考研英语模拟试题

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

（英语）模拟试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Every human being has a unique arrangement of the skin on his fingers and this arrangement is unchangeable. Scientists and experts have proved the __1__ of finger-prints and discovered that no ___2____ similar pattern is ___3____ from parents to children, ___4___ nobody knows why this is the ___5_____.

The ridge ___6____ on a person’s fingers does not change __7_____ growth and is not affected by ____8___ injuries. Burns, cuts and other damage to the __9____ part of the skin will be replaced __10_____ by a new one which bears reproduction of the __11_____ pattern. It is only when the inner skin is injured that the arrangement will be ___12____. Some criminals make use of this to ___13_____ their own finger-prints ___14____ this is a dangerous and rare step to _15_______.

Finger-prints can be made very easily with printer’s ink. They can be recorded easily. With special methods, __16____ can be achieved successfully within a short time. ___17____ the simplicity and economy of this system, finger-prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal cases. A __18_____ man may deny a charge but this may be __19_____. His finger-prints can prove who he is even his ___20____ has been changed by age or accident.

1.A. exclusiveness B. thickness C. width D. uniqueness

2.A. naturally B. exactly C. especially D. particularly

3.A. passed on B. passed away C. passed out D. passed off

4.A. if B. when C. though D. as

5.A. reason B. cause C. ground D. case

6.A. construction B. structure C. location D. position

7.A. with B. for C. until D. under

8.A. grave B. severe C. substantial D. superficial

9.A. outside B. outward C. inner D. outer

10.A. in time B. on time C. at times D. behind time

11.A. original B. different C. definite D. customary

12.A. restored B. harmed C. destroyed D. restricted

13.A. diminish B. dispose C. undermine D. remove

14.A. and B. but C. when D. if

15.A. make B. take C. do D. adapt

16.A. realization B. detection C. identification D. investigation

17.A. In spite of B. Irrespective of C. Because of D. In case of

18.A. suspected B. doubted C. distrusted D. doubtful

19.A. out of use B. in vain C. at random D. in question

20.A. look B. expression C. appearance D. Sight

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.

Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization together--honesty, kindness, and soon--accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law--and, ultimately, no society.

My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.

Fortunately, there are still communities--smaller towns, usually--where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated--they simply are not done!” Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.

The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitude. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.

I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.

21.What the wise man said suggests that it is

A.unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil.

B.certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it.

C.desirable for good men to keep away from evil.

D.only natural for virtue to defeat evil.

22.According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,

A.society is to be held responsible.

B.modern civilization is responsible for it.

C.the criminal himself should bear the blame.

D.the standards of living should be improved.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/989111063.html,pared with those in small towns, people in large cities have

A.less self-discipline

B. better sense of discipline

C. more mutual respect

D. less effective government

24.The writer is sorry to have noticed that

A.people in large cities tend to excuse criminals.

B.today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty.

C.people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards.

D.people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities.

25.The key point of the text is that

A.stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families.

B.more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior.

C.more good examples should be set for people to follow.

D.more people should accept the value of accountability.

Text 2

As everyone knows, words constantly take on new meanings. Since these do not necessarily, nor even usually, take the place of the old ones, we should barely picture this process as the analogy of a tree throwing out new branches which themselves throw out subordinate branches. The new branches sometimes overshadow and kill the old one but by no means always. We shall again and again find the earliest senses of a word flourishing for centuries despite a vast overgrowth of later senses which might be expected to kill them.

When a word has several meanings historical circumstances often make one of them dominant during a particular period. Thus “station” is now more likely to mean a railway station than anything else; “speculation”more likely to bear its financial sense than any other. Until last century “plane” had as its dominant meaning “a flat surface” or “a carpenter’s tool to make a surface smooth”, but the meaning “an aeroplane” is dominant now. The dominant sense of a word lies uppermost in out minds. Whenever we meet the word, our natural impulse is to give it that sense. We are often deceived. In an old author the word may mean something different.

One of my aims is to make the reading of old books easy as far as certain words are concerned. If we read an old poem with insufficient regard for the change of the dictionary meanings of words, we won’t be able to understand the poem the old author intended. And to avoid this, knowledge is necessary.

We see good words or good senses of words losing their edge or more rarely getting a new edge that serves some different purposes. “Verbicide”, the murder of a word, happens in many ways. Inflation is the commonest: those who taught us to say “awfully” for “very”, “tremendous” for “great”, and “unthinkable” for “undesirable”were verbicides.

I should be glad if I sent any reader away with a sense of responsibility to the language. It is unnecessary to think we can do nothing about it. Our conversation will have little effect, but if we get into print--perhaps especially if we are leader-writers or reporters--we can help to strengthen or weaken some disastrous word, can encourage a good and resist a bad Americanism. For many things the press prints today will be taken up by a great mass of people in a few years.

26.In the first paragraph the author believes

A.only old words take on new meanings.

B.words obtain new meanings from time to time.

C.if often happens that words lose their original meanings.

D.a tree throws out new braches as the words pick up new meanings.

27.By mentioning the tree throwing out new branches, the author hopes to

A.explain what the analogy is

B.stress the natural phenomena.

C.illustrate his view in a clearer way.

D.picture the process of growth of new branches.

28.We are often cheated by some words because

A.our natural impulse makes a mistake

B.their dominant meanings have not been determined.

C.the dominant sense of a word is not accurate in our minds.

D.sometimes they mean something different from their dominant meanings.

29.In the author’s view, if someone taught us to say “awfully” for “very”, we

A.were advised not to accept it.

B.saw a word serving for a different purpose.

C.saw an example of a good word being misused.

D.were getting a new edge for a different purpose.

30.In the last paragraph, the author thinks that

A.a word’s meaning depends on whether it is in print.

B.we can do nothing about it unless we get into print.

C.we should take responsibility to the language if necessary.

D.the general public will accept step by step what the press prints.

Text 3

Just before our eyes a tectonic shift in the global economy is taking place--the Asian economies rising to replace the U.S. as the dominating global economic power. Absolute figures may still give primacy to the U. S., but emerging trends suggest its grip on the steering wheel is slipping.

The most persuasive signal is that Asia has decouple, with a decreasing dependence on the U.S.. The Economist reported in February 24, 2007, that the increase in China’s exports accounted for 2.2 percent of the country’s 11 percent GDP growth in 2006, down from 2.7 points in 2005. The figure for 2007 was expected to shrink to 1.6 points. Statistics from the Asian Development Bank show that over the last five years domestic demand, primarily investment but also consumption, amounts to more than 80 percent of contributions to growth. The Asian Development Bank’s outlook for 2007 reports that the U.S., Europe and Japan--the G-3--accounted for 43.3 percent of Asia’s exports in 2005 compared to 53.2 percent in 1985.

The world’s savings also take place in Asia, excluding the Middle East and its petro-economy. Asia may not like it, but most on the continent have acquiesced in allowing reputable Western financial institutions to shuffle their savings around, investing them as deemed most profitable. However, most of Asia’s financial institutions wisely did not embrace the risky financial instruments that included sub-prime mortgages originating from the U.S.. The sub-prime crisis--triggered y increasing defaults (failure to pay) as housing prices slip in the U.S. and homeowners cannot afford rising interest rates--revealed that these Wall Street firms deserving respect are less than perfect. In fact, many firms sought rescue from Asia’s growing wealth funds.

The list of Western financial institutions relying on support from Asia reads like a “Who’s Who”in international finance. For example, Singapore’s General Investment Corporation took a stake of U.S. $9.7 billion in United Bank of Switzerland, China Investment Corporation channeled U.S.$5 billion into Morgan Stanley.

The support does not signify control or ownership, but does signal that global investment decisions can no longer be made without hearing Asia out. AN augury of what the world can expect surfaced in February 2008: The mining giant BHP wanted to acquire its competitor Rio Tinto to create a Lord of the world sitting on one-third of the world’s trade in iron ore and the biggest producer of aluminum and coal. China feared that the new company would use its power to push up prices and stepped in to prevent the merger. With a war chest of U.S. $120 billion, the Chinese aluminum company Chinalco entered the fray offering to bid for Rio Tinto. Obviously, the Asian voice can no longer be set aside.

31.It is suggested in the opening paragraph that

A.tremendous changes are taking place in the world’s economy.

B.the control of the U.S. over the global economy is being compromised.

C.the U.S. has achieved its predominance in the global economy.

D.the Asia is becoming the dominating global economic power.

32.The author mentions the reduction of Asia’s exports to the G-3 in 2005 to

A.show the diminishing reliance of Asia on the G-3.

B.highlight the increasing dependence of Asia on the G-3.

C.accentuate the primacy of the U.S. in the world’s economy.

D.illustrate the Asia’s independence of the developed countries.

33.It can be inferred from the third paragraph that

A.the crisis in the U.S. resulted in the defaults of home purchasers.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/989111063.html, invests most of its money in Western financial institutions.

C.many U.S. firms are likely to seek financial support from Asia.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/989111063.html,n financial institutions refused to take sub-prime mortgages.

34.The last paragraph implies that

A.All global financial problems cannot be coped with without China.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/989111063.html, may well solidify its position as the dynamic economy shortly.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/989111063.html, has established its worldwide control of financial institutions.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/989111063.html, is playing a crucial role in the world’s investment decisions.

35.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be

A.Can We Say “No’to the U.S.?

B.Is Asia Taking the Place of the U.S.?

C.Is the Sun Setting on U.S. Dominance?

D.Does Asian Economy Still Depend on the West?

Test 4

Let us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory whether political or forensic.

Born in rude and abject poverty, he never had any education, except what he gave himself, till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform and train his mind were within his reach. No schools, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers. When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favorable to continuous study had already passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but few authors in general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a little mathematics, but he could read no language save his own, and had only the faintest acquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy.

The want of regular education was not made up for by the persons among whom his lot was cast. Until he was a grown man, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mind of an orator was to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many years no one form him to mix with except the petty practitioners of a petty town, men nearly all of whom knew little more than he did himself.

Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect and a resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and, indeed, of prolonged and intense reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions were his own--clear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that at certain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided on his course but though he could keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused and reconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once made or to waste time in vain regrets so that all he had expected had not been attained. He took advice readily and left many things to his ministers; but he did not lean on his advisers. Without vanity or ostentation, he was always independent, self-contained, prepared to take full responsibility for his acts.

36.It is implied in the second paragraph that Abraham Lincoln

A.was illiterate

B. was never educated.

C. behaved rudely when he was young.

D. was never provided with any regular education.

37.We are also told that Abraham Lincoln

A.never had much chance to read.

B.never cared much for reading.

C.did much reading when he was young.

D.became an enthusiastic reader when he was grown up.

38.It is said in the third paragraph that Abraham Lincoln

A.was anti-social.

B. learned little from his friends.

C. had few friends.

D. knew very few doctors.

39.The habit of reflection helped Lincoln

A.to develop independence

B.to become more opinionated.

C.to attain clear convictions.

D.to become a hesitant person.

40.We may say, taking the passage as a whole, that Lincoln was

A.a failure because of his ignorance.

B.a successful and well-educated person.

C.a man who triumphed over his disadvantages.

D.an illiterate man, but with some natural talents.

Part B Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

(A)“I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. Were in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t--it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much ou can do about it.

(B)“Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotion will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests that interventions that get noticed.

(C)“I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.

(D)“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair--too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was

no payoff.

(E)“The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.

(F)“So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”

(G)A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives or various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation--how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.

G 41 42 43 44 45 F

Part C Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. Secrecy obviously evaporates once the invention is sold or used, and there is always the risk that in the meantime another inventor, working quite independently, will make and patent the same discovery. (46) A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by means of which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.

Once the monopoly period comes to an end, all those details of the invention pass into the public domain. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the life-span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.

(47) The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for colour TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. But even short extensions are normally extremely rare.

(48) Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to steal and use a dead patent. (49) Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.

Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. (50) It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the V olkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.

Section III Writing

Part A 51.Directions:

You are preparing for the Postgraduate Entrance Examination and are in need of some information on reference books. Write a letter to a bookshop manager to ask for

1)relevant information about the books you want,

2)Methods of payment, and

3)The time and way of delivery.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B 52.Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1)describe the drawing briefly,

2)state different opinions on the Internet cafe, and

3)give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

Should we shut the cafes down?

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