【写作技巧】详解托福独立写作的3大特性

【写作技巧】详解托福独立写作的3大特性

在托福独立写作的文章，每篇文章都是由段落所构成的，所以对于一篇好的文章来说，每个段落都会有其不同的作用。那么，对于每个段落来说，应该如何去正确安排其安排呢?其实，每个段落都是应该有着一个主题思想，有若干推展句、论据。下面我们就为大家详细分析一下该如何进行托福写作内容的拓展吧。

1.统一性

一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：

Joe and I decided to take the long trip we‘d always wanted across the

country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the

necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early

spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country.

We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at

his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern

regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.

本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the

country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb

pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement

dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant

sentences(不相关语句)而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子：

My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two

hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In

one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that

much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week.

Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting

twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.

本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant

sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature

baby。

从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant

sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。

2.完整性

正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：

Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to workyou produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.

本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical

work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。

由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：

It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often

writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out

what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.

段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：

It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes,

pictures are pretty useless things. If you can‘t swim and fall in the river and

start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself

drowning, or start screaming “Help”?

3.连贯性(coherence)

连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。

1) 意连

段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。

A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)

We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late

and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff

was strict about closing at nine o‘clock. Then, when we had been driving in the

desert for nearly two hours - it must have been close to noonthe heat nearly hid

us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to

cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o‘clock and we

were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to

the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure

enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep

cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled

across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth

that it had not been our lucky day.

本段从“rose”(起床)写起，然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine

o‘clock”)，然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束(“By nine”)。

B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如：

From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could

see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we

could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the

building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story

structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was

made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was

made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four.

Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow

staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All

those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across

the flat land.

本段的写法是由远及近，从远处(“from a distance”)写起，然后”get closer”，再到(“ten feet away”)，最后是

“inside the pagoda”……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。

以上就是托福写作中段落内容的安排，要注意的是句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅，要有连贯性，不能左一句右一句企图以难词多取胜，或者用些复杂句型，一篇好文章的基础，就是文章段落安排的让人觉得舒服合理。

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