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托福难句解析

托福难句解析
托福难句解析

托福基础阅读--难句解析

句子的核心信息:

简单句的五种主干结构:

定语的六种类型:

1.However, the measures taken were less a means of limiting use of automobile and more a way of controlling the effects of an invention whose use increased dramatically in a relative short period of time.

Note:

定语的处理方法:

状语的五种类型:

并列句难点——重复省略()2.Logs were piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected.

Note:

3.Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants, other with feathers that made the baskets’surface as soft as the breasts of birds. Note:

4.Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean Sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation.

Note:

5.In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.

名词性从句

主语从句的识别:

难点:

6.It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals.

Note:

7.It is the current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see.

Note:

8.Scientists found it very clear that the whales are mammals.

Note:

9.We suspected that it was a trick to get our money.

宾语从句的关键词及处理方式:

10.The truth is that the marine mammals have lost their walking capability.

表语从句的处理方式:

11.Mathematicians are motivated by the belief that they may be able to create a pattern that is entirely new.

标注先行词及其同位语

12.The fact that people at various times try to carry out spelling reforms amply illustrates this possibility.

Note:

13.Thousands of tons were extracted before1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains.

Note:

14.How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker.

Note:

15.In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of early ages has been lost.

Note:

16.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done.

Note:

形容词性从句——

修饰对象:

注意事项:

17.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.

Note:

处理步骤:

18.The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available.

Note:

19.One of the reasons Philadelphia’s merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.

Note:

20.As far as the third factor is concerned , the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down , as happened in cosmology , for example

Note:

副词性从句——

特征:连接词

时间when, as, while, as soon as, since , until 条件if, unless

目的so that, in order that 结果so…that, such…that

原因because, since, as, for 方式as, how 地点where, wherever

让步though, although, even if, even though, despite (of) 比较as, than

1. While the discussion was going on, George came in. 表示

2. If I had been less cautious, I might have been more wise. 表示

3. I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet. 表示

4. The food in our school canteen is so bad that flies go there to lose weight. 表示

5. Since he refused to help us, there’s no reason why we should now help him. 表示

6. Though he had very little money, he always managed to dress smartly. 表示

7. She got a pretty score by working really hard. 表示

8. Where I live there are plenty of mosquitoes. 表示

9. The work is not so difficult as you imagine. 表示

21.An incoming thought is “workable”only if it is meaningful and can be associated with something already in the person’s mind.

22.Pigeons can use evaporative cooling to keep body temperature close to 40°C in air temperatures as high as 60°C, as long as they have sufficient water. 23.Committee membership rotates every year, so that new voices and opinions are constantly heard.

24.Denis was particularly expert in the manipulation of draperies and veils so that the moving fabrics seemed like magical extensions of her own body. 25.When a marine mammal moves into warm seas, as many whales do when they reproduce, excess metabolic heat is removed by vasodilation of numerous blood vessels in the outer layer of the skin

26.Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans 27.While the enlightenment believed in a generally positive approach to life and the abandonment of superstition, Romanticism found inspiration in death as an “other kingdom”and in the supernatural.

28.In an era when the United States was shifting from an agricultural to an industrially based economy, artists turned to the vitality of the city for their themes, sometimes documenting the lives of the nation’s urban inhabitants with a literalness that shocked viewers accustomed to the bland generalizations of academic art.

Note:

状语从句的处理步骤:

难句解构之一:复杂修饰

29.The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.

Note:

处理方法:

30.As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.

Note:

31.The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cell without having any effect on those of fungus itself.

Note:

难句解构之二:插入性结构

32.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, but he shows that the slaves’preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.

Note:

处理方法:

33.Electronic music-made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments-may include sounds that in the past would not have been considered musical.

34.Large numbers of elderly, many with chronic disease, become a burden on the health care system and on their families.

35.The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English, is the earliest existing Germanic epic and one of four surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts.

难句解构之三:倒装

36.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. Note:

37.Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwake, and northern gannets.

Note:

38.For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness. Note:

2020年托福阅读长难句100句:后置定语从句.doc

2020 年托福阅读长难句100 句:后置定语从句 我们知道 一个句子的主干 ( 主谓宾 ) 相当于它的骨架,识别了主干相当于抓住 了句子的主要信息 ; 而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分 ( 定状补同等 ) 则相当于句子的血肉,血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、增强甚至不可或缺的作用。 教学中作者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生: The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument thatis convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits underlying assumptions. 本句 since 之前的部分含有标准的 S(The physicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument) 结构,而 since 之后明显应该是原因 状语 ( 从句 ) 的部分,所以句首的 SVO就是整句的主句。下面我们来仔 细分析 since 后面的部分: 第一行末尾的 that 紧跟 an argument 之后,显然做 an argument 的后置定语从句。 that is convincing 是一个完整的主系表结构, only if 则引导了这个定语从句自身的 ( 即小级别 ) 条件状语从句 it is precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构); 接下来我们遇到了 loses ,since 到 loses 之间是两个主系表从句,有各自的系动词,于是 loses 不属于这两个从句,只能与 an argument 对应,这个点也可从单复数上佐证。 loses 与后面的 all its force 形成动宾结构,其中it指代前文的an argument;

toefl长难句(完整资料).doc

【最新整理,下载后即可编辑】 1.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time for giving birth. 2.In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. 3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance. 4.The largest later named pueblo bonito by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1000 or more. 5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of large personal library of musical pieces. (not...so much as...与其说....不如说...) 6.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the word’s rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. 7.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.(要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性,从小的角度思考有帮助) 8.Science is built with facts just as a house built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks ac be called a house.

TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译

TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译 摘要:托福阅读中也会出现一些考验大家的托福阅读难句,遇到这些句子的时候,要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累,觉得用得到的要记下来,以下总结的托福阅读中的几个高难度句,希望对大家有所帮助。 "Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships." 很多同学,看到上面的“we view the people as ends in themselves”和“we perceive people as means to ends”就彻底晕菜了。这个其实是可以理解的,这两句话实际是哲学家Kant(康德)关于道德的哲学思想。我们先来看看康德是怎么说的: Humanity According to Kant, there are different ways to state what our duty is. One of them involves the idea of a law. Another involves the idea of humanity, or human reason. Morality says that you should never treat rational human beings merely as means to your end. Whenever you use someone’s skills or services to your own end, you should always also treat that person as an end in him- or herself. 翻译:康德认为,有不同的方式来陈述我们的职责。其中一个是涉及法律。另外一个是涉及人性和人道。道德论认为,你永远不应该把一个理性的人只是作为你达到你的目的中间手段。当你用其他的服务和技能作为你达到你的目的是,你应该尊重他们作为个体而不是你的手段而已。 分析:这里的mean实际上是一个途径,一个中间过程。如果我们把他人视为达成某种目标的中间途径,那就不是道德的。end在这里是终点,自身的结果。只有把他人视为end才是尊重别人才是道德的。 其实这个道理很简单。就是我们常说的:不已结婚为目的谈恋爱都是耍流氓。你不已结婚为目的,就是把女孩当成means了,所以很不道德。你如果是以结婚为目的话,就是当成ends了。

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析 译文)

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托福阅读难句专业翻译一

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新托福长难句精析-抓五大基本句型

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托福语法长难句

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托福阅读长难句解决方法解析.doc

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析 托福阅读长难句解决方法 首先:长句子。 A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need. 对于这样一个句子,大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need,establish是及物动词,后面却加了介词in,说明此处有倒装,还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长,为了防止头重脚轻。 在原句中,是有人名是并列的不知道大家有没有发现,也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。其中还有一部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语,还一个部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。 综上所述,本句运用了多种语法结构(并列,倒装,同位语,后置定语,插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎,如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法,那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。 以上这个句子我们就可以这样翻译:几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者,尤其是有抱负的艺术家们,并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。 其次:长文章 新托福阅读的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上,而这么长的文章主要就是由简单句和一些复杂的长难句组成,除了句子理解外,为了更好的解题考生还应该了解文章段落和文章结构。面对比较长的段落和文章,要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息,做对题目,那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。

2019年托福阅读长难句100句:大量物种灭绝

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