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Results of numerical simulations of growler impact tests

R.E.Gagnon

Institute for Ocean Technology National Research Council of Canada St.John's,NL,Canada,A1B 3T5

Received 23November 2006;accepted 30March 2007

Abstract

Numerical simulations of a collision between free-floating growlers (1068kg glacial ice mass)and a heavy apparatus (i.e.impact plate),similar to a ship bow,have been conducted using LS-Dyna ?software,which incorporates a full Navier –Stokes solver for the fluid component.The results compared favorably with actual data acquired during tests in IOT's Ice Tank using real growlers.The simulations were run on a Beowulf cluster consisting of 15high-performance CPU's.The modeled volume,including the impactor,water and growler,was meshed using Ansys ?software and contained approximately one million elements.A prior set of non-impact simulations of a model tanker transiting in proximity to model bergy bits showed that at least this number of elements was required.In the results presented here the impactor was traveling at 2m/s.A hard crushable foam material model was used for the growler in order to model previously observed ice behavior where the ice contact interface consists of a relatively intact hard zone of ice surrounded by softer pulverized ice.The simulation produced reasonable values for the load,pressure and impact duration values obtained in the actual growler experiments.Nominal pressure did not show a dependence on nominal contact area.It was notable that the same relatively simple hard crushable foam model used for the growler material properties was also successful in yielding reasonable results for simulations of full-scale impacts of a ship with bergy bits [Gagnon,R.E.and Derradji-Aouat,A.,2006.First Results of Numerical Simulations of Bergy Bit Collisions with the CCGS Terry Fox Icebreaker.Proceedings of IAHR 2006,Sapporo,Japan.]?2007Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.

Keywords:Numerical simulation;Growler impacts

1.Introduction

Glacial ice masses pose serious hazards for ships operating off the east coast of Canada,where there is particular concern for oil tankers transiting from current and planned offshore facilities,since the environmental impact of an accident would be significant.In rough weather conditions bergy bits (house-sized masses)pose the biggest hazard because they are difficult to detect.The Institute for Ocean Technology (IOT)has been

studying various aspects of the problem for several years,with the overall objective of creating a validated numerical model of ship/bergy bit collisions.The work has involved extensive physical model testing of a tanker transiting in proximity to bergy bits in IOT's Tow Tank (Gagnon,2004a ),impact experiments in IOT's Ice Tank using real growlers (Gagnon,2004b )and strength and crushing experiments on iceberg ice and lab-grown ice (e.g.Jones et al.,2003;Gagnon,2004c ).A field study involving bergy bit impacts with an instrumented ship was also conducted (Gagnon et al.,2002).In parallel with the experimental aspects of the project

the

Cold Regions Science and Technology 49(2007)206–

214

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a5775117.html,/locate/coldregions

E-mail address:robert.gagnon@nrc.ca .

numerical simulation work has been progressing.The data acquired in the Tow Tank proximity tests,growler impact tests and the field study are invaluable assets for the validation of the numerical model.Recently the first simulation results were obtained for the growler impact experiments.Growlers are typically car-sized glacial ice masses.

2.Description of prior growler impact tests and pressure panel

As mentioned above a study of growler impacts was previously undertaken in IOT's Ice Tank facility.Fig.1shows the impactor suspended from the towing carriage and partially submerged in the Ice Tank.Fig.2shows a floating growler just prior to a test with positioning lines attached.Fig.3shows the impactor colliding with a growler during one of the tests.

The impactor incorporated a novel optical –mechan-ical pressure panel.The working concept of the pressure panel is shown in Fig.4(Gagnon,2004b ).The panel consisted of a thick slab of rigid transparent material,acrylic sheet (38cm×38cm ×3.8cm),as shown in the upper portion of the figure.The top sensing face of the panel was covered by a sheet of fairly thin stainless steel (1mm in thickness).The steel sheet was supported by parallel strips of relatively incompressible tape (3mm width,～0.25mm thick).Between these strips of tape were other slightly thinner strips of white tape (10mm width,～0.15mm thick).When a concentrated load or pressure is applied to the top metal sheet it forces it to flex downward in the areas between the strips of thicker tape.This causes the white tape to flex downward,

eventually making contact with the acrylic.Due to the spacing and width of the support strips a unit sensing area is effectively 13mm ×13mm.The degree of contact with the acrylic is proportional to the applied load.

The amount of contact occurring when the white tape touches the acrylic is viewed from the opposite side of the acrylic slab employing the phenomenon of frustrated internal reflection.In the unloaded state,light from lamps illuminating the backside of the acrylic normally is partially internally reflected off the inside top

surface

Fig.2.A floating growler just prior to a test.The light ropes (right and left)attached to eye hooks on top of the growler are part of a manually-operated positioning system to orient and position the growler in the Ice Tank just prior to each test to insure a central hit on the impact plate of the impactor.The small dark structure on the top center of the growler is a visual aid for the positioning process.The structure below the growler is an underwater video

camera.

Fig.1.Partially submerged impactor hung from the towing carriage of IOT's Ice Tank facility.The impact plate is visible at the right.The pressure panel is centrally located on the impact

plate.

Fig.3.Side view of the impactor colliding with a growler during a test.The towing carriage (top structure)and impactor (hung underneath the carriage and partially submerged)are traveling from right to left.

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R.E.Gagnon /Cold Regions Science and Technology 49(2007)206–214

of the acrylic and also off the surface of the white tape.However,wherever the tape makes contact with the acrylic slab the internal reflection becomes frustrated and also much less light is reflected off the surface of the tape.Hence,areas where contact occurs appear darker than the non-contact areas and one can then see exactly the contact regions.The amount of contact during an ice impact,and its variation with load,is recorded visually using a high-speed video camera.

Fig.5shows an image from the pressure-sensing panel at around the time of peak load during a growler impact test.In the image,the overall extent of the dark spots indicate ice contact regions where the pressure exceeds 4MPa,that is,the minimum pressure that the panel can register due to its design.The width of the dark spots between the vertical strips is an indication of pressure.The total ice contact area is greater than that indicated in the image since there are peripheral regions of contact where the pressure is less than 4MPa.The average width for the dark spots indicates a pressure of about 10MPa.The contact pressure for the lower-pressure peripheral ice contact surrounding the higher pressure central contact zone,is between 0–4MPa.We may say this is roughly 2MPa on average.As men-tioned above,this lower pressure contact area is not seen directly in the image due to the sensor design,however the load records confirm its presence.The load value measured by the impactor's load cells for the test in Fig.5is 30kN whereas the load as calculated from the pressure and visible contact area on the pressure panel in the image is around 8kN.Hence,a significant portion of ice contact and loading is in the low pressure regime (0–4MPa)and does not directly register on the sensor.A

similar ratio (～0.3)of high pressure load compared to low pressure load was also observed in other growler impact tests.In an application of the pressure panel technology involving full-scale impacts of a ship with bergy bits it was observed that in certain lighting con-ditions the lower pressure contact regions did manifest themselves as a lightening of the parallel support strips as they were pressed against the panel (Gagnon et al.,2002;Gagnon,in press

Fig.5.An image from the high-speed video record of a portion of the pressure panel for one of the tests conducted with the same parameters as the simulation shown in Fig.10,below.The image was acquired at the approximate time of peak load.Because of the camera setup the images are compressed by about 50%in the vertical direction.The dark spots between the vertical strips in the upper right half of the image correspond to tape contact with the acrylic slab,as in Fig.4,due to ice contact on the opposite face of the stainless-steel sheet where the pressure is N 4

MPa.

Fig.4.Schematic illustrating the operating principle of the pressure panel.Thicknesses of the steel sheet and tape are exaggerated for presentation purposes (Gagnon,2004b ).

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3.Hardware and software

The simulations were run on a Unix based Scyld ?Beowulf Cluster presently consisting of 45CPU's (AMD Opteron ?Processor 246).The software used was LS-Dyna ?,that incorporates a full 3D Navier –Stokes solver,a number of contact algorithms and a large suite of material types that can be chosen for the interacting structures.Ansys ?was used for the modeling and generation of meshes for the study.It was found that the simulations ran faster as more CPU's were used but that the speed gain with increase in CPU's also tended to level off so that 12–15CPU's was deemed optimum.

4.Simulation setup and results

Fig.6shows the modeled region of the water and air including the impactor and brick-shaped growler.The length-width-depth dimensions of the air/water region were 8m ×4.5m ×1.65m,where the top 0.3m was air.The choices of dimensions for the modeled region and mesh element sizes were determined prior to the colli-sion simulations in a separate set of simulations of a model-scale tanker transiting in proximity to a model-scale bergy bit,where the results were compared to actual data from physical model tests conducted in IOT's Tow Tank (Gagnon,2004a ).The maximum bergy bit sway due to the hydrodynamic interaction with the tanker was used as the index to compare the results.The shape of the numerically modeled region of the Tow

Tank with tanker and spherical bergy bit was similar to that in Fig.6except that the vessel was a tanker rather than the impactor and the bergy bit was spherical rather than brick shaped.The simulations were run at the same scale as the physical model tests (1:41),hence the intention was not to simulate full-scale results but rather to test the capability of the software to generate accurate results at the same scale as the physical model tests.The water,bergy bit and air were meshed using brick elements and the tanker using shell elements.The pur-pose of these prior simulations was two-fold,first to see what size mesh elements and meshed volume would be necessary for convergent results,and secondly to see how accurate the simulations were.To keep the meshed volume within a tractable size only half of the tanker (the front half)was meshed.Fig.7shows an image from a proximity simulation.It was determined after several simulations using three different densities of mesh (250,000,1,000,000and 2,000,000elements)that the results reached convergence when at least 1,000,000elements were used.Furthermore the agreement be-tween the physical model bergy bit sway results and that of the numerical sway values was quite good.Fig.8shows results for one scenario.The chart shows the convergence of the results for 1million and 2million elements and also the comparison of the sway values from the physical and simulated data sets (Gagnon and Derradji-Aouat,2006).

The results were encouraging so simulations of full-scale impacts between a bergy bit and the CCGS Terry Fox icebreaker were performed and also simulations of the growler impacts.The initial results of the full-scale ship/bergy bit impact simulations were good (Gagnon and Derradji-Aouat,2006).The present paper reports the first results from the growler impact tests.

Fig.6shows the meshed model for the growler impact simulations.The meshed impactor has

the

Fig.6.Meshed region for the impactor/growler collision simulations.The bottom layer is water and the thinner top layer is air.The growler occupies space in both water and air volumes in proportions appropriate for its density (900kg/m 3).The impactor occupies air and water space and also extends partly out of the top of the meshed area,however the extension does not affect the simulation

results.

Fig.7.Image from a proximity simulation.The model-sized tanker (brown),moving from left to right,was initially at a lateral separation of 2.58m from the bergy bit (gray above-water portion).The tanker speed was 1.24m/s.The bergy bit surges and sways in response to the tanker's bow wave.(Gagnon and Derradji-Aouat,2006).

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essential features of the actual impactor (Fig.1).The growler is brick-shaped with rounded edges,with dimensions 1.73m ×0.88m ×0.98m,and mass of 1068kg.The growler has been rotated about its long axis by 45°in the simulation in order to present a corner to the impactor during the simulation since impacts occurred on the corners of the actual growlers during the Ice Tank Growler tests.The rotated growler orientation is set at the start of the simulation.In response to this hydrostatically unstable orientation,the growler rotates slowly during the simulation towards the non-rotated stable orientation,but has only partially rotated by the time the impact occurs,thus still presenting a corner to the impact plate.It is assumed that due to the orientation and slow rate of the rotation that it has little,if any,effect on the collision with the relatively fast-moving im-pactor.The simulations presently take about 68h to run,corresponding to 1.93s of real time.

To insure that the water and the objects in it behaved correctly during simulations gravity must be applied to the mesh elements.This was done by applying an acceleration equivalent to the acceleration due to gravity to all elements in the meshed model.This results in the proper hydrostatic pressure gradient developing in the water early in the simulation.This creates the proper buoyant forces on floating objects and enables the formation of waves on the free surface of the water.In LS-Dyna two objects,and materials,can overlap each other within some volume of the mesh and intro-duce errors in the simulation.Hence it is necessary to ensure that when the growler model and the impactor model are inserted in the LS-Dyna k-file that the water is removed from the volume that is to be occupied by each object.This is easily done for shell objects,such as the

impactor,within LS-Dyna by utilizing the command “initial-volume-fraction ”.For non-shell objects only standard shapes such as spheres,cylinders,bricks,etc.can be easily emptied of water before an object is in-serted.In the case of the growler mesh model used here the shape is a brick with rounded edges.Hence,a standard brick shape with squared edges of water was removed to accommodate the growler.This initially left gaps in the regions where the growler had rounded edges,and due to its rotated orientation about its long axis mentioned above,but these gaps filled in with water fairly quickly at the beginning of the simulation.

LS-Dyna contains a large suite of material types that can be applied to objects within the simulation.For the present simulation the impactor was treated as a rigid body.Similar results would have been obtained if the impactor shell elements were given elastic

properties

Fig.9.Curve defining the stress and volumetric strain material property behavior assigned to the growler (Gagnon and Derradji-Aouat,2006

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a5775117.html,parison of actual and simulated data from tanker/bergy bit proximity tests.(Gagnon and Derradji-Aouat,2006).

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similar to steel,however the simulation runs faster with the impactor as a rigid body.In the case of the growler,an appropriate material model must be chosen.The

appropriateness depends on one having a realistic conception for the actual behavior of ice during crushing and impact.Through several studies it has consistently been shown that during impacts and crushing the region of contact in ice consists of a relatively small intact high-pressure zone that is surrounded by a low-pressure zone of pulverized ice.During indentation the indentor appears to penetrate the ice by seemingly maintaining contact with the hard zone and soft zone as would be the case if one were to penetrate the ice by melting it.Indeed several studies have shown that melting plays a significant role in removing ice from the high-pressure zones during impact and indentation (Gagnon,1999).The layer of melt is very thin and therefore impractical to include in a meshed simulation but there is a means of obtaining essentially the same behavior by using a hard “crushable foam ”material type from LS-Dyna's suite of material types.

The behavior of the crushable foam material is governed by a material behavior curve that the user has to supply.The curve used here is described by a certain shape on a stress –strain chart (Fig.9).Hence,when the growler is impacted by the impactor,all the brick elements behave according to this model.While the choice of a hard crushable foam model was made based on knowledge of ice behavior from various ice crushing and indentation studies (Gagnon,1999),some para-meters for the model still had to be determined.The slope of the curve at the right in Fig.9,the magnitude of the flat section at the left and the point where the slope begins,were initially determined through trial and error in a prior study where comparisons of results from simulations of full-scale ship/bergy bit impacts (Gagnon and Derradji-Aouat,2006)with the actual field data were made.The curve shown in Fig.9indicates that when the pressure attains 0.1MPa the impacted elements are capable of exhibiting constant non-recoverable deformation up to a fractional volumetric strain of 0.065,after which pressure will rise at a steep fixed rate with further deformation.The slope of the deformation-stress curve in this region (4.7GPa)is about half the elastic modulus used for the ice (9

GPa).

Fig.10.Images from a growler impact simulation.Respective image time stamps from top to bottom are 0.0s,0.31s,0.62s,0.94s,1.25s,1.57s and 1.88s,where the peak impact load occurs at 1.56s.The impactor was traveling at 2m/s.The growler mass was 1068kg.The yellow,green,black and red colors correspond to regions where the water surface height exceeds the height of the meshed volume,however this does not affect results.The collision occurs at approximately the time of the second last image causing the lateral rotation of the growler that is evident in the last image.The wave/wake patterns are reminiscent of those seen in actual tests (Fig.3).

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The deformation is mostly non-recoverable when load is removed,hence the designation ‘crushable foam ’.The other aspect of the material properties chosen for the ice is a low or zero value of Poisson's ratio.Simulations run with Poisson's ratio set at 0.003and 0.000yielded essentially the same results.The curve (Fig.9)ensures that a relatively small region in the center of contact experiences high pressure (a hard zone)and the surrounding contact material exerts a somewhat lower pressure (soft zone).In the discussion and figures below the existence of high and low pressure ice contact zones,an established fact from various experimental studies (e.g.Gagnon,1999;Gagnon,in press ),seems to be well represented in the simulations.Whether this is a for-tunate artifact of the choice of element size or a property that will persist even when smaller elements are used for simulations is an important issue.This will be inves-tigated in future work.

In addition to the simulation reported here another simulation was run with a significantly higher degree of curvature of the corner of the growler than that shown in Fig.6to check whether this can influence the results.The resulting peak load value and magnitudes of pres-sure in the central contact zone and peripheral

contact

Fig.11.Load (top)and pressure (bottom)data for the simulation shown in Fig.10.The bottom chart shows pressure for three mesh elements in the impact zone,the highest corresponding to the central element and the two others corresponding to adjacent peripheral elements.Due to differing degrees of compaction,and associated rebound after the impact,some adjacent elements try to rebound more than others.They are constrained by neighboring elements with less rebound thereby exhibiting a positive pressure after the impact (e.g.the two elements with higher pressure on the bottom chart)while their stretched lower-rebound neighbors exhibit residual ‘negative ’pressure (e.g.the lower pressure element on the chart).

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zone approximated the former results.This issue will also be studied further in future work.

The particular growler impact simulation reported here corresponds to the impactor traveling at2m/s with its impact plate starting at a distance of about3m back from the growler to allow some time for waves to develop.This also gave sufficient time for the water to fill in completely around the growler,as discussed above.Fig.10shows a sequence of images from the simulation.For this simulation the impactor movement was confined to a straight line.At various times throughout the simulation water movement resulting from waves and splashing extends out of the meshed region(red,green,black and yellow areas)and in some cases water re-enters the meshed volume under the influence of gravity.The non-reflective boundary conditions,however,facilitates this necessary behavior of the water without compromising the simulation results.

We can compare the Ice Tank growler impact results for an impact with the same test parameters as the simulation.Fig.11(top)shows the load record for the simulated impact.A single peak is shown that reaches a maximum load of around48kN.The half-width duration of the peak is about0.035s.These results compare reasonably well with the growler impact expe-riments,where the average peak load and impact duration for the three tests conducted with the same

parameters were around47kN and0.02s respectively (Gagnon,2004b).

Fig.12shows the impacted corner of the growler from the simulation,and the pressure distribution within the region.Fig.13shows a sectional view of the deformation at the impacted corner of the growler that is reminiscent of actual ice behavior during impacts where the flattening appears as if done by melting,leaving hard zones fairly intact.In Figs.12and13we can see a small region in the center of the impacted zone where

the Fig.12.Pressure distribution on the impacted corner of the growler at

time of peak load.The average length of the four sides bounding the

exposed surface of the element showing the highest pressure is

4.69

cm.

Fig.13.Section showing flattening at the impacted corner of the

growler at time of peak load(bottom)and associated pressure.The top

image shows the undeformed corner just prior to

impact.

Fig.14.Nominal pressure versus nominal contact area for the

simulation shown in Fig.10.The first few points at the left on the chart

are not considered reliable since the contact areas are less than,or only

marginally encompass,one or two mesh elements.

213 R.E.Gagnon/Cold Regions Science and Technology49(2007)206–214

pressure is high(8MPa,Fig.11(bottom))surrounded by a larger region where the pressure is relatively low (～2MPa).This can be compared with the pressure measurements from the pressure panel.The pressure panel image in Fig.5corresponds to a test with the same parameters as the simulation.As explained above the image in Fig.5,and the load data,indicates a pressure of about10MPa in the central region of contact,and an approximate average pressure of2MPa for the peripheral contact region(not visible in the image). This is in reasonable agreement with the simulation result.

Using the load data and corresponding nominal contact area data for the simulation shown in Fig.10,a plot of nominal pressure versus nominal contact area was generated(Fig.14).The first few points at the left on the chart are probably suspect since the contact areas are less than,or only marginally encompass,one or two mesh elements.However the rest of the points are more reliable and they indicate a fairly stable nominal pressure of around0.9MPa with little,if any,depen-dency on nominal contact area.This contrasts with the well-known and frequently debated decreasing trend of nominal pressure with increasing nominal contact area reported by Sanderson(1988).This observation will be studied in greater depth in future work.

It is significant that numerical simulations of full-scale collisions of an instrumented icebreaker(CCGS Terry Fox)with bergy bits,using the same ice behavior material properties as above and similar numbers of mesh elements,successfully yielded reasonable values for total load and pressure when compared with the instrument measurements(Gagnon and Derradji-Aouat, 2006).

5.Conclusions

The first numerical simulations of a heavy impactor colliding with growlers in IOT's Ice Tank have yielded reasonable results.The ice material behavior incorpo-rated into the simulations provided an analog for ob-served ice behavior in lab and field experiments.The simulation results approximate the peak load,impact duration and pressure distribution.The results do not support a dependence of nominal pressure on nominal contact area.The success of these numerical simula-tions,along with the reasonable results obtained from previous simulations of full-scale ship collisions with bergy bits(Gagnon and Derradji-Aouat,2006),demon-strates the potential for applying this method to a variety of ice/structure interaction scenarios in the ocean environment.

Future objectives of the bergy bit impact study are the incorporation of spalling behavior,that leads to the frequently observed sawtooth load pattern in ice crushing and indention tests,into the ice model and eventually the incorporation of ship damage into the bergy bit/ship simulations.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the Program of Energy Research and Development(PERD)and IOT for their financial support of this research.The author is also grateful to Dr.Ahmed Derradji-Aouat for assistance in learning how to use LS-Dyna and ANSYS.

References

Gagnon,R.E.,1999.Consistent observations of ice crushing in laboratory tests and field experiments covering three orders of magnitude in scale.Proceedings of the15th International Confer-ence on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions,1999, POAC-99,vol.2.Helsinki,Finland,pp.858–869.

Gagnon,R.,2004a.Physical model experiments to assess the hydrodynamic interaction between floating glacial ice masses and a transiting tanker.Journal of OMAE126(4),297–309 (November2004).

Gagnon,R.,2004b.Analysis of laboratory growler impact tests.Cold Regions Science and Technology39,1–17.

Gagnon,R.,2004c.Side-viewing high-speed video observations of ice crushing.Proceedings of IAHR2004,vol. 2.St.Petersburg, Russia,pp.289–298.

Gagnon,R.E.,in press.Analysis of data from bergy bit impacts using a novel hull-mounted impact panel.Cold Regions Science and Technology.

Gagnon,R.E.,Derradji-Aouat,A.,2006.First results of numerical simulations of bergy bit collisions with the CCGS Terry Fox Icebreaker.Proceedings of IAHR2006,Sapporo,Japan. Gagnon,R.,Cumming, D.,Ritch,R.,Browne,R.,Ralph, F., McKenna,R.,Johnston,M.,Frederking,R.,Timco,G.,2002.

Bergy Bit Impact Field Study.IOT Report TR-2002–10.(June 2002).

Jones,S.J.,Gagnon,R.,Derradji,A.,Bugden,A.,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a5775117.html,pressive strength of iceberg ice.Canadian Journal of Physics81(1/2), 191–200.

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12、艺术领域有两大内容：感受与欣赏和表现与创造。（1分） 13、保证幼儿每天睡11~12小时，幼儿午睡一般应达到2小时左右。（1分） 14、幼儿做错事时要冷静处理，不厉声斥责，更不能打骂。（1分） 15、成人用恰当的方式表达情绪，为幼儿做出榜样。如生气时不乱发脾气，不迁怒于人。（1分） 16、3—4岁幼儿能快跑15 米左右。（0.5分） 17、数学认知的目标是让幼儿初步感知生活中数学的有用和有趣。（1分） 18、艺术是人类感受美、表现美、创造美的重要形式，也是表达自己对周围世界的认识和情绪态度的独特方式。（2.5分） 19、幼儿的语言能力是在交流和运用的过程中发展起来的。应为幼儿创设自由、宽松的语言交往环境，鼓励和支持幼儿与成人、同伴交流，让幼儿想说、敢说、喜欢说并能得到积极响应。（2.5分） 20、《指南》中幼儿科学探究的目标包括三个维度：情感态度、方法能力、和知识经验。（1.5分） 21、“数学认知”这一子领域以“解决问题”为核心。发现问题、分析和解决问题即是幼儿数学学习的重点，也是幼儿数学学习的基本途径。（1.5分）22、良好的倾听习惯的养成是从学前阶段开始的，因此就幼儿语言学习和发展而言，倾听是不可缺少的一种行为能力。（1分）二、判断题（6分） 1、《指南》在目标部分别对3～4岁、4～5 岁、5～6 岁三个年龄段中期幼儿应该知道什么、能做什么，大致可以达到什么发展水平提出了合理期望。（错） 2、对于拍球、跳绳等技能性活动，不要过于要求数量，更不能机械训练。（对） 3、5-6岁手的动作灵活协调的目标是，能沿边线较直的画出简单图形，或能边线基本对齐地折纸，会用筷子吃饭，能沿轮廓线检出由直线构成的简单图形，边线吻和（错） 4、幼儿每天的户外活动时间一般不少于3小时，其中体育活动时间不少于1小时。（错） 5、《指南》中艺术领域有3个子领域，健康领域有2个子领域。（错） 6、健康包括身体和心理两个方面，是一种在身体上和精神上的完满状态及良好的适应能力。（错）

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自我介绍合集篇英语自我介绍范文 ` General Introduction I am a third year master major in automation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P. R. China. With tremendous interest in Industrial Engineering, I am writing to apply for acceptance into your Ph.D. graduate program. Education background In 1995, I entered the Nanjing University of Science & Technology (NUST) -- widely considered one of the China’s best engineering schools. During the following undergraduate study, my academic records kept distinguished among the whole department. I was granted First Class Prize every semester,In 1999, I got the privilege to enter the graduate program waived of the admission test. At the period of my graduate study, my overall GPA(3.77/4.0) ranked top 5% in the department. In the second semester, I became teacher assistant that is given to talented and matured students only. This year, I won the Acer Scholarship as the one and only candidate in my department, which is the ultimate accolade for distinguished students endowed by my university. Presently, I am preparing my graduation thesis and trying for the honor of Excellent Graduation Thesis. Research experience and academic activity When a sophomore, I joined the Association of AI Enthusiast and began to narrow down my interest for my future research. With the tool of OpenGL and Matlab, I designed a simulation program for transportation scheduling system. It is now widely used by different research groups in NUST. I assumed and fulfilled a sewage analysis & dispose project for Nanjing sewage treatment plant. This was my first practice to convert a laboratory idea to a commercial product.

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__________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ ______________________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ _ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________________ ______________ ______________ ________________ _______________ Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello Hi hi hi hi hi Goodbye goodbye goodbye goodbye Bye bye bye bye bye I ’m I ’m I ’m I ’m I ’m I I I I I Am am am am am Fine fine fine fine fine Good good good good good Morning morning morning morning what ’s what ’s what ’s what ’s what ’s What what what what what Is is is is is My my my my my

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