GRE试题1

GRE试题
Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, Beneath the sentence are five lettered words or sets of words.Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole
1.To the cynic, there are no wholly altruistic, unselfish acts; every human deed is ------- an ulterior selfish motive.
(A)independent of
(B)emulated by
(C)disguised as
(D)founded upon
(E)similar to
2.Like the theory of evolution, the big-bang model of the universe's formation has undergone modification and -------, but it has ------- all serious challenges.
(A)alteration.confirmed
(B)refinement.resisted
(C)transformation.ignored
(D)evaluation.acknowledged
(E)refutation.misdirected
3.We have in America a ------- speech that is neither American, Oxford English, nor colloquial English, but ------- of all three.
(A)motley.an enhancement
(B)hybrid.a combination
(C)nasal.a blend
(D)mangled.a medley
(E)formal.a patchwork
4.It has been said that printing does as much harm as good, since it gives us bad books as well as good - ones and ------- falsehood and error no less than -------.
(A)displays.folly
(B)flaunts.ignorance
(C)betrays.treachery
(D)demonstrates.pedantry
(E)propagates.knowledge
5.A university training enables a graduate to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a ------- of thought.
(A)line
(B)strand
(C)mass
(D)plethora
(E)skein
6.Rather than portraying Joseph 11 as a radical reformer whose reign was strikingly enlightened, the play Amadeus depicts him as ------- thinker, too wedded to orthodox theories of musical composition to appreciate an artist of Mozart's genius.
(A)a revolutionary
(B)an idiosyncratic
(C)a politic
(D)a doctrinaire
(E)an iconoclastic
7.While ------- in his own approach to philosophy.the scholar was, illogically, ------ his colleagues who averred that a seeker of knowledge must be free to select such doctrines as pleased him in every school .
(A)indiscriminate.supportive of
(B)eclectic.intolerant of
(C)speculative.cordial to
(D)problematical.dismissive of
(E)theoretic.impatient with
Directions: In each of the following questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed by five lettered pairs of words or phrases.Select the lettered pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.
8.FANS : BLEACHERS:
(A)cheerleaders : pompoms
(B)audience : seats
(C)team : goalposts
(D)conductor : podium
(E)referee : decision
9.AUGER : BORE:
(A)awl : flatten
(B)bit : grind
(C)plane : smooth
(D)scythe : mash
(E)mallet : pierce
10.SCURRY : MOVE:
(A)chant : sing
(B)chatter : talk
(C)carry : li8
(D)sleep : drowse
(E)limp : walk
11.CHAMELEON : HERPETOLGIST:
(A)fungi : ecologist
(B)salmon : ichthyologist
(C)mongoose : ornithologist
(D)oriole : virologist
(E)aphid : etymologist
12.SONO : CYCLE:
(A)waltz : dance
(B)tune : arrangement
(C)sonnet : sequence
(D)agenda : meeting
(E)

cadenza : aria
13.OBDURATE : FLEXIBILITY:;
(A)accurate : perception
(B)turbid : roughness
(C)principled : fallibility
(D)diaphanous : transparency
(E)adamant : submissiveness
14.SARTORIAL : TAILOR:
(A)pictorial : spectator
(B)thespian : designer
(C)histrionic : singer
(D)rhetorical : questioner
(E)terpsichorean : dancer
15.SKIRT : ISSUE:
(A)vest : interest
(B)rig : wager
(C)dodge : encounter
(D)sweep : election
(E)mask : purpose
16.FEUD : ACRIMONY:
(A)scuffle : confusion
(B)crusade : heresy
(C)duel : brevity
(D)scrimmage : sparring
(E)siege : vulnerability
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content.After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question.Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
(This passage was written prior to 1950.)
In the long run a government will always encroach upon .freedom to the extent to which it has the power to do so; this is almost a natural law of politics, since, whatever the intentions of the people who exercise political power, the sheer momentum of government leads to a constant pressure upon the liberties of the citizen.But in many countries society has responded by throwing up its own defenses in the shape of social classes or organized corporations which, enjoying economic power and popular support, have been able to set limits to the scope of action of the executive.Such, for example, in England was the origin of all our liberties-won from government by the stand first of the feudal nobility, then of churches and political parties, and latterly of trade unions, commercial organizations, and the societies for promoting various causes.Even in European lands which were arbitrarily ruled, the powers of the monarchy, though absolute in.theory, were in their exercise checked in a similar fashion.Indeed the fascist dictatorships of today are the first truly tyrannical governments which Western Europe has known for centuries, and they have been rendered possible only because on coming to power they destroyed all forms of social organization which were in any way rivals to the state.
17.The passage can most accurately be described as a discussion of the.
(A)limited powers of monarchies
(B)ideal of liberal government
(C)functions of trade unions
(D)ruthless methods of dictators
(E)safeguards of individual liberty
18.According to the passage, the natural relationship between government and individual liberty is one of
(A)marked indifference
(B)secret collusion
(C)inherent opposition
(D)moderate complicity
(E)fundamental interdependence
19.Fascist dictatorships differ from monarchies of recent times in
(A)setting limits to their scope of action
(B)effecting results by sheer momentum .
(C)rivaling the state in power
(D)exerting constant pressure on liberties
(E)eradicating people's organizations
20.The passage suggests which of the following about fascist dictatorshi

ps?
(A)They represent a more efficient form of the executive.
(B)Their rise to power came about through an accident of history.
(C)They mark a regression to earlier despotic forms of government.
(D)Despite superficial dissimilarities, they are in essence like absolute monarchies.
(E)They maintain their dominance by rechanneling opposing forces in new directions.
Yet, while Darwinian theory extends its domain, some of its cherished postulates are slipping, or at least losing their generality.The "modem synthesis," the contemporary version of Darwinism that has reigned for thirty years, took the model of adaptive gene substitution within local populations as an adequate account, by accumulation and extension, of life's entire history.The model may work Well in its empirical domain of minor, local, adaptive adjustment; populations of the moth Biston betularia did turn black, by substitution of a single gene, as a selected response for decreased visibility on trees that bad been blackened by industrial soot.
8ut is the origin of a new species simply this process extended to more genes and greater effect? Are larger evolutionary trends within major lineages just a 81rther accumulation of sequential adaptive changes ?
Many evolutionists (myself included)are beginning to challenge this synthesis and to assert the hierarchical view that different levels of evolutionary change often reflect different kinds of causes.Minor adjustment within populations may be sequential and adaptive.But speciation may occur by major chromosomal changes that.establish sterility with other species for reasons unrelated to adaptation.Evolutionary trends may represent a kind of higher-level selection upon essentially static species themselves, not the slow and steady alteration of a single large population through untold ages.
Before the modem synthesis, many biologists (see Bateson, 1922, in bibliography)expressed confusion and depression because the proposed mechanisms of evolution at different levels seemed contradictory enough to .preclude a unified science .After the modem synthesis, the notion spread (amounting almost to a dogma among its less thoughtful lieutenants)that all evolution could be reduced to the basic Darwinism of gradual, adaptive change within local populations.I think that we are now pursuing a fruitful path between the anarchy of Bateson's day and the restriction of view imposed by the modem synthesis.The modem synthesis works in its appropriate arena, but the same Darwinian processes of mutation and selection may operate in strikingly different ways at higher domains in a hierarchy of evolutionary levels .I think that we may hope for uniformity of causal agents, hence a single, general theory with a Darwinian core.But we mast reckon with a multiplicity of mechanisms that preclude the explanation of higher level phenomena by the model of adaptive gene substitution favored for the lowest level.
At the basis of all this ferment lies nature's irr

educible https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9d8953915.html,anisms are not billiard balls, propelled by simple and measurable external forces to predictable new positions on life's pool table.Sufficiently complex systems have greater https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9d8953915.html,anisms have a history that constrains their future in myriad, subtle ways.Their complexity of form entails a host of functions incidental to whatever pressures of natural selection superintended the initial construction.Their intricate and largely unknown pathways of embryonic development guarantee that simple inputs (minor changes in timing, for example)may be translated into marked and surprising changes in output (the adult organism).
Charles Darwin chose to close his great book with a striking comparison that expresses this richness .He contrasted the simpler system of planetary motion, and its result of endless, static cycling, with the complexity of life and its wondrous and unpredictable change through the ages:
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved.
21.According to the author, many contemporary evolutionists find the Darwinian synthesis
(A)wholly unfounded
(B)overly restrictive
(C)essentially contradictory
(D)sadly confusing
(E)strikingly productive
22.In asserting the complexity of nature, the author: refers to billiard balls on life's pool table as
(A)an illustration of the unpredictable changes of nature
(B)an instance of confusion and mobility
(C)an example of a relatively uncomplicated system
(D)an application of the fixed law of gravity
(E)all accurate model of genetic change
23.It can be inferred that the paragraph immediately preceding this passage most likely discussed
(A)the absence of a unified theory evolution
(B)individuals challenging the Darwinian synthesis
(C)the expansion of evolutionary theory into new realms
(D)experimental methods of genetic substitution
(E)the place of genetics in the study of natural history
24.With which of the following statements regarding Charles Darwin would the author be most likely to agree ?
I.Darwin left his early successors in some confusion as to the universal applicability of his evolutionary theory.
II.Darwin experienced periods of despondency caused by the thoughtlessness of his lieutenants .
III.Darwin contrasted the simplicity and calculability of planetary cycles favorably to the diversity and unpredictability of living creatures .
(A)I only
(B)Ill only
(C)I and II only
(D)I and III only
(E)I, II, and II
25.The author does all of the following EXCEPT
(A)denounce an adversary
(B)pose a question
(C)provide an example
(D)use a metaphor
(E)refer to an authority
26.Which of the following phrases from ate passage best categorizes the transformation undergone by ce

rtain members of Biston betularia?
(A)"larger evolutionary trends within major lineages"
(B)"minor adjustment within populations"
(C)"higher-level selection"
(D)"irreducible complexity"
(E)"endless, static cycling"
27.The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?
(A)How did the modem synthesis contradict basic Darwinism?
(B)What effect did industrial pollution have on certain moth populations?
(C)How did Bateson's theories anticipate the ideas of the modem synthesis?
(D)What sort of living creature is most likely to evolve into a new species?
(E)Are instances of speciation less common than the modem synthesis would indicate?
Directions: Each question below consists of a word printed in capital letters, followed by five lettered words or phrases.Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the words in capital letters.
Since some of the questions require you to distinguish fine shades of meaning, be sure to consider all the choices before deciding which one is best.
28.DISREGARD:
(A)admit
(B)evade
(C)heed
(D)improve
(E)prevent
29.VERACITY:
(A)uncertainty
(B)mendacity
(C)plausibility
(D)intuition
(E)opposition
30.BEDECK:
(A)erect
(B)awake
(C)isolate
(D)cleanse
(E)strip
31.ESTRANGE: .
(A)reconcile
(B)feign
(C)perplex
(D)arbitrate
(E)commiserate
32.SPURIOUS:
(A)cautious
(B)fantastic
(C)modest
(D)genuine
(E)pertinent
33.PROVIDENT:
(A)manifest
(B)prodigal
(C)thankful
(D)tidy
(E)refuted
34.CAPITULATE:
(A)initiate
(B)defame
(C)exonerate
(D)resist
(E)repeat
35.INDIOENOUS:
(A)af8uent
(B)parochial
(C)alien
(D)serene
(E)inimical
36.SALUBRITY:
(A)unwholesomeness
(B)insolvency
(C)dissatisfaction
(D)diffidence
(E)rigidity
37.QUAIL:
(A)hover
(B)tolerate
(C)arouse enmity
(D)become resolute
(E)abstain from action
38.TANTAMOUNT:
(A)not negotiable
(B)not equivalent
(C)not ambitious
(D)not evident
(E)not relevant