lipogenesis is often linked to such physiologic changes. Indeed,the induction of lipogenic enzymes by glucose,occurring via an increased gene transcription, is potentiated by insulin. This association has also been shown for resistant starch,which in rats decreases serum triacylglycerol con-centrations,reduces fatty acid synthase activity by 20%,and con-comitantly lowers postprandial insulinemia (24). The second effect is the production in the large bowel of short-chain carboxylic acids, which results in a more than 2-fold increase in the portal concen-tration of both acetate and propionate in oligofructose-fed rats. Moreover,propionate was reported to inhibit fatty acid synthesis, whereas acetate is a lipogenic substrate.
Long-term (16 wk) administration of oligofructose also decreases total serum cholesterol concentrations in rats,but does not influence either the absorption of dietary cholesterol or the excretion of cholesterol or bile acids in ileostomy subjects. Pre-liminary data for slightly hypercholesterolemic human volun-teers indicate that inulin (18 g/d for 3 wk) may lower both total and LDL serum cholesterol (25).
Reducing disease risk
For inulin-type fructans,claims that they reduce the risk of disease are only tentative and still need to be supported and val-idated by further research. These claims include the following:?Constipation relief resulting from fecal bulking and possible effects on intestinal motility.
?Suppression of diarrhea,especially when associated with intestinal infections.
?Reduction of risk of osteoporosis if inulin-type fructans improve the bioavailability of calcium and if this functional effect is followed by a more physiologic change in peak bone density and mineral bone mass.
?Reduction of the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease associated with dyslipidemia,especially hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance,which in particular is known to be associated with hyperenergetic,high-carbohydrate feeding
1684S ROBERFROID
PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS1685S
products favorably influence digestive functions and colonic flora. The most promising health benefits are the prevention of diarrhea and enhancement of the immune system. These 2 effects may be mechanistically related.
As we discussed previously (19),dietary carbohydrates make up a large family of miscellaneous compounds with different physiologic effects and diverse nutritional properties that deserve the attention of nutritionists. In the carbohydrate family,the indi-gestible oligosaccharides are of particular interest and may,in the next decade,be one of the most fascinating functional food ingre-dients. Inulin-type fructans are indigestible oligosaccharides for which a wide range of scientific observations are already avail-able and which demonstrate an array of potential health benefits. To justify claims of enhanced function or reduction in the risk of disease,most of the available information must be confirmed in humans in relevant nutrition studies focusing on well-validated endpoints. Such studies will be of much value if they are based on sound mechanistic hypotheses. Changes in the composition of the colonic microbiota,modulation of the metabolism of triacyl-glycerol,modulation of insulinemia,improved bioavailability of dietary calcium,and negative modulation of colon carcinogene-sis are the most promising areas for further research. In addition to having nutritional properties,which may justify their classifi-cation as functional food ingredients,inulin-type fructans are low-energy carbohydrates (48),which have interesting techno-logic properties in food product development. These properties depend on the molecular structure of the various inulin-type fructans,especially their degree of polymerization,which deter-mines their water solubility,viscosity,water retention capacity, and capacity to form a creamlike texture,a property of inulin used to process it as a fat replacer.
As we suggested previously (2),combining probiotics and pre-biotics in what has been called a synbiotic could bene?cially affect the host by improving survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal ?ora,by selectively stimulating the growth or activating the catabolism of one or a lim-ited number of health-promoting bacteria in the intestinal tract, and by improving the gastrointestinal tract’s microbial balance, but the creation of a synbiotic has not been investigated. Combin-ing probiotics with prebiotics could improve the survival of the bacteria crossing the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract,thus enhancing their effects in the large bowel. Moreover,probiotic and prebiotic effects might be additive or even synergistic. This has
been the case when combining the anticarcinogenic effects of inulin and bi?dobacteria in experimental animals (27).
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本文部分内容来自网络整理,本司不为其真实性负责,如有异议或侵权请及时联系,本司将立即删除! == 本文为word格式,下载后可方便编辑和修改! == 《湖殇熊久红》阅读附答案 湖殇熊久红 ①当一双脚站在干涸的湖底的时候,其实,那种心痛的感觉,就像是自己踩在 了自己的骨头上。 ②我说的是,在西部腹地,看着被戈壁荒漠一寸寸吞噬掉的艾比湖;我说的是,面对一片白色的盐碱,以及狂风掠过时卷起的漫漫沙尘。 ③对湖而言,它首先带给我们的,应该是那粼粼的波光,是鸥鸟的翔鸣,是蓝 天白云的倒映,是渔歌唱晚的恬静,这些特征是湖带给我们的生活体验,也是 湖应有的生命品质。而我脚下的艾比湖,正在丧失这些青春,就像一个散失了 光鲜的干瘪水果,躺成一汪奄奄一息的物证,那些越来越多从湖底裸露出来的 丑陋的盐碱污泥,总是让我联想到一具行将风干的木乃伊,一个湖的木乃伊。 ④青年时期的艾比湖有着1200平方公里的水面;有着几万乃至十几万只野鸭水鸟嬉戏的场面;有着浩浩荡荡芦苇环卫的辽阔水域;有着长河落日大漠孤烟的 宁静致远。这些深深的怀念,使得我对眼前的景象,有着撕心裂肺的悲怆。 ⑤在蛮荒的疆域里安插一个湖,应该是上帝对自己分配不公的一个补偿,她带 给我们的是对绝望灵魂的抚慰,是对生存状态的重估,是能枕着入眠的一个梦境,而这个梦,曾经真真实实地存在过,在记忆的回望里,碧波荡漾。 ⑥那是八十年代中期,一直对巴金的《海上日出》心存缱绻,期待感受红日出 海的璀璨景象。新疆离海太远,使只好以湖的的水域,模仿海的苍茫了。从首 府放暑假回来,邀几位同学,骑车六十里,去艾比湖看日出,以弥补对海的贫 瘠和渴望。 ⑦由于道路的崎岖到湖边时,太阳早已三尺竿头了。虽没赶上看日出,却被眼 前一望无际、绵延至深的芦苇荡所震撼,清风拂过,波涛汹涌。一如百万雄兵 拥围着这一城的浩淼,湖的浅滩上,密密麻麻布满了野鸭、灰鸭、斑头雁,随 便朝水中甩一片卵石,都会惊飞几十只水鸟,空中盘旋两圈,又栖落水中。湖 面很宽,即使极目远眺,也看不见对岸的轮廓。靠近水边是一排沙滩,赤脚从 上面走过,可以感受到温热潮润的细沙与脚趾间密切接触的惬意。几行浅浅的 脚印,一派浪漫的行程。
人教版小学英语四大 时态
人教版小学英语四大时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时)练习题集锦 一、用动词的正确形式填空 1. I ________ (do) my homework every evening. 2. We _______ (fly) kites in the park on Sundays. 3. My mother ________ (clean) our room on Sundays. 4. Tom _______(play) the piano every Saturday. Now he______ (play). 5. She _______(like) swimming. She ______ (swim) this weekend. 6. Usually my mother _______ (wash) the dishes after lunch. But my gra ndma_______ (wash) today. 7. Look at the man! He ______ (read) a magazine. 8. Look! The plane ________ (fly) over the building. 9. Listen! My aunt ________ (sing) in the room.She is a singer. She _ ____ (like) singing. She _______(have) a music show. She is excited. 10. Tom and Mike always ______ (swim) in the river. They _____ (swim) in the swimming pool this Sunday. Look! They ______ (swim). 11. What ______ you usually ______ (do) in the evening? I _______ (play) computer games. 12. What _______ you _______ (do) now? I _______ (make) a paper plane. 13. What _______ he _______ (do)? He ______ (dance). 14. What _______ she ______ (do) yesterday? She ______ (visit) her grandparents. 15. ______ your mother ______ (read) newspaper in the morning? Yes, She ________ .
常用英文缩写-你不在外行 2 = to/too 2B or not 2B = To be or not to be 4 = for 4ever = forever A: ASL = Age/Sex/Location AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes ANFAWFOWS = And Now For A Word Word From Our Web Sponsor AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" Possible ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AWGTHTGTTA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Again AWGTHTGTTSA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Sh Again
AYSOS = Are You Stupid Or Something B: B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBFBBM = Body By Fisher, Brains by Mattel BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later BBN = Bye Bye Now BCNU = Be Seein’ You BF = Boyfriend BFD = Big Fing Deal BFN = Bye For Now BHOF = Bald Headed Old Fart BIF = Basis In Fact BITD = Back In The Day Biz = Business BM = Byte Me BMOTA = Byte Me On The Ass BNF = Big Name Fan BOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes Again
《秋湖觞芰①图序》阅读答案及翻译I秋湖 殇芰图 秋湖觞芰①图序阅读答案及翻译秋湖觞芰①图序〔清〕曾燠去年此日,湖水入图; 闰月今秋,莲花展节。踏芳草而旧径出,讯竹林而新雨来。芰荷深浅,不减于昔游; 朋友舍离,已殊于前度。感四时之代谢,惜二难之重并。嘉会不常,芳筵宜再。 于时,晓凉犹嫩,残暑欲收。水涨茱萸之湾,风清杨柳之郭。画舫预停于堤曲,寺钟倏动于城阴。老僧来迎,群贤毕至。则由慧因寺前发棹也。 俄而锦缆徐牵,彩虹乍落。桥亭暂过,天水忽空。入香海之慈云②,有琅玕之别馆。绿波泛客,疑乘太乙之星;白羽摇芬,可结远公之社③。则就净香园小憩也。 于是过莲性之寺,沿筱园之堤,厥有层楼,颇宜高咏。旁屋三架前沼一方微飕送馨初日生艳拂绮席陈兰肴吸碧莆之杯削华峰之藕歌遗山双蕖之怨④咏灵运五字之诗则酌酒于高咏楼也。 既而余觞告终,清兴未已。将返山阴之棹,复回曲院之风。别港渺以通幽,清磬悠然在水。一庵半掩,千树交阴。竹露品茶,林风醒酒。则归途访桃花庵也。 嗟乎何地无水,何处无花或因人事之乖,不免胜游之少。惟此大江南
北,时和岁稔,政简刑清,官有余闲,民无异志,得从诸君之后,重开昨岁之筵,可以娱嘉宾,容拙吏。谓非厚幸,宜得纪传。爰有董、巨⑤山水之家,徐、黄⑥丹青之手,分之而各写一胜,合之而均有千秋。其图惠因寺者,为钱塘钱玉鱼。其图净香园者,为长洲袁竹室。其图桃花庵者,为如皋陈肖生。其图高咏楼者,为全椒吴山尊也。图中之客,凡十有八人各有诗。是为序。 【注】①〔秋湖觞芰〕“秋湖”,指江苏扬州的瘦西湖,作者曾燠(y )于乾隆五十七年(1992年)出任两淮盐运史,并在扬州设有驿馆,因在闰六月游湖,故称“秋湖”。“觞”,古代称酒杯,此处含有饮酒欣赏的意思。“芰”(j),指菱、荷一类水生植物。②〔香海之慈云〕指“香海慈云”,它是位于湖中小金山上的一个私家园林,也是古代扬州二十四景之一。③〔远公之社〕指佛教领袖慧远在庐山为弘扬佛法而开创的莲社。④〔双蕖(q)之怨〕“双蕖怨”为古代乐府曲名。⑤和⑥中的〔董、巨、徐、黄〕指的是董源、巨然、徐熙、黄筌,他们都是南唐北宋时期的著名画家。 13 .对下列语句中加点词语的解释,不正确的一项是(3分) A.晓凉犹嫩,残暑欲收嫩轻、微。 E.桥亭暂过,天水忽空空空旷、开阔。 C.或因人事之乖乖不顺、不和谐。 D.可以娱嘉宾,容拙吏拙笨拙、不聪慧。
索罗学院 常见的缩写形式有哪些? 常见的缩写形式: I'm=I am 我是 she's=she is 她是he's=he is 他是it's=it is 它是we're=we are 我们是you're=you are 你是;你们是they're=they are 它们是;他们是;她们是 there's=there is 有…there're=there are 有…that's=that is 那是…isn't=is not不是aren't=are not不是wasn't=was not不是(过去式) weren't=were not 不是(过去式) don't=do not 不,没有doesn't=does not不,没有(单三形式) didn't=didn't 不,没有(过去式) hasn't=has not 还没有(单三形式的现在完成时) haven't= have not 还没有(现在完成时) hadn't=had not 还没有(过去完成时) can't=can not 不能won't=will not 不会Let's=Let us 让我们(提建议) could-couldn't 不能(过去式) 星期的缩写,要记住加一点:星期一:Monday=Mon. 星期二:Tuesday=Tue. 星期三:Wednesday=Wed. 星期四:Thursday=Thur. (缩写后是4个字母) 星期五:Friday=Fri. 星期六:Saturday=Sat. 星期天:Sunday=Sun. 月份的缩写,后面的点不能忘带:Jan. 一月Feb. 二月Mar. 三月Apr. 四月May 五月(没有缩写形式) Jul. 六月Jun. 七月Aug. 八月Sept. 九月 (缩写后是4个字母) Oct. 十月Nov. 十一月Dec. 十二月 注:上面列出了初中阶段常用的所有的缩写形式,大家按照自己的所处阶段选择性的记忆。 本文由索罗学院整理 索罗学院是一个免费的中小学生学习网,上面有大量免费学习视频,欢迎大家前往观看!
. . 小学英语中的缩写形式及完整形式 1.一般谢列词的时候,注意使用缩写形式。如: 含有am is are的时候。如: I’m=I am she’s=she is he’s=he is it’s = it is we’re = we are you’re =you are they’re=they are there’re=there are that’s=that is Sam’s a student.(Sam’s=Sam is是) 2.含有have,has以及他们的过去式had的时候,常用缩写式。 如: We’ve got a book.(we’re got=we have got) You’ve got=you have got they’ve got=they have got She’s got a cat.(she’s got=she has got) (he’s got=he has got it’s got=it has got) 3.含有not 的时候,常用缩写形式。如: isn’t=is not aren’t=are not can’t=can not that’s=that not let’s=let is my name’s=my name is 4. 含有would/should/had的时候,常用缩写形式。如: I’d=I would/should/had You’d=You would/should/had We’d=We would/should/had 5.过去时态否定形式的缩写 wasn’t=was not weren’t=were not
2016人教版小学六年级上册英语时态专项习题 look , read and write 1. There ( is / are ) some bananas ( on / near ) the table . 2. There ( is / are ) a football (in / under ) the bed . 3. There (is / are ) some tall buildings in the ( village /city ). 4. My teacher is ( strong / thin ) . And she’s(old / young ) . 5. I have ( onions / mutton ) and cabbage for lunch . 6. Mike ( has / have ) English and ( science / math ) on _________________ ( Friday / Sunday ) . When , Where , What , Who , How , Why 1. ---- Can I get to the zoo ?---- You can ride a bike there . 2. ---- do you go to school on foot ?---- Because my home is near . 3. ---- are you going after lunch ?---- I am going to the bookstore . 4. ---- are you going ? ---- I am going at 4 o’clock . 5. ---- are you going to do ? ---- I am going to play football . 6. ---- are you going to play with ? ---- My brother . 一般现在时专项练习 一.写出下列各词的复数 I _________him _________this ___________her ______ watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______ day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______yo-yo ______ peach______ sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ paper_______ juice___________ water________ milk________ rice__________ tea__________ 二、写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____ come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________ study_______ brush________ do_________ teach_______ 三、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. He often ________(have) dinner at home. 2. Daniel and Tommy _______(be) in Class One.
初一英语b e动词的用 法 Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】
b e动词的用法常见的be动词形式:amisare 口诀:我(I)用am,你,你们(you)用are,is跟着他(he),她(she),它(it) 单数is例如:Thisisapen.Theboyisverylovely. 复数are例如:Wearestudents.Theyareinthepark.ThegirlsarefromEngland. be动词的否定形式:amnot,isnot=isn’t,arenot=aren’t 含有be动词的陈述句变为否定句:在be动词后面加not 含有be动词的陈述句变为一般疑问句:将be动词提到句首。 例如: Heisagoodboy.Isheagoodboy? Theyareintheschool.Aretheyintheschool? Thisisabook.Isthisabook? Themanisadoctor.Isthemanadoctor. 注意:Iam/weare变疑问句时要换成areyou. Iamhungry.Areyouhungry? Wearegoodfriends.Areyougoodfriends? 练一练: 一、在下面的短文中填上恰当be动词。
I______agirl.Myname_______Mary.I______inClass2,Grade7.I______12yearsold.Her e______myfamilyphoto.Look!These______myparentsandthose_______mygrandparents .Thisboy______mybrother.He________15yearsoldnow.That______mycat,Mimi.It____ __verylovely. 二、在下面的题目中填上恰当的Be动词。 1.I________fromAustralia. 2.She_______astudent. 3.JaneandTom_________myfriends. 4.Myparents_______verybusyeveryday. 5.I_______atschool. 6.He________atschool. 7.We________students. 8.They________fromChina. 9.YangLing________elevenyearsold. 10.Where________yourfriends? 11.Howold__________youlastyear? 12.Whichdog________yours? 13.Tenandtwo________twelve. 14.I_____astudent. 15.You____adoctor. 16.____shefromJinan?
不知道啥意思,看看后面有东西,估计就是让看吧,并且有点尊敬的意思!最后才知道事For your information~ 有次和外国客户发邮件。有个LMK的缩写。想了半天,后天查了网络,才知道是LET ME KNOW 的意思。我没有想的那么正确。所以知道一些简单的缩写是很有必要的,我在网上查了一些。不知道你们之前看过没。 数字: 2 = to/too 2B or not 2B = To be or not to be 4 = for 4ever = forever A: ASL = Age/Sex/Location AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes ANFAWFOWS = And Now For A Word Word From Our Web Sponsor AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" Possible ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AWGTHTGTTA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Again AWGTHTGTTSA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Sh Again AYSOS = Are You Stupid Or Something B: B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBFBBM = Body By Fisher, Brains by Mattel BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later BBN = Bye Bye Now BCNU = Be Seein’ You BF = Boyfriend BFD = Big Fing Deal BFN = Bye For Now
湖殇 熊久红 ①当一双脚站在干涸的湖底的时候,其实,那种心痛的感觉,就像是自己踩在了自己的骨头上。 ②我说的是,在西部腹地,看着被戈壁荒漠一寸寸吞噬掉的艾比湖;我说的是,面对一片白色的盐碱,以及狂风掠过时卷起的漫漫沙尘。 ③对湖而言,它首先带给我们的,应该是那粼粼的波光,是鸥鸟的翔鸣,是蓝天白云的倒映,是渔歌唱晚的恬静,这些特征是湖带给我们的生活体验,也是湖应有的生命品质。而我脚下的艾比湖,正在丧失这些青春,就像一个散失了光鲜的干瘪水果,躺成一汪奄奄一息的物证,那些越来越多从湖底裸露出来的丑陋的盐碱污泥,总是让我联想到一具行将风干的木乃伊,一个湖的木乃伊。 ④青年时期的艾比湖有着1200平方公里的水面;有着几万乃至十几万只野鸭水鸟嬉戏的场面;有着浩浩荡荡芦苇环卫的辽阔水域;有着长河落日大漠孤烟的宁静旷远。这些深深的怀念,使得我对眼前的景象,有着撕心裂肺的悲怆。 ⑤在蛮荒的疆域里安插一个湖,应该是上帝对自己分配不公的一种补偿,她带给我们的是对绝望灵魂的抚慰,是对生存状态的重估,是能枕着入眠的一个梦境。而这个梦,曾经真真实实地存在过,在记忆的回望里,碧波荡漾。 ⑥那是八十年代中期,一直对巴金的《海上日出》心存缱绻,期待感受红日出海的璀璨景象。新疆离海太远,便只好以湖的水域,模仿海的苍茫了。从首府放暑假回来,邀几位同学,骑车六十多里,去艾比湖看日出,以弥补对海的贫瘠和渴望。 ⑦由于道路的崎岖,到湖边时,太阳早已三尺竿头了。虽没赶上看日出,却被眼前一望无际、绵延至深的芦苇荡所震撼,清风拂过,波涛汹涌。一如百万雄兵拥围着这一城的浩淼,湖的浅滩上,密密麻麻布满了野鸭、灰鸭、斑头雁,随便朝水中甩一片卵石,都会惊飞几十只水鸟,空中盘旋两圈,又栖落水中。湖面很宽,即使极目远眺,也看不见对岸的轮廓。水边是一排沙滩,赤脚从上面走过,可以感受到温热潮润的细沙与脚趾间密切接触的惬意。几行浅浅的脚印,一段浪漫的行程。 ⑧二十多年的时间,都无法淡化湖在往事里的色彩,这幅精美的画面早已长在岁月深处,每一次温故,都在重新涂一遍色彩,所以,停靠在回忆中的湖,其实,一直都很鲜艳,多少次在梦里,潮涨潮落,清波涟涟。 ⑨但眼前的残败,总让人恍若隔世,觉得这个每年被大风从湖底卷起无数沙尘和盐尘的,这个每年以几平方公里的速度一点点消失的,这个在干涸湖底随处可见禽鸟尸骨和枯苇干枝的,不是记忆里的那个湖啊!它与往日被我们时常念想的碧水清波毫无瓜葛。 ⑩多么希望艾比湖的枯萎是一次误诊! ?但更多时候,我们不得不面对这样一串的数字。近50年,我国失去的湖泊有243个,
时态专项复习卷 时间: 60分钟满分: 100分 考点一: 一般现在时 一、【动词单数第三人称形式】写出下列动词的单数第三人称形式。(15分) 1. like___________ 2. look________ 3. play__________ 4. read__________ 5. kiss__________ 6. fix__________ 7. watch________ 8. wash__________ 9. teach__________ 10. do________ 11. go__________ 12. fly____________ 13. carry________ 14. say________ 15. have________ 二、【应用】读一读,选择恰当的一项。(9分) () 1. My mother ________ delicious food for us in the kitchen. A. make B. cooks C. to cook () 2. The table ________ three long legs. A. has B. have C. having () 3. The old man________ go for a walk in the evening. A. like B. like to C. likes to () 4. Jenny often ________ to school by bus. A. goes B. go C. going () 5. My sister ________ ten years old. A. does B. is C. are () 6. ________ he play football for fun on Sundays? A. Is B. Do C. Does () 7. The child________ go to the zoo. A. doesn't B. don't C. is () 8. The sun ________ in the east every day. A. rise B. rises C. rising ()9. He________his teeth, ________ his face and then ________ breakfast.
人教版小学英语时态总复习资料 1.一般现在时 (1)句中be动词和动词一般情况下只能有一种而且也必须有一种。如: ThechildrenareveryhappyonChristmasDay. Sheoftendoessomehouseworkattheweekend. (2)一般现在时中的be动词: 一般用原形:amisare am用于第一人称单数(I);is用于第三人称单数(hesheit和其他 人名或称谓,如:Benhissister等);are用于第二人称单数(you)和 所有复数(包括第一人称复数we、第二人称复数you;第三人称复数they和其他复数,如thechildren、hisparents等)。 (3)一般过去时中的动词: 有两种情况: 第一种情况:主语是第三人称单数(hesheit和其他,如Helen、hercousin等),动词后一般加s或es。 第二种情况:主语不是第三人称单数,动词都用原形。 (4)一般现在时判断依据(如何判断一个句子是一般现在时): △be动词是am、is、are △动词用原形或加s、es △没有时间状语或有usually、often、everyday、sometimes等不是具体的时间
(5)有用的的依据: Be动词是is、am←→名词用原形(这里包括可数名词的单数和不可数名词) Be动词是are←→名词加s或es 动词加s或es←→主语是第三人称单数 动词用原形←→主语不是第三人称单数 (6)情态动词: 我们现在学过的情态动词有:can、must、should、would。 情态动词后动词总是用原形。(不受其他任何条件影响)
1. CC 抄送 Literal meaning: Carbon Copy. When used in an e-mail, it means to send a copy of the e-mail to someone else. Hidden meaning: If you are on the CC list, you may simply read the e-mail. You're not always obligated to reply. But if an e-mail sent to you has your boss' e-mail on the CC l ist, watch out. When the boss is involved, you'd better take the e-mail more seriously. 2. FYI 供你参考 Literal meaning: For your information. Hidden meaning: By adding "FYI", the sender indicates that the e-mail contains informatio n that may be valuable to your company or job responsibilities. 3. ASAP / urgent 紧急文件 Literal meaning: As soon as possible. Hidden meaning: When you see "ASAP" or "urgent" in an e-mail or document, you shoul d quickly carry out th e e-mail's orders. 4. RESEND! 重传 Literal meaning: Please resend your reply to me. Hidden meaning: "I haven't received your reply. I don't have much time. Please hurry." Y ou might get such a message from someone who sent you an e-mail, to which you've yet to reply. others: 数字: 2 = to/too 2B or not 2B = To be or not to be 4 = for 4ever = forever A: ASL = Age/Sex/Location AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It
颜色英文缩写大全 缩写方式一: 缩写英文中文 BK Black 黑色 BN Brown 棕色 BU Blue 蓝色 CR Clear 透明 DKGN Dark Green 深绿色 GN Green 绿色 GY Gray 灰色 LT BU Light Blue 浅蓝色 LT GN Light Green 浅绿色
OG Orange 橙色 PK Pink 粉红色 PL Purple 紫色 RD Red 红色 TN Tan 褐色 VI Violet 粉紫色 WT White 白色 YL Yellow 黄色
缩写方式二: 序号英文简写英文中文 1 BGE beige 米色 2 BLU blue 蓝色 3 BLK black 黑色 4 LAV lavender 淡紫色 5 BGY Blue grey 蓝灰色 6 LBL lightblue 浅蓝色 7 VLT violet 紫色 8 SKY skyblue 天蓝色 9 WHI white 白色 10 GRY grey 灰色 11 NAT natural 自然色 12 GRN green 绿色 13 LPK lightpink 浅粉色 14 AQU Aqua 水绿色 15 MAG magenta 洋红色 16 TUR turquoise 青绿色 17 PNK pink 粉色 18 CRP crystal pink 晶粉 19 SKN sky nature 天蓝色 20 PLT purple tulip 紫色
21 OLV olive 橄榄绿 22 HBL hotblue 亮蓝 23 FUS fuchsia 紫红色 24 GLD golden 金色 25 PUR purple 紫色 26 RED red 红色 27 SAL salmon 鲜肉色 28 YLW yellow 黄色
小学英语四种时态总结 1.一般现在时。主要描述经常会发生的动作、状态或不变的真理。句末常出现every day/week/year/Monday , in the morning, 句中常有always, usually, often, sometimes 组成:主语+be+名词(形容词) I am a student. He is tall. 否定句:在be 后加not I am not a student. He is not tall. 疑问句:be 动词提前到第一位。 Are you a student? Is he tall? Yes, I am. / No, I am not.Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. 主语+动词+地点+时间 We go to school on Monday. He goes to the park on Sunday. 否定句:主语+don’t/doesn’t’t+动词原形+地点+时间 We don’t go to school on Monday. He doesn’t’t go to the park on Sunday. 疑问句:在句首加do或does Do you go to school on Monday? Yes, we do./ No, we don’t. Does he go to the park on Sunday? Yes, he does./ No, he doesn’t’t. 动词单三变化:1. 在原单词末尾加s , 如:like –likes
2. 单词以o, sh, ch, s, x 结尾加es, 如:go –goes 3. 单词末尾为辅音+y结尾去y加ies 如:study- studies 2. 现在进行时:主要叙述正在发生的事情。句末常出现now, 句首常出现look, listen 组成:主语+be +动词ing形式 I am reading English. They are swimming. He is playing football. 否定句:在be后加not I am not reading English. They are not swimming. He is not playing football. 疑问句:将be 放到第一位。 Are you reading English? Yes, I am./ No, I am not. Are they swimming? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. Is he playing football? Yes, he i s. / No, he isn’t. 动词变ing形式:1.在动词末尾加ing. 如:play- playing 2. 末尾有e 要去e加ing. 如:ride –riding 3. 末尾以辅音元音辅音结尾双写末尾一个辅音如:swim-swimming 3.一般将来时。主要描述将来要发生的事情。 句末常出现next Monday/week/ year, tomorrow
五年级英语上册练习题Prepared on 21 November 2021
五年级英语上册第三单元练习题Class_______Number_______Name_______ 一、选择题。(25%) ()1.______wouldyoulikeforlunch?A.WhereB.WhatC.Who ()2.Whatwouldyoulike_______lunch?A.toB.forC.have ()3.________________ --I’dlikesometomatoes. A.WhatdoyouhavefordinneronMondays B.WhatdoyouhaveforonMondaysCWhatwouldyoulikefordinner? ()4.Whatwouldlikeforlunch--_________________. A.Ilikemutton. B.I’dlikemutton. C.Ihavemutton. ()5._____doyouhavefordinner?A.What’sB.WhoC.What ()6.Whatdoyouhaveforlunch____Mondays?A.onB.inC.at ()7.WhatdoyouhaveforbreakfastonFridays?--_____ A.IhaveEnglish. B.Ihavecabbage. C.I’dlikecabbage. ()8.--Ihavetofu._______________ --Ihaveonions. A.Whatdayisittoday? B.What’syourfavouritefood? C.Whataboutyo u? ()9.Thefish_____tasty.A.areB.isC.has ()10.Thegrapes______sour.A.isB.areC.\ ()11.What’syourfavourite_______Fish.It’sfresh. ()12.What’syourfavourite_____--Watermelons.Theyaresweet. ()13.What’syourfavourite_______--Eggplant.It’stasty.
英语缩写形式及完全 形式 主格八人称: I you he she it we you they 我是I 你是YOU, he she it他(她/它)全 有, we是我们you你们, they是他们(她们/它 们)要记真. 1.主格八人称和is am are 的缩写 缩写形式完全形式 1) I’m = 2) you’re =
3) she’s = 4) he’s = 5) we’re = 6) they’re = 7) it’s = 2.主格八人称和will的 缩写 缩写形式完全形式 1) I’ll = 2) you’ll = 3) she’ll =
4) he’ll = 5) we’ll = 6) they’ll = 7) it’ll = 8) won’t = 3. is are 和not的缩写 缩写形式完全形式缩写形式完全形式 isn’t = aren’t = 4. 主格八人称和have has的缩写
缩写形式完全形式 1) I’ve got = (我有) 2) you’ve got = (你有) 3) we’ve got = (我们有) 4) they’ve got = (他们有) 5) she’s got = (她有)
6) he’s got = (他有) 7) it’s got = (它有) 8) haven’t = 9) hasn’t = 5. 其它的缩写 what’s = who’s = where’s= where’re =
don’t = doesn’t= can’t = that’s = let’s = my name’s = 5. 过去时态的一些缩 写 wasn’t = weren’t =
散文阅读(二) (五)湖殇 素素 ①不看湖的时候,美人的深眸便是湖。看了湖之后,湖是城市的心。其实,我所居住的市,只有一个人工湖,在儿童公园的一角,湖面上仅能游开几只白鹅形状的船。 ②湖太小,然而我的生活里毕竟有一个叫做湖的地方。 ③去年有了两次开笔会的机会。先到的南京。南京有玄武湖、莫愁湖。然而我到南京最急切要见的不是莫愁,而是玄武,因为它大。玄武湖是可以追溯到三国吴的。历朝历代都极善待这湖,并竭力地放大它。今人又胜过古人,新中国给了湖以新的生命,这是必然的。总之,千年的湖依然年轻。所以乍见玄武湖,我竟舍不得快走,生怕一走就走到底。我开始明白六朝粉黛为什么迷恋南京,因为有玄武湖。我也开始明白在日渐喧闹的城市里面,为什么保留着这一处静谧的所在,因为湖是城市人最后的空间。但是,就在这时,有一种很杂乱的声音送进我的耳里。细一分辨,是儿童乐园的碰碰车。还有一种声音是从那间很别致的公园小屋里传出来的:像野人的嚎叫,像野兽的厮杀,屋外的牌子上赫然写着:当代原始部落掠影海外版录像,票价x元。 ④好在玄武湖大,浩茫的湖水能使那些怪异的声音和灰尘渐渐地被吸收,以至于吞没。我终于找到了一条安静而有意味的小路,一边是千年老树,树冠呈弧形绕过人头,垂进另一边的湖里。我认定了这条浓阴穹起的小路,走过去,再走回来。直到走累了,才坐在树下的长椅上,面向着绰绰约约的湖,呼吸着这里的清宁。突然,背后“砰地一声枪响,我立刻中弹一般跳起,咫
尺之外,竟是一座商业性打靶场。 ⑤玄武湖一下子老了,我的玄武湖之游也到此为止。 ⑥另一次是去泰山开笔会时路经济南,我执意要去大明湖。我没见过大明湖,但我熟悉一支关于大明湖的歌儿,它的鲜荷和丽水,在我心中永远栩栩生动。而且,我知道济南是万泉之城,那一万个泉将使大明湖永远清澈,永不枯竭。所以走进济南,我的心十分安详,玄武湖的那种伤感已是很淡了。 ⑦但是,我在这座以湖命名的公园里未及走进百步,就被与玄武湖十分相似的声浪撞了回来。依旧是碰碰车转转车,微小的巨大的,布满了树下和天空。这儿距海较远,所以新建了大型“迷你鱼宫”、“海底世界”,貌似文化的商人们拥挤进湖里,以一种极粗糙的方式,强迫观湖的人观海。各种声响的高音喇叭此起彼伏,像走进一个农贸市场,没有立足之地,没有一片荫凉。我完全不是第一次来的那份新奇和陌生的心情,倒对一种熟悉的东西滋生出深深的厌恶。我只向那湖面匆匆一瞥,一瞥之间,我便发现湖面落满了灰尘,湖上的天空也涂满了灰尘,包括这座万泉之城,也是灰尘的颜色。 ⑧曾有一个人想“打捞世界的原稿”。他认为我们当今的世界已失去了“原天”“原草木”“原水”,如果这种失去积累得太多,“总有一天要在地球上堆积出无法穿透的黑暗”。我想,当不是一个人而是整个人类都能为此而痛苦时,原来的世界怕已成为废墟了。 ⑨只是,至今仍惦记着玄武湖和大明湖,或许那一点点嘈杂并不影响它们的美丽。 ⑩但湖就是湖。湖应该是这个世界最安静的地方,它存在的意义,就是让所有在逼仄中窒息、在红尘中受难、在旅途中疲累的灵魂,有一个憩所。 1.作者记叙了自己游览玄武湖和大明湖的经历,请你用简洁的词语或短语