中考英语阅读理解题-----细节理解题及推理判断题的解题技巧 (1)

中考英语阅读理解题-----细节理解题和推理判断题的解题技

巧

中考英语阅读理解题-----细节理解题和推理判断题的解题技巧细节理解题

阅读理解是中考的必考题型，因为它能全面快速地反映出学生的英语水平。阅读理解题型有很多种，但从命题角度来看，通常可以分为四种：即事实细节题、推理判断题、猜测词义题和主旨大意题。

事实理解题主要考查学生对文章中的细节与具体事实的把

握能力，内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果和目的等，属于浅层次的理解题，难度较低。同学们需要在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，发现文章中的细节信息，然后遵循由整体到细节的原则，把握作者的思路，按全文—段落—词语的步骤来解题。

一、命题特点

事实细节题的考点非常明确，主要有以下几处：

1、列举信息处常考。

文章中first…second, to begin with, in

addition, on one hand, on the other

hand等并列关系出现的地方，常会要求考生从所列的内容

中，选择符合题干要求的选项。

2、举列与打比方之处常考。

考生要对那些引出例子或比喻的标志词，如as, such as, for example, for

instance等加以注意，因为这些词是作者为使自己的观点更具说服力而用来引出具体事例的，这些事例就是常考的细节处。

3、指示代词出现处常考。

这类考题常用来考查学生是否真正了解上下文句子之间的

逻辑关系。

4、引用人物论断处常考。

作者为正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要的发现。

5、特殊标点符号后的内容常考。

因为特殊标点符号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步解

释或说明，同学们注意到这些标点，也就注意到了细节。这些特殊符号包括表示解释的破折号、括号和冒号以及表示引用的引号等。

另外，事实细节题的选项也很有特点：通常正确答案不是照搬的原文；干扰选项则正好相反，有的来自原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；有的符合常识，但不符合原文内容；有的与原句内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动；有的与原文

大相径庭甚至完全相反；也有的是部分正确或部分错误。

二、解题方法

1. 跳读查找法

这个方法的要点在于先看题干，带着问题读文章。以what, who, where,

when, why, how

提问的问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案。同学们做这类题时可以边读边做记号，能加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率，节省宝贵的时间，这是做事实细节题最基本也是最常用的方法。一般来说，细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解，同学们若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定最佳答案。

另外，运用跳读查找法解题时，同学们要特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的适当变换。根据近几年的中考题情况来看，很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，通常要进行一定的处理，而这种“处理”主要就是进行语义转换，其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。

例：I had the meanest (最刻薄的) mother in the

whole world. While other kids ate candy for breakfast, I had to have porridge,

eggs or toast. When others had Cokes and candy for lunch,

I had to eat a

sandwich. But at least I wasn’t alone when I was sad. My sister and two brothers

had the same mean mother as I did.

1.

How many children does the writer’s mother have?

A.

Four. B.

T wo. C.

Three. D. Six.

2. 排除法

排序题也属于事实细节题的一种题型，它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显的信息词，如first,

to begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, second, third, then,

finally等。按照信息词的提示阅读，可以加快理解的进程。在做细节排序题时，首先要确定首或尾的答案，通常四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似，正确答案往往在这两个选项中选择，找到两者的不同之处，回到原文，进行核对，一旦确定，后面的排序就不用再比较了。

例：A topiary gardener should make a drawing

first. The drawing shows the final shape that the gardener likes. The gardener

then chooses a bush for the topiary. It may be one that just planted or one that

is already in place.

In June

of the plant’s first year, the gardener looks for new leaves. When the leaves

grow, it’s time to shape (给……造型) the bottom of the bush. It needs about five

years. The top is not trimmed during this time. In the fifth year, the

bush grows tall enough for shaping. Then the gardener begins to shape the whole

bush.

2. Put

the following in the right order according to the passage.

a. The gardener chooses

a bush for the topiary.

b. The whole bush grows

tall enough for shaping.

c. The gardener begins

to shape the bottom of the bush.

d. The gardener draws

the shape of a topiary.

A.

d→a→b→c B. b→c→a→d C.

a→d→c→b D. d→a→c→b

3. 简单计算法

数字计算题也是事实细节题的一种，要求对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算，以便得出符合题目要求的数据。解答这类题目时，考生首先要弄清题干的要求是什么，然后找到与它相关的数字，再对它们进行分析、整合，最后计算出正确答案。

例：When we cut down the rainforests, we

destroy these forest people, too. In 1900, there were 1,000,000 forest people in

the Amazon forest. In 1980, there were only 200,000. 3. The

number of the people living in the Amazon forest in 1980 was ________of that in

1900.

A.

half B.

one-third C.

two-fifths D. one-fifth

细节题占阅读理解的比例很大，阅读时要特别注意以下几点：

第一，阅读时，利用这类关键词和词组that is to say, above all,

especially, mainly等，把握文章的思路和脉络。另外在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词first （第一），least （最不），always

（总是），never（永不），all（所有），none（一个也不），any（任何）和表示唯一性的词汇only（只有）,

just（仅仅），往往是命题的陷阱，因此要多加注意。

第二，阅读时，必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点、看法混为一谈。

第三，文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目很少是文章中表层出现的数字或日期，通常需要做简单的计算。

阅读能力的提高非一朝之功，需要一个过程。同学们应该持之以恒，进行有计划、有目的的阅读实践，提高阅读能力。

推理判断题

推理判断题是每年中考的必考题型之一，也是英语阅读理解中难度较大的题型，属于深层理解题。它要求学生对文章中的内容及作者的思路做出合理的判断和推理，也就是要运用逻辑推理能力推论出蕴含在文章中却没有明说的事实及暗

示的含义，即英语中所说的“read

between the

lines”。因此，学生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理，在已知和未知信息之间搭起桥梁，透过字里行间，体会“弦外之音”，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。

一、推理判断题常见提问方式

1. The

writer/author/passage implies/suggests (暗示)that

__________.

2. It can

be inferred（推断）from the passage that __________. 3. Which

of the following can be concluded from this passage?

4. What

does the author conclude about?

5. The

passage is intended to __________.

6. The

first paragraph of this passage is to __________.

7. How

does the author seem to feel about this issue?

8. From

the passage, we can learn/conclude that __________. 9. Which

of the following might happen later?

10. The

passage may be a/an __________.

11. Which

of the following is TRUE/ NOT true?

二、选项特点分析

命题人在设置选项时，会遵循一定的特点和规律，因此学生了解了推理判断题选项的特点，对提高选项的正确率会有很大帮助。

1．正确选项的特点

（1）正确答案一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概

括性；

（2）正确答案的表述一般不会太绝对，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often,

usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly,

probably等；

（3）正确答案有的时候反而是与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。

2．干扰选项的特点

（1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出的结论；

（2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符；（3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点；

（4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；

（5）有部分选项的内容纯属编造。

三、推理判断题的解题方法

做推理判断题要注意两点:一是推理，二是判断，而且两者密不可分。推理是为了判断，判断依赖于推理。推理判断题要求学生根据原文，经过推理，进行判断，从而得出结论，所以推理判断题的答案不能在文中直接找出。但是，推理时务

必要忠实于原文，在文章中寻找可推论的依据，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。下面结合2011年各省市的中考题，就考试中常用的四种推理方法进行一一说明。

1.

抓住特定关键信息进行正向或逆向推理

做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用正向推理或逆向思维，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。

例：Mark Wellman showed that if you set your

heart and mind on something, no wall is too high, no dream

impossible.

1. What

can we learn from the passage?

A. A

friend in need is a friend indeed.

B. Dreams

will come true in the end.

C. Each

step is important to success.

D.

Nothing can stop a strong will.

2.

利用作者的思想感情进行推断

作者在写作时，自然而然会渗透自己的喜怒哀乐。通过一些表达感情色彩或思想倾向的措辞，领会作者的思想感情，一些考查观点态度的题目就迎刃而解了。

例：My whole life I have depended on the

kindness of many strangers, I feel regretful that I cannot find them and say

thank you. I do not even remember what the man’s face looked like, but he taught

me a lesson — people are more important than things. 2.

According to the passage, which word can best describe the man?

A.

Rude. B.

Funny. C.

Silly.

D. Kind.

例：I had to arrive in Vienna at 7:15 in time

to catch the 7:25 train to Paris, but there was no hope of that now. …It was

almost 7:25 when we stopped outside the station. I paid the driver quickly, took

hold of my bags quickly and hurried inside. “Paris train” was all I had time to

say to the official (铁路职工) I saw. You can guess how I feel when he pointed to a

train that was just moving out of the station.

3. How

did the writer feel at Vienna station?

A. He

felt lonely. B He felt angry. C. He

felt surprised D. He felt sad.

3.

根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论

不同的文章有不同的写作方法和文章结构。但是，在任何一篇文章中，段与段之间、句与句之间都存在着某种逻辑关系。抓住了这种逻辑关系，也就把握住了作者的写作思路和写作意图。

例：2011年北京卷

My summer

hols wr CWOT. B4, we usd 2 go 2 NY 2C my bro, his CF

& thr 3:-@ kids FTF,

ILNY, its gr8.

Can you

understand this sentence? If you can’t, don’t feel too bad: neither could the

middle school teacher in England who received this as homework. This is

Netspeak: …

4. What

is the main purpose of the first paragraph?

A. T o

give an example of a foreign language.

B. T o

show an example of creative methods.

C. T o

express worries about using Netspeak.

D. T o

lead in the topic of Netspeak.

4.

结合常识进行推断

有些文章，如科普类说明文、记叙类时政要闻等文体具有一定的背景知识。因此解答此类文章的题目，除了把握相关文段的细节外，还应注意充分运用自己的常识，结合题目去分析推理。

例：BEIJING (Xinhua) —Chinese have started to

enjoy cars at low prices after the country became a member of the World Trade

Organization (WTO). At the same time, competition between people has become

stronger. According to the China’s Ministry of Personnel (人事部), about 170

million people will lose their jobs after the country has joined the

WTO.

5. This

passage is probably _____.

A. a

story B. a

note C. a

letter D. a news report

以上分别从四个方面讲解了如何对文章隐含信息进行推理

判断，但有时候题目的设计不一定这么层次分明，需要同时从不同角度对文章的信息进行综合分析、推理和判断。例如方法三中的例子，需要综合考虑上下文逻辑关系以及文章的感情色彩，才能做出正确的判断。因此，在阅读的过程中，需要考生在熟练掌握的基础上灵活运用这些方法。

高考英语阅读理解推理判断题

专题07 阅读理解推理判断题 推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。 提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。 这种问题的提问方式通常有： 1.From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that . 2.We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that… 3.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that. 4.The author implies that by the year 2080, . 5.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should. 6.The author mentions the fact that…to show. 7. This passage would most likely be found in _________? 8.The author’s attitude toward …is _________? 9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _________? 这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点： 1.首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替

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2015年阅读理解专题--推理判断题 一.考纲解读： 设题角度: (1)细节推断题 (2). 推断隐含意义 (3). 推断作者观点或态度 (4). 推断写作目的 (5). 推断文章出处 (6). 推断上下文内容等 4.设问方式:It can be inferred from the text that . From the text we know/learn (about) that …is most likely . The writer’s attitude toward… is______. The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____. The passage implies that _____. In writing the passage, the author intends to _____. The passage is most likely to be taken from______. Where would this passage most probably appear? The next paragraph would most probably deal with _______ 二. 技巧点拨 1. 细节推断题。 根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等.一般可根据短文提供的信息,或结合生活常识来推断①要吃透文章的字面意思，捕捉有用的提示和线索②对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。③要忠实 于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。 【题例1】In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail, we brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe. (2011·湖南卷B篇)（1.5分钟） 61. We can infer that the mother and children went to Swansea ______. A. to meet a friend B. to see the father off C. to take a family photo D. to enjoy the sailing of the ship 【题例2】Understanding why members of her family and her friends would be there, AT asked why her dance teacher had traveled so far to see her compete(比赛). “She's always been my role model. I've danced with her since I was six. She's been through so many difficulties and came through them all. I've learned to get over bad life's experiences and learned how to move on because of her.”(the fourth paragraph) (2012·全国大纲卷 E篇)（2分钟） 57. Shelley takes her dance teachers as a role model mainly because she is ______. A. determined B. friendly C. strict D. experienced 2. 隐含意义题 这类题目往往要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事情。这类试题的题干中常含

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解密阅读理解之推理判断题 考点详解 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。常见的题干有： 1. It can be inferred from the text that… 2. We can conclude that… 3. When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that… 4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? 从历年的高考阅读理解题分析来看，推理判断题所占的比例大概在7％-10％，一般可以归纳为五大题型：细节推断题、因果推断题、人物性格、预测想象推理题和写作意图推测题。下面就这五大类型的题目进行剖析： 题型一细节推断题： 常见的设问方式： It can be inferred from the passage/text that_________. The author mainly suggests that ________. It can be concluded from the passage that_______. The writer implies but not directly states _______. What does the author imply about newspapers? 细节判断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。 干扰项特点：

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专项阅读理解考察的主要内容之一：考察事实和细节 此类题目大多是针对文章的细节设计的，是阅读中最简单最基础的题，每篇阅读的五个小题中一般是1-3个。此类题型的问题一般有以下两种提问方式（1）考察文章中的时间，地点，人物，情节和结局，主要以what、who、which、when、where、how或者why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节进行提问并要求考生回答。（2）文章中出现的语句的真确辨析，以下列问题常见Which of the following is right /not right Which of the following is mentioned /not mentioned From the passage, we know or learn that ….Give the right order of the sentences这类题的特点是：凡针对特定的细节的题目，其正确答案大多都可以在阅读材料中找到相对应的文字描述作为依据。可以是原文中的一个句子，也有可能是若干个句子，但有时是不同与原句的方式，句式或是同义句，同义词。 做好这类题目做好这类题的要领是： 1.明确题意，顺藤摸瓜。 2.按照要求，寻找答案来源。 3.找准关键词，明白其暗示作用。 4.多读课文，正确使用排除法。 务必做到下笔有据，不能根据自己读完后模棱两可的印象去做，必须回到原文中相关的地方反复查看，推敲，得到很确信的答案。另外要求考生在做这类题时，情绪要稳定，不急不躁，有条不紊的排除干扰项。试试下面两篇阅读，你是否能全对！ It was a warm March evening, and I’d just taken a seat on the bus .A middle-aged woman took a seat opposite me. She was crying, not speaking to anyone in particular, she told her story in tears. She had come to the city to visit her daughter. But a thief had stolen one of her bags on the way. In the bag there was half of the money she’d brought with her. After a few minutes, she stopped crying, and began to eat some bread with a sad look. An old man in old and almost broken clothes got on the bus .He sat in front of the woman. After a few minutes, the bus conductor collected tickets. When he came to the old man, the old man felt sorry. He explained that he had spent all his money this morning when he’d gotten on the wrong bus and now he was trying to go home . On hearing this, the bus conductor ordered the old man to get off the bus . The old man was almost in tears a he begged the bus conductor to let him take that bus so he could get home before dark. When the conductor raised his voice at the old man, the woman behind said ,“stop troubling him! Can’t you see he’s only trying to get home”