2010-2013华杰MBA联考历年真题

华杰陆续在全国设有30多家分校，招生规模与升学率均名列全国首位，是考生公认的最有影响力的管理类硕士考前辅导班与中国MBA、MPA、MPAcc考前培训第一品牌!

秉承“以学员为中心，全面提高分数与升学率为目标”的理念，华杰全国独家推出“全程国内最强师资＋全方位个性化跟踪服务＋专业化教务管理＋精准信息专业咨询”的备考、报考、面试、调剂等一条龙整体解决方略。多年来，全国联考状元及综合能力、英语单科最高分均出自华杰；数十所院校多年来联考最高分、面试最高分均出自华杰。

只有最好的老师才能在最短的时间内提高您的分数，所以华杰的权威老师绝大部分都是独家授课（包括命题组长与阅卷组长），师资实力与成本是同类机构的5--20倍。教育部考试大纲统编教材独家编写者为华杰，市面上90%的联考参考书也是华杰名师编写。中央电视台、新浪网、搜狐网、南方都市报、特区报、商报、深圳电视台等知名媒体都对华杰做过相关报道。

华杰本部的学员人数从最初的每年30人增长到现在的每年2120余人，9年间增长了70余倍。华杰学员人数比本地其它班人数总和的2倍还多；目前，华杰培训占有本地前端市场80％以上的份额，占在本地招生各MBA院校生源的75％以上，历年的华杰学员人数总计约有20000多人，遍布各行各业。全国其它运营中心也取得辉煌的成绩，比如上年度北大联考状元及76%的高分考生出自华杰；广州6所重点院校华杰学员的升学率高达96.3%；深圳、广州、北京华杰是当地唯一全程名师授课，唯一有答疑、研发、服务体系的辅导班，也是本地唯一学员人数还在增长的辅导班。上海交大、复旦、同济等名校华杰学员的通过率在95%以上，上财近40%的考生来自华杰……

因为华杰培训超强的师资、极高的升学率与良好的服务，无论在高校还是学员中都具有超强的影响力：华杰85%以上的学生为老学员介绍而来，华杰也是众多院校指定考前辅导机构；更重要的是我们拥有绝大多数培训机构根本不可能拥有的人脉网络与相应关系，与招生及调剂的几十所院校有着良好的合作关系在更大的平台中为广大考生服务。

华杰备考标准化丛书编委会

华杰中央研发部荣誉推出

指导：曹其军王式安

主编：张凯

编委：

◆王若平查国生顾越茹慧等

◆袁进刘智朱伟张仁等

◆史先进赵鑫全熊仁杜海张也等

法律声明：

华杰所有讲义、书籍、资料的相关版权及衍生权利归华杰教育所有。非经书面许可，任何组织、个人请勿以任何形式对上述材料的任何内容进行使用，侵权必究。

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2013年1月全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考

英语真题

Section I Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)

Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.

For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon"revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?

Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the

8 form of payment.

Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" —it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.

Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information

15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts.The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of

electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.

1.[A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise

2.[A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around

3.[A] power [B] concept [C]history [D] role

4.[A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse

5.[A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady

6.[A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on

7.[A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive

8.[A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant

9.[A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print

10.[A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D]pass down

11.[A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when

12.[A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn

13.[A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though

14.[A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease

15.[A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D]displayed

16.[A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C]uncommon [D] unclear

17.[A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return

18.[A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification

19.[A] cope with [B] fight against [C]adapt to [D] call for

20.[A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET . (40 points)

Text 1

In an essay, entitled ―Making It in America,‖ in the lat est issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, ―a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.‖

Davidson‘s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.

In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won‘t earn you what it used to. It can‘t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Average is over.

Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. As they say, if horses could have voted, there never would have been cars. But there‘s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, ―In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S. factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total —disappeared.‖

There will always be change — new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require

workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.

In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to buttress employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.

21.The joke in Paragraph 1is used to illustrate____.

A. The impact of technological advances

B.the alleviation of job pressure

C.the shrinkage of textile mills

D.the decline of middle- class incomes

22.According to paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to____.

A.adopt an average lifestyle

B.Work on cheap software

C.Contribute something unique

D.Ask for a moderate salary

23.The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that____.

A.gains of technology have been erased

B.Job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed

C.Factories are making less money than before

D.New jobs and services have been offered

24.According to the author, to reduce unemployment the most important is ____.

A.to accelerate the I.T. Revolution

B.to ensure more education for people

C.to advance economic globalization

D.to pass more bills in the 21st century

25.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

A.Technology Goes Cheap B、New Law takes effect

C、Recession is bad

D、Average is over.

Text 2

A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio," birds of passage.

Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens fit for deportation. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it.

Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and particle physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.

With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the

middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.

26."Birds of passage"refers to those who____

[A]find permanent jobs overseas

[B]leave their home countries for good

[C]immigrate across the Atlantic

[D]stay in a foreign country temporarily

27.It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US____.

[A]needs new immigrant categories

[B]has loosened control over immigrants

[C]should be adapted to meet challenges

[D]has been fixed via political means

28.According to the author,today's birds of passage want____.

[A]financial incentives

[B]a global recognition

[C]opportunities to get regular jobs

[D]the freedom to stay and leave

29.The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated____.

[A]as faithful partners

[B]with legal tolerance

[C]with economic favors

[D]as mighty rivals

30.The most appropriate title for this text would be____.

[A]Come and Go:Big Mistake

[B]Living and Thriving:Great Risk

[C]Legal or Illegal:Big Mistake

[D]With or Without:Great Risk

Text 3

Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid, even subliminal stimuli aren‘t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Sanford DeV oe and Chen-Bo Zhong, psychologists at the University of Toronto, found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses i nto whatever else we‘re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, as a study by the economists Bradley Ruffle and Ze‘ev Shtudiner shows, we can help screeners understand their biases — or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage guru made famous in Malcolm Gladwell‘s best-selling book ―Blink,‖ explains that we quickly ―thin slice‖ information reliably only af ter we ground such snap reactions in ―thick sliced‖ long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: primates and dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.

31.The time needed in making decisions may _______.

[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation

[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction

[C] depend on the importance of the assessment

[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions______.

[A] can be associative

[B] are not unconscious

[C] can be dangerous

[D] are not impulsive

33.To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions ,we should_______.

[A] trust our first impression

[B] do as people usually do

[C] think before we act

[D] ask for expert advice

34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on _______.

[A] critical assessment

[B] ―thin sliced‖study

[C] sensible explanation

[D] adequate information

35. The author‘s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is______.

[A] tolerant

[B] uncertain

[C] optimistic

[D] doubtful

Text 4

Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe‘s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.

The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year,

Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.

Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?

―Personally, I don‘t like quotas,‖ Reding said recently. ―But I like what the quotas do.‖ Quotas get action: they ―open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,‖ according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.

I understand Reding‘s reluctance—and her frustration. I don‘t like quotas ei ther; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.

After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much ―soft pressure ‖ is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.

If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children‘s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.

36.In the European corporate workplace, generally ____.

[A]women take the lead

[B]men have the final say

[C]corporate governance is overwhelmed

[D]senior management is family-friendly

37.The European Union's intended legislation is____.

[A]a reflection of gender balance

[B]a reluctant choice

[C]a response to Reding‘s call

[D]a voluntary action

38.According to Reding,quotas may help woman____.

[A]get top business positions

[B]see through the glass ceiling

[C]balance work and family

[D]anticipate legal results

39.The author's attitude toward Reding's appeal is one of ____.

[A]skepticism

[B]objectiveness

[C]indifference

[D]approval

40.Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of _____.

[A]more social justice

[B]massive media attention

[C]suitable public policies

[D]great"soft pressure"

Part B

Directions：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45). There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET . （10 points）

[A] Live like a peasant

[B] Balance your diet

[C] Shopkeepers are your friends

[D] Remember to treat yourself

[E] Stick to what you need

[F] Planning is everything

[G] Waste not, want not

The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London's best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. ―The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing.‖Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can —―there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food‖—but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.

41._____________________

Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.

42_____________________

This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them,there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.

43_____________________

You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer —that's not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.

44_____________________

Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any

knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, t hey‘ll let you have for free.

45_____________________

You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant －￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21 －more than" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95 there －or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.

Section lll Translation

46．Directions：Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET . (15 points)

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I‘ve been able to do this since I was four.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does—try to put it to one side. I don‘t think it‘s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn‘t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

Section IV Writing

Part A

47.Directions

Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help.Write your classmates an email to

1)inform them about the details and

2)encourage them to participate.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSER SHEET .

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, us e ―Li Ming‖ instead .

Part B

48．Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should

1) interpret the chart, and

2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)

2012年1月全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考

英语真题

Section I Use of English

Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that‘s not how it used to be. To the men and women who （1）in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI. was the（2）man grown into hero, the pool farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who（3）all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the（4）of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, （5）an average guy, up（6）the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.

His name is not much. GI. is just a military abbreviation（7）Government Issue, and it was on all of the article （8）to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never（9）it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has（10）had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.

GI. Joe had a（11）career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a （12）of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle（13）portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the（14）side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow -and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were （15）or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports（16）the ―W illie‖ cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men（17）the dirt and exhaustion of war, the（18）of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.（19）Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, （20）the most important person in their lives.

1. [A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed

2. [A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal

3. [A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded

4. [A]necessities [B]facilities [C]commodities [D]properties

5. [A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence

6. [A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against

7. [A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming

8. [A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down

9. [A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed

10. [A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither

11. [A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished

12. [A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony

13. [A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned

14. [A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human

15. [A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained

16. [A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted

17. [A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired

18. [A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advances

19. [A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond

20. [A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that point

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student‘s academic grade.

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.

District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do

well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Y et rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.

At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its studen ts‘ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.

The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L. A. Unified to do homework right.

21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.

[A] is receiving more criticism

[B] is no longer an educational ritual

[C] is not required for advanced courses

[D] is gaining more preferences

22. L. A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.

[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education

[B] have asked for a different educational standard

[C] may have problems finishing their homework

[D] have voiced their complaints about homework

23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may____.

[A] discourage students from doing homework

[B] result in students' indifference to their report cards

[C] undermine the authority of state tests

[D] restrict teachers' power in education

24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether___.

[A] it should be eliminated [B] it counts much in schooling

[C] it places extra burdens on teachers [D] it is important for grades

25. A suitable title for this text could be______.

[A] wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy

[B] a Welcomed Policy for Poor Students

[C] thorny Questions about Homework

[D] a Faulty Approach to Homework

Text 2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our you ng girls‘ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls‘ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls‘ lives and interests.

Girls‘ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in t heir DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, sinc e the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What‘s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children‘s marketing str ategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.

I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children‘s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.

Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a ―third stepping stone‖ between infant wear and older kids‘ clothes. I t was only after ―toddler‖ became a common shoppers‘ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences —or invent them where they did not previously exist.

26. By saying "it is… the rainbow" (Line 2, Para. 1), the author means pink______.

[A] should not be the sole representation of girlhood

[B] should not be associated with girls' innocence

[C] cannot explain girls' lack of imagination

[D] cannot influence girls' lives and interests

27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？

[A] Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.

[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.

[C] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolizing genders.

[D] White is preferred by babies.

28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much

influenced by_____.

[A] the marketing of products for children [B] the observation of children's nature

[C] researches into children's behavior [D] studies of childhood consumption

29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.

[A] focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes

[B] attach equal importance to different genders

[C] classify consumers into smaller groups

[D] create some common shoppers' terms

30. It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.

[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency

[B] fully understood by clothing manufacturers

[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen

[D] well interpreted by psychological experts

Text 3

In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades—by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a ―preliminary step‖ in a longer battle.

On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.

But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule ―is no less a product of nature… than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.‖