文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 斯宾赛与莎士比亚诗歌比较

斯宾赛与莎士比亚诗歌比较

斯宾赛与莎士比亚诗歌比较
斯宾赛与莎士比亚诗歌比较

Key Genres and Epochs of British Literature Sun 1 2007/2008 Winter Semester

Prof.Dr.Dannenberg

Xiujun Sun

25.March.2008

Exquisite Melody, Humanism Summons

——Compare Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 with Spenser’s Sonnet 75. Abstract:

Sonnet is the main form of English poetry, many outstanding poets wrote immortal masterpieces by this kind of poem form. In the period of the Renaissance, there were two important poets, Shakespeare and Spenser. They formed unique sonnet form respectively, and made remarkable contributions to the evolution of British sonnet by their unique subjects. This article compares Shakespeare's 18 with Spenser's sonnet 75 with the aspects of subject and structure. In the subject, both of two poems embodied the universal thought of the Renaissance that confirming literature?s value and position——literature has the power to defeat time. In addition, two poems also displayed humanity?s desire in pursuing of truth, goodness and beauty. In the form, both of two poems used iambic pentameter, which is combining with the images to form a kind of delicate rhythm. At the same time, there is different in the form. Sonnet 18 used abab, cdcd, efef, gg. The first three quatrains discuss, debate or express one?s emotion, and the tail ties the sublimation subject. This form unifies with the entire poetry content closely. Spenser used abab bcbc cdcd ee, making each quatrain organically relate with each other, which readed like prose. In brief, both of the two poems have the similarities and differences in subject and form, which manifested sonnet…s unique charms respectively. By comparing and analyzing, we have a comprehensive understanding on the two poets?poems and could appreciate their works better.

1. Argument of Shakespeare sonnet 18 and Spencer sonnet 75

1.1 Literature can contend with time

Sun 2 Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 75 were both created during the Renaissance. The most

important view of Renaissance in the literature field is to emphasis on literature?s power. That means literature is immortal, has the power to withstand with time?s erosion. Therefore, sonnet 18 and sonnet 75 reflected the same theme in this aspect. Both of poets wanted to keep their intimate friend?s and lover?s life immortal. In sonnet 18, Shakespeare compared the beauty between the summer day and his intimate friend. Britain's summer is warm, but is not burning hot. It is the optimumest season of one year. In his opinion, his friend was more lovable than the summer day. However, he pointed out with a “turn” that natural beauty contended difficultly with the natural law. All exquisite images were not exempt to fade:

And every fair from fair sometime declines,

By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd.

Facing to the unchangeable fact, what should human beings do? Waiting for the death?s coming silently or doing something else? Here, Shakespeare gave an answer. He would use his poem to keep his intimate friend immortal:

When in eternal lines to time thou growest:

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

(Shakespeare Sonnet 18) If poem can reflect life and human?s emotion truly, it can defeat time and exist in the world forever. In sonnet 18, Shakespeare wrote down his intimate friend?s appearance and inner character which were true and nice. Therefore, his friend and his poem can be lasting.

In sonnet 75, Spencer expressed the same point as Shakespeare?s. In the first stanza, poet depicted a vivid picture:”

One day I wrote her name upon the strand,

But came the waves and washed it away;

Agayne I wrote it with a second hand,

But came the tyde, and made my paynes his pray.”

Sun 3 His attitude was firm and rigid: He wanted to keep his lover, a beautiful woman,

forever. But waves and tyde washed it again and again. The woman herself had to give in to the fact, because confronting natural law, human beings always seemed helpless. But in poet?s view, the fact was opposite, which meant natural beauty could be immortal. Whether there was some method that could keep one?s beauty forever. Poets gave readers a definite answer:

To dy in dust, but you shall live by fame;

My verse your virtues rare shall eternize,

(Spenser Sonnet 75) Literature is powerful. It can change anything ephemeral into permanent. Looking back history, numerous exciting pictures, innumerably touching affections could only be spreaded by literature. The spirit of human exists in literature forever. By the two poems, Shakespeare and Spenser told the whole world loudly that: None but literature has the power to contend with time.

1.2 Pursuing ideal humanity——truth, goodness and beauty

The core thought of the Renaissance is humanism. Humanism focused on “human”, praising human?s value, esteem, ability, virtue and right, resisting with rights of God. Here, the conception of “human”is abstract, comprehensive and ideal. It is the summation of human?s virtues and ethics. The intimate friend and lover appeared in Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 75 were just the ideal representations of human beings.

Sonnet 18 was presented to Shakespeare?s confidant—a young and handsome aristocrat. In the poem, poet eulogized friend?s beauty and their pure friendship. For example, in the first two lines:

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate

Poet considered his friend as summer, the most charming season of a year and even

Sun 4 said that his friend was lovelier and more charming than summer. In such several brief

lines, poet chose many beautiful words to describe his friend, such as colorful flowers, golden sun, and breath of green grass. Poet described friend?s beauty vividly and let readers experience the beauty. Finally, let readers experience the friendship between poet and his friend.

In the following six lines, poet first pointed out: any nice thing or beautiful human including his friend?s beautiful appearance was destined to die away and disappear by unpredictable changes of nature. However, differing with the Middle Ages, people (including Shakespeare) who upheld humanism evaluated human beings by moral and character. They injected new meanings into human being. Therefore, although the whole world is changing all the time and beautiful appearance of his friend would disappear at last, poet seized the perpetual thing: human?s virtue. Why did poet consider his friend as summer, flowers, sun and other nice things, all of which are the most cherishing things of the nature ,is because he wanted to praise human?s virtue, praise all of nice virtues of human beings. Human virtue would be lasting forever.

In a word, poet gave his friend all of precious things in the nature. He did not just praise friend?s appearance, but also praise his precious virtue. A man with outstanding characters could live in human?s memory forever. At the same time, poet expressed his highest living standard: pursuing the ideal union of truth, goodness and beauty.

The same argument was expressed in Spenser?s sonnet 75. For example, in the sonnet:

“Not I”, quod I, “let bader thigs devize,”

To dy in dust, but you shall live by fame;

Here, poet first made a contrast——His lover and “bader thigs”. Different people had different results depending one thing——character. What were characters of “bader

Sun 5 thigs”? They were impudent, despicable and vacuous. The result of bader thigs is to

“devize”. Poet thought his lover was opposite to bader thigs. Therefore, it is easy to know what characters of his lover were. She must have not only the beautiful appearance, but also have rare virtues. Compared with “bader thigs”, his lover twinkled dazzling brilliance. Therefore, in the following line, poet said:“My verse your virtues rare shall eternize”. “Virtues rare shall eternize”. That is right. The body of human is destined to disappear whereas the spirit, the virtue of human can be immortal. The true love can be immortal:

And in the heavens wryte your glorious name.

Where whenas death shall all the word subdew,

Our love shall live, and later life renew.

In a word, the arguments of Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 75 have two aspects. One is that poem can keep their friend and lover perpetual. As a kind of genuine art creation, poem can contend with time. Their lovers can exist forever in their poems and their poems can exist in the world forever. The other is that these poems expressed the main ideas of humanism, which means considering human beings as the true master of fate, putting human in the core position of the universe. All of these embodied the humanity fully.

2. The Structure of Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 75

The reason why Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 75 can be best-known is not only because of their advanced opinions, but also because of their special structures.

From lateral structure, Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18 was written predominantly in a meter called iambic pentameter, a rhyme scheme in which each sonnet line consists of ten syllables. The syllables are divided into five pairs called iambs or iambic feet. An iamb is a metrical unit made up of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. For example:

Sun 6

Shall I / com PARE/ thee TO / a SUM / mer?s DAY?

Thou ART / more LOVE / ly AND / more TEM / per ATE

Here, “shall””com””thee””a””mer?s”are unstressed syllables and “I”“pare”“sum”“day”are stressed syllables. They appeared in pairs and groups which reads like streamy.

From vertical structure, there are fourteen lines in Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18. The first twelve lines are divided into three quatrains with four lines each. The rhyme scheme of the quatrains is abab cdcd efef gg. For example:

Shall I compare thee to a summer's d ay? (a)

Thou art more lovely and more temper ate: (b)

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of M ay, (a)

And summer's lease hath all too short a d ate: (b)

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven sh ines, (c)

And often is his gold complexion d imm'd; (d)

And every fair from fair sometime decl ines, (c)

By chance or nature's changing course untr imm'd; (d)

But thy eternal summer shall not f ade(e)

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow est; (f)

Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his sh ade, (e)

When in eternal lines to time thou grow est: (f)

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can s ee, (g)

So long lives this, and this gives life to th ee. (g)

It is evident that rhyming strengthened poem?s musicality and expression of poem?s theme. In the three quatrains the poet narrated a picture of summer and compared summer with his friend, and then proposed an unchangeable fact that all of beautiful things would disappear. But in poet?s opinion, his friend could exist forever. The reason was given in the final two lines, called the couplet. Therefore, from comparing, proposing question to solving question, Shakespeare finished Sonnet 18.

Sun 7

Though the English sonnet is greatly popularized by Shakespeare, the Spenser form in fact demanded more skills and dexterities of language which was named “the Spenserian stanza. “ Sonnet 75 was according to this structure, which is special in the rhyme abab bcbc cdcd ee:

One day I wrote her name upon the stra nd, (a)

But came the waves and washed it aw ay: (b)

Agayne I wrote it with a second ha nd, (a)

But came the tyde, and made my paynes his pr ay. (b)

“Vayne man,”, said she, “that does in vain ass ay,”(b)

A mortal thing so to immortal ize. (c)

For I my selve shall lyke to this dec ay, (b)

And eek my name bee wiped out lykew ize.”(c)

This kind of interlocking pattern made the two quatrains connect closely, which is consistence with the romantic dialogues between poet and his lover. And the main theme of the poem was expressed naturally. Romantic dialogues, fluent structure made the whole poem more like a prose. Exactly, it became a prose poem.

Within each quatrain, there is also graceful structure. For example:

One day | I wrote | her name | upon | the strand,

But came | the waves | and wash | ed it | away:

Agayne | I wrote | it with | a sec | ond hand,

But came | the tyde, | and made | my paynes | his pray.

Sonnet 75 was also according to the tradition of iambic feet, emphasizing on unstressed syllable and stressed syllable which is corresponding with tide?s fluctuation. When readers read it, as if they were in the shore and have watched the scenes by themselves.

3. Conclusion:

In a word, it is no doubt that without Shakespeare and Spenser, English Renaissance poetry could be greatly reduced both in color and content. Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 75,

Sun 8

as the representations of Shakespeare and Spenser?s sonnet respectively, expressed the main thought of the Renaissance, which focused on human beings, human nature and human?s virtue, by their special poem forms. They were the two most beautiful flowers of the poetic garden.

Reference

1. William Nelson: The Poetry of Edmund Spenser, A Study. Columbia University Press,1963. Printed in the United States of America

2. John N. King: Spenser?s Poetry and the Reformation Tradition. Princeton University Press 1990

3. Sonnets of Shakespeare and Spenser

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/955954336.html,/2007/11/sonnets-of-shakespeare-and-spenser.htm

4. The Darling Buds of May: A Guide to Sonnet 18

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/955954336.html,/od/studentresources/a/sonnet18guide_3.htm

莎士比亚十四行诗第18首

Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. There are generally two kinds of sonnets: the Petrarchan sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet. The Shakespearean sonnet consists of 3 quatrains and one couplet. The three quatrains are devoted to the different aspects of one subject, paralleling in structure. The concluding couplet is actually the summary or comments made by the poet. One telling example is Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare. Soliloquy: It refers to an extended speech delivered by a character alone onstage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud. One of the most famous soliloquies is the part of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, beginning with the line “To be, or not to be: that is the question.” Conceit: Conceit is actually an extended metaphor. It refers to the comparison drawn between two startlingly different objects. The leading figure of the “Metaphysical School”, John Donne, makes a high use of c onceits in his poetic creation. For instance, he compares the souls of lovers to compasses. Imagery:A general term that covers the use of language to represent sensory experience. It refers to the words that create pictures or images in the reader’s mind. Images are primarily visual and can appeal to other senses as well, touch, taste, smell and hearing. Ode: A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event. Two famous odes are Percy Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” and John Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn”. 莎士比亚十四行诗第18首 William Shakespeare - Sonnet #18 Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And Summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And oft' is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd: But thy eternal Summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest:

关于莎士比亚作品常识的单选汇总及答案

单选 1. The most important and popular comedy written by Shakespeare is ___. A. Romeo and Juliet B. Twelfth Night C. The Merchant of Venice D. As You Like It 2. Which writing is a typical example of Shakespeare's pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years? A. Tempest B. King Lear C. Hamlet D. Othello 3. Which one IS NOT one of Shakespeare's four tragedies? A. Romeo and Juliet B. King Lear C. Hamlet D. Othello 4. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare's most popular play on the stage. A. The Merchant of Venice B. Hamlet C. King Lear D. Julius Caesar 5. Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his ____ plays. A. 47 B. 27 C. 52 D. 37 6. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18? A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B. The speaker satirizes human vanity. C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D. The speaker meditated on man’s salvation 7. Which play is regarded as the best English comedy since

莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首

莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首 Sonnet 18 铁冰译文 1 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 我该不该把你比作怡人的夏天? 2 Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 你却比她更加可爱更加温情。 3 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 五月的娇蕊总是被狂风吹断, 4 And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 夏天也只是一道短暂的美景。 5 Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 苍穹的目光有时会过于灼热, 6 And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; 那金色的脸庞也常黯淡无光。 7 And every fair from fair sometime declines, 人间一切瑰丽终将失去秀色, 8 By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd; 湮没于不测风云和世事沧桑。 9 But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 但是,你常青的夏季永不消逝,10 Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; 你拥有的美丽也将永不折损, 11 Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, 或许死神的阴影会笼罩着你, 12 When in eternal lines to time thou growest; 你却和这不朽的诗句千古长存。 13 So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, 只要人类还在呼吸、眼睛还在欣赏, 14 So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 我的诗就会活着,令你生命绽放。 译注: 原诗每行10个音节,非常整齐。前人翻译时总喜欢使译文每行保持字数相同,这其实是一种作茧自缚,强求形式上的绝对整齐,往往限制了内容的完美。前人的译文常常有凑韵(为了押韵,用词勉强)、不流畅和用词搭配不当的毛病,其原因在此。更重要的是,英文原诗有着非常讲究的格律,每行都含有相同数量的重音节和轻音节,朗诵时每行所用时间基本一致;而对每行字数相同的中译文进行朗诵时,每行所用的时间则不尽相同,因为每行译文中所含有的虚词(如“的”、“地”、“了”,朗读时较轻声、短促)个数未必相同。因此,笔者的译文不强求每行字数相同,这样便将内容从形式中解放出来,得以更好地协调,且更利于押韵和用词的搭配。 此诗的翻译中,值得注意的几处是: 第3行:darling buds of May有人译为“五月宠爱的嫩蕊”,其实darling是“可爱的”之意,所以还是译为“五月的娇蕊”更好。 第4行:lease前人经常译成“租赁的期限”,令人费解,应该是“持续的时间”之意。此行的意思是“夏天持续的时间实在太短”,这样的陈述缺乏诗味。笔者将该行意译为“夏天也只是一道极短的美景”,化用了中文的习语“好景不长”,不但忠实原文,颇有诗味,而且于与第二行译文押韵自然。 第5行:一般认为该行中的eye of heaven是“太阳”的妙喻,因此前人常将此行译为“有时候天空的眼睛照得太灼热(或酷烈)”,这样保留了“眼睛”的意向,似乎很好,但从字面上看,

莎士比亚的英文诗歌精选

莎士比亚的英文诗歌精选 下面是带来的莎士比亚的英文诗歌,欢迎阅读!莎士比亚的英文诗歌精选Look in thy glass, and tell the face thou viewestNow is the time that face should form another;Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest,Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother.For where is she so fair whose unear'd wombDisdains the tillage of thy husbandry?Or who is he so fond will be the tombOf his self-love, to stop posterity?Thou art thy mother's glass, and she in theeCalls back the lovely April of her prime:So thou through windows of thine age shall seeDespite of wrinkles this thy golden time.But if thou live, remember'd not to be,Die single, and thine image dies with thee.照照镜子,告诉你那镜中的脸庞,说现在这庞儿应该另造一副;如果你不赶快为它重修殿堂,就欺骗世界,剥掉母亲的幸福。 因为哪里会有女人那么淑贞她那处女的胎不愿被你耕种?哪里有男人那么蠢,他竟甘心做自己的坟墓,绝自己的血统?你是你母亲的镜子,在你里面她唤回她的盛年的芳菲四月:同样,从你暮年的窗你将眺见--纵皱纹满脸--你这黄金的岁月。 但是你活着若不愿被人惦记,就独自死去,你的肖像和你一起。 莎士比亚的英文诗歌阅读Unthrifty loveliness, why dost thou spendUpon thyself thy beauty's legacy?Nature's bequest gives nothing but doth lend,And being frank she lends to those are free.Then, beauteous

莎士比亚十四行诗Sonnet

Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date:? Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd? But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest:? So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee 部分古英语实词含义:

hath = have的第三人称单数现在式 (is having) thy = your 你的 thou = 第二人称单数 you thee = thou的宾格形式

莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首赏析

莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首赏析 摘要:莎士比亚是英国文学史上泰斗级人物。他创作的的154首十四行一向为时人推崇。十四行诗达到了登峰造极的程度,成为英诗史上璀璨的明珠。这理所要赏析的是莎翁十四行诗的第十八首,其热烈的情怀,精致的措辞和美妙的比喻,,不知令多少学者和诗人叹服,赏析文字者莫不称颂其妙。 关键词:莎士比亚十四行诗第18首 诗人一开头就把他的爱友比作美好的“夏天”,其中“夏天”一词颇有争论,很多学者认为应该翻译成春天,但以我个人的观点,还是应该译成夏天。因为英国的夏天相当于我国的春天或春末夏初,这是一年中最美好的季节,风和日暖,枝头绿叶冒新芽,百花含苞待开放,大地充满一派生机活力,迷人可爱。开篇第一句便直入主题,用一问一答得方式毫不含蓄的点名她的美。虽然夏天如此美丽,但仍然不及她之美。作者意不在提出疑问,而是通过疑问句,引出第二句肯定的回答,恰如其分地达到赞赏的目的,诗人如此煞费,说明她的美丽不仅令他赞赏,而且还令他崇敬。这比开篇便用一陈述句更有说服力。 接着第3456句,诗人进一步解释为什么“你比它可爱也比它温婉”,那是因为“狂风”会把“五月的嫩芽摧残”,“夏天的期限”太过于短暂,阳光过于“强烈”,有时却也会被“遮掩”。这一系列的意象,为我们勾勒出一副副夏景图,引人遐想。其中不难看出,作者对这一副副图景产生的是一种怜惜之情,这时让我们不禁思考,那诗人对她的怜爱,该有多么深沉。 后接着的两句:“世上娇艳之物都会凋零,受机缘或大自然的局限”,为我们阐释这样一个哲理:世界上所有美丽的事物都会有遵循着大自然的规律,随着时间的流逝而消失。这虽为一个众所周知的事实,却令古今多少文人墨客所感叹。 接着,诗人用一个转折,说“你的长夏永远不会消逝,永不会失去迷人的光彩;不会在死神阴影中漂泊”这的用暗喻的手法,将她的美丽比作“长夏”,意为有夏天的美丽,而且比夏天更长,有取夏天之长,补夏天之短的意味。后面接着补充,他的美丽不会时间而失去光泽,永远留存。 “这诗将与你同在,只要人活着,眼睛还能看。这诗将永存,赋予你生命。”到最后,诗人转向写诗歌,说诗歌是永存的。从这里我们不难看出,诗人内心是矛盾的,他大肆笔墨去描写他的美,去高歌他的美是永存的,事实上他只是在欺骗他自己,他深知“世上娇艳之物都会凋零,受机缘或大自然的局限”,当然他的美丽也属于“世上娇艳之物”,可是诗人不愿意承认,他无法说服他自己去接受这个事实,于是他想把他的美丽长存于他的心中,但是每个人都会到死神那里报到,怎么办呢?这时,他知道了,永存的,只有诗歌,他只有将他的美丽写入诗歌,才能永恒。 本诗的主题思想为:爱和美。这首诗以夏天的意象展开了想象,我们的脑海会立即浮现出绿荫的繁茂,娇蕾的艳丽。夏日既表示诗人的友人可爱,让人感到可意,又暗指他的友人正处于年轻、精力旺盛的时期,因为夏天总是充满了生机和活力。万物在春季复苏,夏天旺盛,所以夏天是生命最旺盛的季节,诗歌前六句,诗人歌颂了诗中的主人公“你”作为美的存在,却把“夏天”、“娇蕾”和“烈日”都比下去,因为它们不够“温婉”、“太短暂”、“会被遮暗”,所以“你”的魅力远远胜于夏天。第七和第八两句指出每一种美都会转瞬即逝,禁不住风吹雨打,而第九句到第十二句指出“你”的美将永驻,连死神都望而却步,与时间同长的美才是永恒的美。因为“你”在诗歌中永恒,千百年来天地间只要有诗歌艺术的存在,诗歌和“你”就能够永生。所以“你”的美永不枯凋,这是一种生命的美,艺术的美,永驻人间。 这首诗语言优美,不仅体现在用词的精确上,而且还体现在表达方法的多变上,

莎士比亚戏剧语言的特点

莎士比亚戏剧语言的特点 威廉·莎士比亚是世界上最有名的戏剧作家和诗人之一,世界文学中现实主义的奠基者之一。在世界的很多地方,人们尊奉他为迄今为止最伟大的剧作家。他以其鲜明生动的人物塑造、精心组织的结构、扣人心弦的情节、和优美如画的语言而闻名天下。这里我们仅论述他的戏剧语言特点。 刘炳善先生认为“莎士比亚和钦定圣经是英语语言的两大渊源”。可以说这样评价毫不夸张,这种观点也为广大的文学批评家所接受。那么莎士比语言的美或者说特点到底是什么呢?这里我们主要谈谈他的戏剧语言特点。 1.语体特色 莎士比亚是英语语言的大师,他运用英语是如此的轻松自如。莎士比亚的戏剧中刻画了几百个人物形象,上自国王、王后、王子,下至盗贼、小丑、掘墓人。每个人物的语言都有自己的特点,基本上所有的话语都适合人物的身份,并且每一个人在不同场合说话也不一样。莎士比亚有时运用优雅正式的语言,因为说话者来自社会的上层并且是处在正式场合,有时也有来自社会下层的戏谑甚至使用俚语,有时甚至不惜破坏禁忌,这是为了适应普通观众的娱乐品味。所以这就很好理解为什么哈姆雷特的语言和掘墓人的语言截然不同。在剧本中我们能发现很多类似的例子,比如鲍西娅和夏洛克,亨利四世和福尔斯塔福,这个特别的肥肥的“骑士”一定以他的幽默和恶作剧给读者和观众留下了深刻的印象。 2.修辞手法 一些批评家在他们统计的基础上得出如下结论:几乎所有的修辞手法莎士比亚都在他的作品中熟练使用过,这些修辞手法大大增添了他作品的美,使其描写生动有力、发人深思,这里我们就讨论几种评论家写得不多,而作家却用得比较频繁的修辞手法。 1)双关 据粗略统计,在莎士比亚的十四行诗和戏剧中,大约使用了3,000例双关手法。莎士比亚对双关情有独钟,几乎在每部戏剧中都运用之。王玉龙在《英语修辞与写作》中给它定义为:根据单词音同或音近而义不同而巧妙使用词汇的一种智慧语。莎士比亚经常根据单词的不同意义来创造幽默喜剧的效果。如:King:but now,my cousin Hamlet,and my sun. Hamlet:(aside)a little more than kin and less than kind. King:How is it that the clouds still hang on you? Ham let:Not so,m y lord.I’m too much I’the sun. ————Hamlet,Act I,Scene II 国王:好好利用你的时间,雷欧提斯,尽情发挥你的才能吧!可是,来,我的侄儿哈姆莱特,我的孩子——哈姆莱特:(旁白)超乎寻常的亲族,漠不相干的路人。 国王:为什么愁云依旧笼罩在你的身上? 哈姆莱特:不,陛下:我已经在太阳里晒得太久了。 新王克罗迪斯,哈姆雷特的叔叔,现在的继父,问哈姆雷特为什么如此的不开心?哈姆雷特很有讽刺意味的说道:“我已经在太阳里晒得太久了”,这里sun的音和“son”差不多,含义既是皇家的恩泽我已沐浴的太久了,又是我做你的儿子已经够了,在这个对话中,莎士比亚还巧妙的运用克罗迪斯称呼哈姆雷特儿子,做了一个文字游戏,哈姆雷特旁白道:超乎寻常的亲族,漠不相干的路人。用“kin”和“kind”来创造一种智慧语。另一个例子: Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. Romeo and Juliet,Act III,Scene I 茂丘西:要是你明天找我,就到坟墓里来看我吧。 这里莎士比亚运用“grave”的两种意义,来创造一种幽默的效果,它既可以做名词表示“坟墓”,又可以做形容词,表示“严肃的”。 如果你非常仔细的阅读或欣赏莎士比亚的戏剧,这样的例子俯拾皆是。 2):矛盾修辞

莎士比亚作品风格

莎士比亚作品风格 莎士比亚最早的剧作是以当时常见的风格写成的。他采用标准的语言书写,常常不能根据角色和剧情的需要而自然释放。诗文由扩展而定,有时含有精心的隐喻和巧妙构思,语言通常是华丽的,适合演员高声朗读而不是说话。一些评论家的观点认为,《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》中庄重的演说词,经常阻碍了情节,《维洛那二绅士》的台词则被评论为做作不自然。 很快莎士比亚从传统风格转向他自己的特点。《理查三世》开幕时的独白开创了中世纪戏剧中的邪恶角色。同时,理查生动的充满自我意识的独白延续到莎士比亚成熟期剧作中的自言自语。没有单独一个剧本标志着从传统风格到自由风格的转换,莎士比亚的整个写作生涯中综合了这两种风格,《罗密欧与朱丽叶》可能是这种混合风格最好的诠释。 到1590年代中期创作《罗密欧和朱丽叶》、《理查二世》和《仲夏夜之梦》时期,莎士比亚开始用更自然的文字写作。他渐渐将他的隐喻和象征转为剧情发展的需要。莎士比亚惯用的诗的形式是无韵诗,同时结合抑扬格五音步。实际上,这意味着他的诗通常是不押韵的,每行有10个音节,在朗读时每第二个音节为重音。他早期作品的无韵诗和后期作品有很大区别。诗句经常很优美,但是句子倾向于开始、停顿、并结束在行尾,这样有可能导致枯燥。当莎士比亚精通传统的无韵诗后,他开始打断和改变规律。这项技巧在《朱利叶斯·凯撒》和《哈姆雷特》等剧本的诗文中,释放出新的力量和灵活性。 《哈姆雷特》之后,莎士比亚的文风变化更多,尤其是后期悲剧中更富有感情的段落。英国文学评论家安德鲁·塞西尔·布拉德利将这种风格描述为“更紧凑、明快、富有变化,并且在结构上比较不规则,往往错综复杂或者省略”。在创作生涯后期,莎士比亚采用了很多技巧来达到这些效果,其中包括跨行连续、不规则停顿和结束,以及句子结构和长度的极度变化。完整地理解意思对听众是挑战。后期的传奇剧,情节及时而出人意料地变换,创造了一种末期的诗风,其特点是长短句互相综合、分句排列在一起,主语和宾语倒转、词语省略,产生了自然的效果。 莎士比亚诗文的特征和剧院实际效果有关。象那个时代所有的剧作家一样,莎士比亚将弗朗西斯克·彼特拉克和拉斐尔·霍林斯赫德等创作的故事戏剧化。他改编了每一个情节来创造出几个观众注意的中心,同时向观众展示尽可能多的故事片段。设计的特点保证了莎士比亚的剧作能够被翻译成其他语言,剪裁宽松地诠释,而不会丢失核心剧情。当莎士比亚的技巧提高后,他赋予角色更清晰和更富有变化的动机以及说话时独一无二的风格。然而,后期的作品中他保留了前期风格的特点。在后期的传奇剧中,他故意转回到更虚假的风格,这种风格着重了剧院的效果。

莎士比亚十四行诗

请背诵英文,中文仅供参考. 莎士比亚十四行诗,第十八首 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd, And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature's changing course untrimm'd: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st, So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天? 你不独比它可爱也比它温婉: 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践, 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短: 天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈, 它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽: 被机缘或无常的天道所摧折, 没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。 但是你的长夏永远不会雕落, 也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳, 或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊,

莎士比亚诗歌创作风格与历史背景

莎士比亚诗歌创作风格与历史背景 【摘要】 莎士比亚作为英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人,给后人留下了丰富的优秀作品。这其中,诗歌的数量就多达数百首,并且在他的戏剧中间,人物的台词也多是诗体的语言。在莎士比亚一生的创作当中,其创作风格发生了明显的改变,而这一改变无疑与当时的时代背景和莎士比亚个人经历息息相关。因此,本文试图从历史背景和诗人的经历角度,来剖析莎士比亚创作风格的变化。 【关键词】 历史背景、创作风格 【引言】 莎士比亚在所有的文学人物中首屈一指。他的名气并非昙花一现,近四百年来他的作品一直给读者和评论家带来了许多欢乐,很多名言名句一直被人们津津乐道。一位作家能够达到如此的成就,除了对语言文字精准的把我之外,一定也顺应了当时历史背景的变化,其的作品也一定代表了当时众多人的想法。因此,才能够在几百年过去之后,还能够留给人深刻的印象,人们只要提到当时的那一段历史,就必然要提到他的作品。 从另一方面来看,一位文学家的作品,也一定会受到自身经历和历史的影响,他的思路、灵感肯定也不会凭空而至,而是基于他平日生活的所见所闻。因此,从历史背景和个人经历的角度去分析一个文学家的作品特点和风格,应该是最正确和直观的方法。 1.早期创作风格的形成 说到莎士比亚的作品风格的形成,就不得不提到欧洲文艺复兴。虽然“文艺复兴”这个词早已为人熟知,早在16世纪就已经被学术界所用了,但是这个词却让人产生了许多误解。文艺复兴并不仅仅是简单的古代希腊和罗马文化的复兴,同时也不仅仅局限于文艺。实际上,文艺复兴时期的文化是资产阶级上升时期的文化,具有鲜明的反封建、反宗教的特色。其核心思想是人文主义,肯定人的崇高地位,主张一切以人为本,以此来反对罗马罗马教会所代表的神权的绝对统治。因此,文艺复兴具有鲜明的反封建、反宗教特色,肯定现世生活,歌颂爱情和个性解放。 人文主义的浪潮席卷了整个欧洲,其中在人文主义文学方面,英国人文主义成为了欧洲人文主义文学的巅峰,身处其中的莎士比亚,自然也会被卷入其中。因此,观察莎士比亚的作品,到处都可以看到人文主义的身影。 同时,在莎士比亚创作的初期时代,英国正处于伊丽莎白女王的统治时期。这位被普遍认为是英国历史上最杰出的帝王之一的杰出女王,自然有其过人之处。在她当政的45年期间,英国的经济繁荣昌盛,文学璀璨辉煌,军事上一跃成为世界首屈一指的海军强国。国家富强稳定,人民生活自然幸福安稳,这就为莎士比亚安心文学创作提供了充足的条件。同时,伊丽莎白女王还是一位十分宽容的女王。由于受到文艺复兴的影响,在莎士比亚当时的作品中,很多都是以拥护中央王权,谴责封建暴君和歌颂开明君主为基本主题,君主往往是反面角色。伊丽莎白女王深知这一点,但却并不阻挠莎士比亚的创作,反而不顾伦敦地方当局的反对,支持莎士比亚剧院。这充分体现了伊丽莎白女王的过人之处,同时也莎士比亚的自由创作提供了又一个便利的条件。

莎士比亚十四行诗

Shall I compare thee to summer's day? 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天?Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 你不独比它可爱也比它温婉Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践,And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽:And every fair from fair sometime declines,被机缘或无常的天道所摧折,By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd; 没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。 But thy eternal summer shall not fade. 但是你的长夏永远不会雕落, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳,Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, 或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊, When in eternal lines to time thou growest:当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要一天有人类,或人有眼睛,So long lives this and this gives life to thee.这诗将长存,并且赐给你生命。 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天? 你不独比它可爱也比它温婉: 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践, 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短: 天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈,

莎士比亚戏剧创作的特色

当前位置:网站首页> 原创天地> 杂文原创 浅析莎士比亚戏剧创作的艺术特色 肖旭 莎士比亚是文艺复兴时期剧坛的“巨人”。他的戏剧创作,不仅具有深刻的 思想内容,而且有着精湛的艺术技巧,独特的艺术风格,在世界戏剧发展 史上占有极为重要的地位。马克思十分赞赏莎士比亚的戏剧艺术,称他为 “人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。马克思和恩格斯在分析批评拉萨尔的剧本《济 金根》时,曾告诫人们“不应该为了观点的东西而忘掉现实主义的东西, 为了席勒而忘掉莎土比亚”。那么,莎士比亚戏剧创作的奥秘何在?为什么 它具有永不衰退的艺术魅力?这是与其鲜明、独特的艺术特色紧密相联的。 莎士比亚在类型众多的剧本(包括喜剧,悲剧,历史励,传奇剧)中,塑造 了数以千计的各式各样的人物,丰富了戏剧艺术的人物画廊。上自高贵的 国王大臣,下至普通的平民百姓,性格各殊:面貌各异。即使是同一阶层 的人物,如莎氏所创造的帝王将相凯撒、理查三世、亨利四世、亨利五世、 麦克佩斯、李耳王等,既有其作为统治者的共同特点,更有其不同的个性, 可以说没有一个是雷同的、相似的。再以莎氏笔下的一系列鲜明生动的女 性形象而言,朱丽叶、鲍西娅、考狄莉亚、黛丝德蒙娜、奥菲利娅等,也 决非用善良、真挚、热情等词语所能概括的。至于一些被公认的突出的艺 术典型,如汉姆莱特、奥瑟罗、夏洛克、福斯泰夫等,更是人各一面,呼 之欲出。仅以《威尼斯商人》中的夏洛克为例,他不是单一的凶狠的吝啬 鬼,旧式的高利贷者,而是被作者赋予丰富的思想感情,复杂的性格特征。 俄国批判现实主义作家普希金在把夏洛克同莫里哀创造的吝啬鬼形象作 分析比较时指出,“莫里哀笔下的吝啬鬼只是吝啬——如此而已;莎士比 亚笔下的夏洛克则是吝啬。机警、复仇心重、对女儿慈爱、机智等等”,收藏文章 阅读数[10373] 周访问排行 月 访 问 排 行 总访问排 行 ?屈原与庄子浪漫主义比较 ?收割 ?多色调的性爱小说----说说张资平的《苔莉》 ?浅谈《周易.系辞传》与中国文学的关系 ?庚辰丙午游华南植物园 ?让优秀成为一种习惯 ?修辞趣谈(二)?苟利社稷,生死以之 ?史荣东的长篇小说《爱,被春寒碾碎》出版 ?中国书院与当代中国社会

1莎士比亚十四行诗文献综述

莎士比亚十四行诗文献综述 莎士比亚是英国文艺复兴时期最伟大的诗人、剧作家。他在世界文坛上享有极高的声誉。他的作品让全世界的读者叹为观止。他的十四行诗更是精妙绝伦,影响了一代又一代的文人墨客。读十四行诗,我们不仅感受其语言的优美,还能促动心灵,捕捉灵魂,让人沉醉。对莎士比亚的作品的评论从18世纪开始直到今天,我们看到了时代的变迁,评论家或褒或贬的评论给学术界提供了丰富的参考资料。 在诗人世界里,莎士比亚是一位大家,他是欧洲文艺复兴时期的巨擘,他不仅以他的剧作享有盛名,他的诗作在文学历史上也有极高的地位,莎士比亚的诗感情丰富,思想深邃,讴歌这着爱情友情,和人类的伟大创造,拥有独特的魅力。 从十四行诗诞生开始,就受到了人们的广泛关注。 十四行诗又名商籁体,是欧洲的一种抒情诗体,原兴起于意大利,16世纪上半叶传入英国。据说,将其引进的是意大利著名十四行诗人彼拉特克的两位模仿者怀阿特和萨利。但是他二人都未能将这一诗体发扬光大,只来得及指点一下方向便不幸夭折了。怀阿特在伦敦塔里被关押了5年,获释后很快就去世了;萨利则死于断头台下。十四行诗的真正繁荣是在16世纪90年代,它是随着英国文艺复兴运动的高涨而达到高峰的。当时,英国诗人们十分喜欢这种诗体,因为它多采取连续性的组诗形式,紧凑集中,格律严谨。尤其是锡德尼德《阿斯特罗诽尔和斯黛拉》刊行问世之后,十四行诗体突然风行一时,成为英国最为流行的诗歌形式。当时追逐这种文学时尚的人很多,在1592年至1597年这5年间,英国共发表了2500多首十四行诗,这一时期写出但没有发表的诗歌数目简直是个天文数字。 莎士比亚的十四行诗之所以吸引了古往今来的众多读者,主要原因是因为其诗的“甜蜜”,即它们用悦耳动听的语言音韵赞颂了世间最为美好的情感——友谊和爱情。诗集主要涉及三个人物:诗人、“年轻朋友”和“黑肤女郎”。154首诗大体分为两部分,第一部分从第127首至第152首,是献给“黑肤女郎”的。最

莎士比亚十四行诗第八首赏析

我是否可以把你比喻成夏天?Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?虽然你比夏天更可爱更温和:Thou art more lovely and more temperate:狂风会使五月娇蕾红消香断,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,夏天拥有的时日也转瞬即过;And summer's lease hath all too short a date:有时天空之巨眼目光太炽热,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,它金灿灿的面色也常被遮暗;And often is his gold complexion dimmed,而千芳万艳都终将凋零飘落,And every fair from fair sometime declines,被时运天道之更替剥尽红颜;By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: 但你永恒的夏天将没有止尽,But thy eternal summer shall not fade,你所拥有的美貌也不会消失,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,死神终难夸口你游荡于死荫,Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,当你在不朽的诗中永葆盛时;When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,只要有人类生存,或人有眼睛,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,我的诗就会流传并赋予你生命。So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.注:第11行语出《旧约?诗篇》第23篇第4节:“虽然我穿行于死荫之幽谷,但我不怕罹祸,因为你与我同在……”英文赏析:This is one of the most famous of all the sonnets, justifiably so. But it would be a mistake to take it entirely in isolation, for it links in with so many of the other sonnets through the themes of the descriptive power of verse; the ability of the poet to depict the fair youth adequately, or not; and the immortality conveyed through being hymned in these 'eternal lines'. It is noticeable that here the poet is full of confidence that his verse will live as long as there are people drawing breath upon the earth, whereas later he apologises for his poor wit and his humble lines which are inadequate to encompass all the youth's excellence. Now, perhaps in the early days of his love, there is no such self-doubt and the eternal summer of the youth is preserved forever in the poet's lines. The poem also works at a rather curious level of achieving its objective through dispraise. The summer's day is found to be lacking in so many respects (too short, too hot, too rough, sometimes too dingy), but curiously enough one is left with the abiding impression that 'the lovely boy' is in fact like a summer's day at its best, fair, warm, sunny, temperate, one of the darling buds of May, and that all his beauty has been wonderfully highlighted by the comparison。这是整体赏析 1. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? This is taken usually to mean 'What if I were to compare thee etc?' The stock comparisons of the loved one to all the beauteous things in nature hover in the background throughout. One also remembers Wordsworth's lines: We'll talk of sunshine and of song,And summer days when we were young, Sweet childish days which were as longAs twenty days are now.Such reminiscences are indeed anachronistic, but with the recurrence of words such as 'summer', 'days', 'song', 'sweet', it is not difficult to see the permeating influence of the Sonnets on Wordsworth's verse. 2. Thou art more lovely and more temperate: The youth's beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day. more temperate - more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summer's day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described. 3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, May was a summer month in Shakespeare's time, because the calendar in use lagged behind the true sidereal calendar by at least a fortnight. darling buds of May - the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer; favourite flowers. 4. And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Legal terminology. The summer holds a lease on part of the year, but the lease is too short, and has an early termination (date). 5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, Sometime = on occasion, sometimes; the eye of heaven = the sun. 6. And often is his gold complexion dimmed, his gold complexion = his (the sun's) golden face. It would be dimmed by clouds and on overcast days

相关文档