翻译的基本概念(revised)
Some Basic Concepts of Translation
I．Some controversial issues：
1.literal translation vs. free translation 直译还是意译
2.functional equivalence vs. formal correspondence 功能对等还是形式对应
3.content vs. form 重内容还是重形式
4.source-oriented vs. target-oriented 靠近原语还是靠近译入语
5.author-centered vs. reader-centered 以原作者为中心还是以译入语读者为中心
6.the purpose of the author vs. the purpose of the translator 原作者写作的目的还是译者翻
译的目的
II．THE METHODS
(Peter Newmark)
1. Word-for-word translation （逐字翻译）
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
2. Literal translation （直译）
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
3. Faithful translation （忠实翻译）
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It …transfers?cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical …abnormality? (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer.
4. Semantic translation （语义翻译）
Semantic translation differs from …faithful translation?only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on …meaning?where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents-une nonne repassant un corporal may become …a nun ironing a corporal cloth?–and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between …faithful?and …semantic?translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator?s intuitive empathy with the original.
5. Adaptation （改写）
This is the …freest? form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have …rescued? period plays.
6. Free translation （自由翻译）
Free translation reproduces the mater without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called …intralingual translation?, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.
7. Idiomatic translation （习语翻译）
Idiomatic translation reproduces the …message?of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. (Authorities as diverse as Seleskovitch and Stuart Gilbert tend to this form of lively, …natural?translation.
8. Communicative translation （交流翻译）
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
III．The nature of translating
(Nida)
“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”
1.Reproducing the message
Translating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message”. To do anything else is essentially false to one?s task as a translator. But to reproduce the message one must make a good many grammatical and lexical adjustments.
2.Equivalence rather than identity
The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity. In a sense, this is just another way of emphasizing the reproduction of the message rather than the conservation of the form of the utterance.
3. A natural equivalent
The best translation does not sound like a translation. That is to say, it should studiously avoid “translationese”—formal fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the content
and the impact of the message.
4.The closest equivalent
A conscientious translator will want the closest natural equivalent. It has been argued ,
for example, that in present-day English a natural equivalent of “demon-possessed”
would be “ mentally distressed.” This might be regarded by some as a natural equivalent, but it is certainly not the “closest equivalent”.
5.The priority of meaning
As it has already been indicated in the definition of translating, meaning must be given priority, for it is the content of the message which is of prime importance for translating.
This means that certain rather radical departures from the formal structure are not only legitimate but may even be highly desirable.
6.The significance of style
Though style is secondary to content, it is nevertheless important. One should not translate poetry as though it were prose, nor expository material as though it were straight narrative. …It is usually quite impossible to represent some of the stylistic subtleties of the original.
IV. Language Functions, Text-categories and Text-types
(Peter Newmark)
Three main functions:
1.The expressive function （表达功能）
The core of the expressive function is the mind of the speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterance. He uses the utterance to express his feelings irrespective of any response.
The characteristic …expressive? text-types are:
1)Serious imaginative literature: lyrical poetry, short stories, novels, plays.
2)Authoritative statements: political speeches, documents etc; statutes and legal
documents; scientific, philosophical and …academic? works written by acknowledged
authorities.
3)Autobiography, essays, personal correspondence.
2.The informative function （信息功能）
The core of informative function of language is external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories.
Typical …informative? texts are concerned with any topic of knowledge, but texts about literary subjects, as they often express value-judgments, are apt to lean towards …expressiveness?. The format of an informative text is often standard: a textbook, a
technical report, an article in a newspaper or a periodical, a scientific paper, a thesis, minutes or agenda of a meeting.
3.The vocative function （呼唤功能）
The core of the vocative function of language is the readership, the addressee. The term …vocative? is used in the sense of …calling upon? the readership to act, think or feel, in fact to …react? in the way intended by the text.
We take notices, instructions, publicity, propaganda, persuasive writing and possibly popular fiction, whose purpose is to sell the book/entertain the reader, as the typical …vocative? text.
However, few texts are purely expressive, informative or vocative: most include all three functions, with an emphasis on one of the three.
V. Koller (1979) proposes a checklist for translationally relevant text analysis under the headings of:
1. language fuction;
2. content characteristics;
3. language-stylistic characteristics;
4. formal-aesthetic characteristics;
6. pragmatic characteristis
VI. Tytler’s three general ‘laws’ or ‘rules’ for translation
(1797)
1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the
original.
3. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
VII. Nida’s ‘four basic requirements of a translation’:
1.making sense;
2.conveying the spirit and manner of the original;
3.having a natural and easy form of expression;
4.producing a similar response.
Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida.
For Nida，the success of a translation depends above all on achieving equivalent
response.
Nida underlines that …correspondence in meaning must have priority over
correspondence in style?, if equivalent effect is to be achieved.
IIX. Vinary and Darbelnet’s model
(2000)
The two strategies they identified (literal/free) comprise seven procedures, of which direct translation covers three:
1.Borrowing: The SL word is transferred directly to the TL.
2.Calque: This is a special kind of borrowing where the SL expression or structure is
transferred in a literal translation. Eg. summit meeting <> 峰会
3.Literal translation: This is a …word-for-word?translation, which Vinary and Darbelnet
describes as being most common between languages of the same family.
4.Transposition: This is a change of one part of speech for another without changing the
sense. Vinary and Darbelnet see transposition as the most “probably the most common structural change undertaken by translators”. They list at least ten categories, such as: verb to noun; adverb to verb ….
5.Modulation: This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL. It can be:
1)obligatory: e.g. “the time when”translates as “the moment where”in French (le
moment ou). “You?ve had a narrow escape.”你真是死里逃生！
2)optional: e.g. the reversal of point of view in “it is not difficult to show” translates as
“显而易见”
6.Equivalence: Vinary and Darbelnet use this term to refer to cases where languages describe
the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. Equivalence is particularly useful in translating idioms and proverbs, e.g. as strong as a horse —> 壮如牛.
7.Adaptation: This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source
culture does not exist in the target culture.
IX. Polysystem Theory
A theory proposed by Even-Zohar to account for the behavior and evolution of literary SYSTEMS. The term denotes a stratified conglomerate (多层次的聚合) of interconnected elements, which changes and mutates (develop a new form) as these elements interact with each other.
X. Other terms
Pragmatic translation
A term used to refer to translation which pays attention not only to denotative meaning but also to “the way utterances are used in communicative situations and the way we interpret them in context.
Receptor language
Receptor language is a term defined by Nida & Taber as “the language into which a message is translated from the source language.” It is basically synonymous with the term “target language.”
Target language
Target language is the standard term used to denote the language which is being translated into.
Source language
Source language is the standard term describing the language in which the text being translated is written.
Interpreting
Interpreting is a term used to refer to the oral translation of a spoken message or text. Interpreting differs from translation in a number of important respects.
1.The communication skills needed are clearly different. Interpreters need to be expert oral
communicators.
2.Interpreters are required to create a finished product in “real time” without the possibility of
going back and making revisions.
3.Interpreters must ensure that any background knowledge which they are likely to need has
been acquired in advance.
4.Interpreters are “performers” who are constantly making split-second decisions and taking
communicative risks; consequently they typically experience higher stress levels while “on the job” than most translators.
Relay interpreting
Relay interpreting is a term used to refer to the practice of interpreting between two (usually less widely spoken) languages via a third.
Shifts
The term is originally defined by Catford as “departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL” (1965:73). The shifts described by Catford are therefore purely linguistic, being grammatical or lexical in nature.
Toury (1980, 1995) further developed the notion of shifts, distinguishing two varieties, the obligatory (e.g. linguistically motivated) and the non-obligatory (e.g. motivated by literary or cultural considerations); the extent to which a TT contains non-obligatory shifts will determine whether its INITIAL NORM is one of ACCEPYABILITY or ADEQUACY.
Compensation
Compensation is a term in general use for a number of decades, and defined by Hervey & Higgins as “the technique of making up for the translation loss of important ST features by approximating their effects in the TT through means other than those used in the ST” (1992:248).
Corpora (singular Corpus)
Corpora is a term traditionally used in translation studies to refer to relatively small–scale collections of texts, (parts of ) which are searched manually for examples of features which are of interest.
Correspondence
Correspondence is a term used to refer to the relationship which exists between elements of SL and TL that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other. Correspondence is usually presented as a somewhat weaker notion than the perhaps more frequently encountered concept of EQUIV ALENCE (Hermans 1991:157).
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
中英文翻译--力学的基本概念{修}
力学的基本概念 对运动，时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支被称为力学，它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在静力学系统中不考虑时间这个因素，而动力学是对随时间变化的系统进行分析。 通过配合表面作用力被传送到机器的各个部件，例如从齿轮传到轴或者是从一个齿轮通过啮合传递到另一个齿轮，从三角皮带传到皮带轮，或者从凸轮传到从动件。由于很多原因，我们必须知道这些力的大小。在边界或啮合表面作用力的分布一定要合理，他们的大小必须在构成配合表面材料的工作极限以内。例如，如果施加在滑动轴承的作用力太大，那么它就会将油膜挤压出来，并且造成金属和金属的接触，使温度过高，使滑动轴承失效。如果作用在齿轮轮齿上的力过大，就会将油膜从齿间挤压出来。这将会导致金属表层的破裂和剥落，噪音增大，运动不精确，直至报废。在力学研究中，我们主要关心力的大小，方向和作用点。 当一些物体连接在一起形成一个组合或者系统时，在两个接触的物体之间作用和反作用的力被称之为约束力。这些力约束各个物体使其处于特有的状态。作用在这个物体系统外部的力叫做外力。 电力，磁力和重力是不需要直接接触就可以施加的力的实例。不是全部但是大多数，与我们有关的力都是通过直接的实际接触或者是机械接触才能产生的。 力是一个矢量。力的要素就是它的大小，它的方向和作用点，一个力的方向包括力的作用线的概念和它的指向。因此，沿着力的作用线，力的方向有正副之分。 沿着两条不重合的平行线作用在一个物体上的两个大小相等、方向相反的作用力不能合并成一个合力。任何作用在一个刚体上的两个力构成一个力偶。力偶臂就是这两个力的作用线之间的垂直距离。 力偶矩也是一个矢量，用M表示，垂直于力偶面；M的方向主要依据右手螺旋定则确定。力矩的大小是力偶臂与其中一个力的大小的乘积。 如果一个刚体满足下列条件，那么它处于平衡状态： （1）作用在它上面的所有外力的矢量和等于零。 （2）作用在它上面的所有外力对于任何一个轴的力矩之和等于零。 在数学上这两个条件被表示为 ∑=0 M F∑=0 所使用的术语“刚体”可以是整台机器，一个机器中几个相互连接的零件，一个单独的零件或者是零件的一部分。隔离体简图是一个从机器中隔离出来的物体的草图或视图，在图中标出所有作用在物体上的力和力矩。通常图中应该包括已知的力和力矩的大小、方向还有其他相关信息。 这样得到的图成为“隔离体简图”，其原因是图中的零件或物体的一部分已经从其余的机械零部件中隔离出来了，其余的机器零部件对它的作用已经用力和力矩代替。对于一个完整的机器零部件隔离体简图，图上所表示出的，作用在其上面的力和力矩是通过与其相邻或相接触零件施加的，是外力。对于一个零件的一部分的隔离体简图作用在切面上的力和力矩都是通过被切掉部分施加的，是内力。 绘制和提交简洁、清晰的隔离体简图是工程交流的核心。这是真实的，因为
翻译基本概念
《翻译》课程理论汇编（基本概念） 1.1 翻译的概念 一般地，我们将翻译定义为：将一种语言（口语或笔语形式）（译出语）转换或创造为另一种语言（译入语）。翻译是一种非常复杂的 人类高级语言活动，这种活动的整个过程是很难以图示、语言等其他方式阐释清楚的。不同领域、不同派别的学者对翻译有着不同的定义。 1.1.1 语言学家对翻译的定义 语言学家将翻译视为一种语言活动，同时认为，翻译理论属于语言学的一个部分，即研究译出语和译入语的转换关系。解释如下： （1）Catford（1965：20）认为，翻译是译出语和译入语间的文本等效转换。 （2）Nida 和Taber（1969：12）认为，翻译是译出语和译入语间意义和形式上的最紧密联系转换。 （3）Newmark（1982/1988：5）认为，翻译理论源自于比较语言学，属于语义学的一部分，而所有语义学的研究课题都与翻译理论息 息相关。 1.1.2 文化角度对翻译的定义 从文化角度来看，翻译不仅仅是语言符号的转换，同时是文化的交流，尤其是“文化间交流”。通常我们把这一术语又改称为“文化 间合作”或“跨文化交际”等。 Shuttleworth 和Cowie（1997：35）认为，与其说翻译是两种语言之间的符号转换，不如说是两种语言所代表的两种文化间的转换。 译者在处理涉及语言文化方面的译务工作时，认为任何一种语言中都饱含着其文化中的相关元素（比如：语言中的问候语、固定搭配 等），任何文本都存在于特定的文化环境中，同时，由于各语言所代表的多元文化差异很大，语言间的转化和创造性生成模式千变万化。 Nida 认为，对于一个成功的翻译工作者而言，掌握两种文化比掌握两种语言更为重要，因为语言中的词汇只有在特定的语言文化环境 中才能具有正确的、合乎文化背景的义项。 王佐良先生指出（1989），翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。 不仅如此，还要不断的将两种文化加以比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。 翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们会说：他必须掌握两种语言；确实如此，但是不了解语言当中的文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言。 1.1.3 文学角度对翻译的定义 持文学观点的翻译工作者认为，翻译是对语言的艺术性创造，或是一种善于创造的艺术。一些西方学者也认为，翻译是对“原文本的 艺术性改写”。 文学翻译的任务时要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的映像完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中，在翻译过程中追求语言的艺术 美，再现原作的艺术性。用矛盾的话说，是“使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原著一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。” 语言是塑造文学形象的工具，因而文学的形象性特征必然要在语言上表现出来。文学语言的特征，诸如形象、生动、鲜明、含蓄、凝
医学专业英语翻译
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
英语新闻标题翻译技巧简析
在国际新闻报道中，英语新闻翻译占了相当大的比重。在英语新闻中，“标题被视作报道全文的缩写”，为了尽量吸引读者，编辑往往运用各种修辞手段，力争使新闻标题更具吸引力。这为英语新闻翻译带来挑战。翻译者需调动各种翻译手段，力争把原标题的意义和风格以汉语形式再现出来。为此，翻译时应兼顾三个方面：准确理解标题意义，尤其是要透过字面理解其深层意义；在不曲解原意的情况下发挥汉语特点，以增强译文可读性；在文化背景缺失的情况下，注意译文的可接受性。 一、直译或基本直译新闻标题 直译和意译孰是孰非在我国译界争论不休，迄今未有定论。笔者以为，两种译法各有长短，翻译中需视实际情况而定，扬长避短。但无论直译还是意译，都应把忠实于原文内容放在首位。就英语新闻标题翻译而言，笔者以为，如果英语标题的含义明白，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，可考虑采用直译或基本直译。比如： Putin faces harsh press criticism over terror 普京因恐怖事件受媒体严厉批评 Olympics Begin in Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold 奥运盛妆开幕泳将喜夺首金 UK soldest person dies at 115 英国第一寿星谢世，享天年百岁又十五 以上三则新闻标题属于直译或基本直译，没有洋腔洋调，显得很自然流畅。又如：Ugly Duckling N-Shipat Last GetsHappy Home 丑小鸭核动力船终于找到安乐窝 这则新闻讲述的是某国一艘核动力船，因许多国家担心核污染而拒绝让其靠岸，所以只得在海上到处漂泊，历经周折之后最终被获准在一港口停泊。原标题中以调侃的语气将这艘核动力船比喻成安徒生笔下的“an ugly duckling”（丑小鸭），这也是广大中国读者早已熟悉的典故，故译文采用了“拿来主义”的直译手法，读者一看也就明白怎么回事了。 二、翻译中添加注释性词语 英语报刊的新闻标题往往迎合本国读者的阅读需要，而且由于思维习惯与中国人不同，英语新闻标题的表达方式也与中文有所不同。因此，翻译过程中必须充分考虑到“内外有别”的原则和我国读者的阅读心理，对国人可能不太熟悉的有关信息、文化背景知识以及不符合国内读者阅读习惯的表达方式进行必要的变通，该删则删，该增则增。正如刘宓庆先生在《文体与翻译》中说的：“即使是明白、易懂的新闻标题，我们在汉译时也常需加上逻辑主语，或电讯中有关的人的国籍、事件发生的地点等等，总之必须增补介绍性、注释性词语以利中国读者的理解，避免读者产生误会。”例如： For Beslans children, alegacy of nightmares （俄罗斯：）劫后相逢，别城孩童仍似恶梦中
新闻英语标题翻译欣赏及汉译
新闻英语标题翻译:欣赏及汉译 我们在阅读英语报刊时，不仅要学会看借新闻标题，而且最好还能善于欣赏并翻 译新闻标题，惟有如此，我们才能较正确地理解英语新闻标题的词汇、语法及修辞等 特点，判断出标题的寓意。 欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题时应该兼顾三个方面：准确理解标题，领悟其妙处；适 当照顾译文特点，增强可读性；重视读者的接受能力。欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题，对 于不太熟悉英语国家历史、文化背景的读者来说，有时并不是很容易的。许多妙不可 言的精彩之处，一疏忽就可能从眼皮底下滑过去。因此，这就要求我们平时注意积累，不断熟悉英语国家的历史掌故、文艺作品以及英语的修辞手段等等。一旦真的领会并 译出了英语标题中作者苦心营造的深奥内涵，那份喜悦不亚于数学家攻克一道难题。 一、直译或基本直译 如果英语标题的含义明白、直接，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则可直译或基本直译。如： Looking Back To Look Ahead. 回首往昔展望未来。 America's Careening Foreign Policy. 摇摆不定的美国对外政策。 Bill Clinton Assumes Office In White House As Us President. 比尔，克林顿入主白宫，就任美国总统。（或译：克林顿入主白宫，新总统始掌 大权。） Olympics Begin In Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold. 奥运会隆重开幕泳将夺首枚金牌。
二、添加注释性词语 即使是明白易懂的新闻标题，我们在汉译时也常需酌情加上逻辑主语，或新闻人物的国籍、消息的事发地点等等。总之，应兼顾中英语新闻标题之异同，适当增补有关介绍性、注释性词语以利读者理解，避免产生误会。例如： Li Elected Cppcc Head. 李（瑞环）当选为全国政协主席。 Lewis, Xie Voted World's Top Two. 路（易斯）谢（军）当选世界最佳男女（运动员）。 Emperor's Visit A Milestone In Bilateral Ties. 天皇访华：（中日）双边关系的里程碑。 Quake Death Toll Tops 5000. （日本限神地区）地震死亡人数己逾五千。 Young Wheelers, Big Dealers. 青年摩托车手成了（保险公司）大主顾。 三、体现原文修辞特点 如果英语标题寓意于某种修辞手段，如双关、比喻、押韵等，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则应尽可能体现原标题的修辞特色。如： 押韵：After The Boom Everything Is Gloom.
(完整版)医学专业英语
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;
新闻英语标题翻译省略
新闻英语标题翻译:省略 有的读者读英语报刊，心中无数，东翻翻，西看看，总想挑容易的文章读。一篇文章刚看了个头，一碰到生词，马上换一篇。如此这般，换了六、七篇，还没确定读哪篇。那么，应该怎么读？首先要有准备地阅读，如先大致了解一下某报各版的主要内容，然后按照自己的兴趣或事先拟订的阅读计划，选定一个版面，有选择地阅读。 如果碰到生词，也要坚定地读下去。要知道，对于初、中等英语水平的读者，英语报刊文章很少会不出现生词。其次要有步骤地阅读。一般应先读标题，但由于标题（headline）短而精，不太好懂，不少读者常常绕开它。这是不明智的。一份英文报纸少则10至20版，多则数百版。读者一般时间有限，谁都不可能像读课文或看小说那样从头至尾一字不漏地通读一遍。我们拿起一份报纸总想迅速找到当天的报道重点或个人感兴趣的新闻和文章。怎样寻找呢？这就需要找个“向导”作介绍。显然，新闻标题就是十分理想的“向导”。这是因为标题是新闻内容的集中和概括，它用简练的文字浓缩了新闻中最主要或最值得注意的内容。英语新闻标题的措词、语法、修辞乃至标点符号等方面的特点较为突出，现一一予以简述。 省略 标题是新闻不可分割的组成部分。阅读英语报纸的新闻标题是我们学习阅读英语报刊的第一步。这么说绝无夸张之意，从语法角度来看，英语新闻标题有其一套独特的语法体系，与人们平时常见的英语句子语法有所不同，新闻英语学者称之为“标题语言”（headlines）。其中，标题中虚词的省略就是它的重要特点之一。一般而言，标题中虚词省略现象主要表现在以下几个方面： 1、冠词基本省略。 例如：Tenth Of British Mackerel Catch Ground Into Feed. (A Tenth Of The British Mackeel Catch Ground Into Feed.) 英国捕获鳍鱼一成碾为饲料。
医学英语翻译常用专业词汇
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
新闻英语标题翻译语态
新闻英语标题翻译:语态 英语新闻标题中的动词表示被动语态时，被动语态结构“be+过去分词”形式中的助动词“be”，通常被省略，也经常不用“by”来引出动作的执行者，剩下的过去分词在标题里就可直接表示被动意义，读者切忌将之误解为该动词的过去式。如： Girl Of 18 Raped After Threat With Bread Knife. (A Girl Of 18 Raped After Threat With A Bread Knife.) 餐刀威逼下，18岁少女遭强暴。 Van Goghs Recovered After Theft. (Van Goghs Are Recovered After The Theft.) 梵高名画窃而复得。 Father Jailed For Murder Of Daughter. (Father Is Jailed For The Murder Of His Daughter.) 谋杀亲生女儿父亲锒铛入狱。 其实，读者在广泛接触英语报刊时会发现，新闻标题使用动词主动语态的频率远远超过被动语态。因为从修辞学角度而言，主动语态比被动语态更加生动多彩且富有感染力，所表达的意义更为直接，或更具有说服力，使读者感到真实可信，读来朗朗上口，流利自然。英语新闻标题只有在事件或动作的接受者比执行者更重要时才使用被动语态，突出强调宾语部分，以引起读者注意。这是因为读者读报时的心理状态同看书或查阅资料时的情况不尽相同。人们往往是在就餐时或上班途中、候车、饭后用茶等较空闲时看报的，阅读时思想往往不是完全集中的。只有当他们看到一条特别能引起他们兴趣的标题时，才会把注意力全部集中起来，全神贯注的看下去。因此,英语新闻标题有时为突出动作的承受者通常采用被动语态，目的在于抓住读者的注意力。
医学英语课后翻译答案完整版
医学英语课后翻译答案完 整版 Revised by Jack on December 14,2020
Translation： Unit one 1 医院，在现代意义上，就是由专业人员和专业的设备为病人提供医疗服务的机构，通常但也不总是提供长期的住院治疗。它的历史意义，直至最近，是给退伍战士提供服务的地方。 2 在现代社会，从广义上说，医院或者由它所处的国家的政府提供资助，或者在私营部门通过竞争在经济上生存下来。目前，为医院提供赞助的通常有公共部门，医疗机构，赢利或者非赢利的，医疗保险公司或者教会，包括直接由教会提供捐赠。在历史上，医院通常由宗教机构或者教会的成员或领导来建立和资助。与此不同的是，现代医院主要由专业的内科医生、外科医生和护士组成，在过去这些工作主要由成立医院的宗教机构或者志愿者来完成。 3 一些病人去医院只是去接受诊断和治疗，然后离开，不在医院过夜（门诊病人）；也有一些病人被收入院，在医院过夜，甚至长达几个星期或几个月（住院病人）。医院的等级划分通常由它们所提供的医疗设施的类型和为住院病人提供的医疗服务，以及其他的在门诊所提供的医疗服务水平所决定。（医院与其他医疗机构的区别在于它具有将病人收住院并为住院病人提供医疗服务的能力，而其他一类通常称为诊所。） Unit two 1它们平均是每两位医生为一千位病人提供预防性和初级医疗服务。下一级别的为城镇医疗中心，这些中心通常主要为一万到三万位病人
提供门诊医疗服务。每一个中心有十到三十个床位，中心的专业医生为医士(助理医师）。这两个较低级别的医疗机构构成了乡村合作医疗系统，为大多数的乡村病人提供医疗服务。 2强调公共卫生和预防性治疗为主的医疗政策始于50年代早期，在那个时候，共产党开始有大批的人口流动，（动员群众）参与大规模的“爱国卫生运动”，目的在于改进较差的环境卫生，预防某些疾病。 3这一转变对农村医疗卫生产生了一系列重要影响，合作医疗缺乏资金来源，致使赤脚医生数量减少，这就意味着健康教育、初级保健和家庭保健都受挫，在一些村庄，卫生状况和饮用水(水源检测这个大家自己看哈）很少得到监控。 Unit three 1金刚烷阻碍(阻断）了由m2蛋白质形成的离子通道，这一通道在vRNPs释放进入细胞质的过程中是至关重要的。对金刚烷的排斥（耐药）迅速形成，大多数的人类传染性H1N1和H3N2病毒，一些H5N1病毒，大多数的欧洲猪H1N1、H1N2和H3N2病毒都能抵制（耐受）金刚烷。 2（然而），万一（一旦）发生流行性疾病（大流行），鸡蛋供应就会短缺，相反的是，细胞培养是可高度控制的系统，可以促使疫苗的大批量生产，包括这些对抗高致病性H5N1的禽流感病毒（可以促使包括那些针对高致病性H5N1病毒在内的疫苗大批量生产），通过以狗肾传代细胞或者非洲绿猴子肾细胞生产的流感疫苗的纯度和免疫能力
翻译学基本概念
翻译学基本用语 源语/译出语source language(SL), original language 译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language 原作者SL author, original author 译者(笔译者)translator 译者(口译者)interpreter 读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience 文本text 原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition 译本/译著translated text/translational work 源语读者source-language reader/SL reader 源语文化source-language culture/source culture 译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture 语境context 笔译written translation 口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting 同声传译simultaneous interpreting 交替口译consecutive interpreting 翻译原则translation principle 标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria) 翻译过程translation process 翻译程序/步骤translation procedures 反应/读者翻译response/reader’s response 对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence 等值/对等equivalence 对等物(词语)equivalent 形式对等formal equivalence 功能对等functional equivalence 动态对等dynamic equivalence 等效equivalent effect 充分性adequacy 可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable) 可译性translatability(translatable) 不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable) 表层结构surface structure 深层结构deep structure 理解understanding/comprehension 表达expression 再现reproduction/representation 转换transformation
医学英语翻译常用专业词汇
医学英语翻译常用专业词汇 学英语教学担负着促使医学生从外语学习阶段向使用阶段过渡的任务,下面为大家分享医学英语翻译常用专业词汇，希望对大家有用。 医学英语翻译常用专业词汇如下： M (①meter ②molar) ①米②容积克分子的（溶液） MA (milliampere) 毫安（培） maceration 浸渍，浸软 maceration tank 浸渍槽 macerator 浸渍器 Mach 马赫（音速单位） machcardiogram (abbr. MCG) 心机械图（即对心电、心音、颈动脉波，心尖搏动图进行同步 记录，可对各图型和时相及其相互关系进行研究） machine(abbr. mach.) 机，机器，装置 machine parts 机器零件 machinery 机器，机械装置 macro- 巨，大，长，宏观 macroanalysis 常量分析 macrochemistry 常量化学
macroroentgenogram X 射线放大照片macroroentgenography X 射线放大工业照像术 made-up 人工的，制成的，预制的 madisterion 拔毛镊 madisterium 拔毛镊 madistor 晶体磁控管 magamp 磁性放大器 magazine ①杂志，期刊②箱，盒，办片匣，暗盒③软片盒magic 魔术，不可思议的 magic eye ①电眼②光调谐指示管 magic lantern 幻灯 magmeter 直读式频率计 magnalium 镁铝合金 magnesia anastomosis tube 镁氧吻合管 magnesium (abbr. Mg) 镁 magnet 吸铁器，磁铁 magnet for eye 眼用吸铁器 magnetic 磁（性）的 magnetic amplifier 磁性放大器，磁增强器 magnetic attraction 磁吸引 magnetic belt 磁性治病带 magnetic core memory 磁心存储器
新闻标题的翻译
随着全球化的发展，中国与世界在政治、经济、文化等各方面的交流日益增多，越来越多的人去关注国际信息。新闻媒体的发展给予我们渠道去关注国际新闻，而英语新闻报道的翻译让我们能更好地掌握国际信息。新闻标题是新闻的重要部分，做好新闻标题的翻译就极为重要。本文介绍了英语新闻标题的一些基本信息，如新闻标题的定义、功能等。同时结合实例，详细分析英语新闻标题在词汇、语法及修辞手法等层面的特点。最后根据英语新闻标题在不同层面的特点提出一些英语新闻标题翻译的原则以及在实际翻译过程中的翻译技巧及方法。 1.中英文新闻标题的总论 在信息化时代，新闻是人们生活不可缺少的一部分，新闻标题是新闻内容的高度浓缩，也是吸引读者视线的关键所在，在国际报道中，新闻占了相当大的鼻中隔，而英语新闻更是重中之重，标题被当做英语新闻报道全文的精炼概括，为了吸引读者关注，往往采用各种手法来提升新闻标题的吸引力。同时给新闻标题的翻译带来不少挑战。 1.1标题的定义 新闻标题是新闻的眼睛, 也是新闻的重要组成部分。新闻标题是新闻文本对新闻内容加以概括或评价的简短文字。其字号大于正文，作用是划分、组织、揭示、评价新闻内容、吸引读者阅读。按不同的分类标准可以分不同的种类 1.2.中英文标题对比 1.2.1.共同之处 a).它们都是新闻的重要组成部分，是对全部新闻内容的浓缩和提炼，使读者能在短时间内选择新闻，阅读新闻和理解新闻。 b).新闻报道讲究客观公正，但是新闻标题具有明显的政治倾向，媒体编辑往往利用制作标题的机会借题发挥，在概括或浓缩新闻内容的同时，巧妙的融入自己的政治倾向，借以体现媒体的政治方针，宣传自己的政治主张，便于引导舆论。 c).中英文标题在写作方面，都十分的精炼，含义深邃。 1.2.2.差异之处 a).英语新闻相对较长，占字空间较大，所以标题必须十分简单。但中文相对含义比较丰富。
英语新闻标题及其翻译
English News Title and Its Translation Outline 1. Introduction 2. Development of English News Title 2.1 History of English News Title 2.2 Functions of English News Title 2.2.1 Pointing Out the News Content 2.2.2 Producing Attractive Effects. 2.3 Differences between Chinese and English News Titles 2.3.1 Vocabulary Similarities and Differences 2.3.2 Tense Similarities and Differences 2.3.3 Rhetoric Similarities and Differences 2.3.4 Punctuation Mark Similarities and Differences 3. Translation of English News Titles 3.1 Literal Translation 3.2 Free Translation 3.3 Addition 3.4 Omission 3.5 Negation Translation 3.6 Alliteration 3.7 Making Use of the Advantage Chinese in Translation
4. Conclusion English News Title and Its Translation [Abstract] English news titles play a special role in news reporting. Thus we should place special emphasis on the research of the characteristics and translation of English news titles. This thesis focuses on the study of English news titles in terms of their grammatical features and its translation. When it comes to translation, it tries to reproduce the functions of English news titles which requires translators’agility and ingenuity in applying semantic and rhetorical devices. With grammatical and semantic exploration into the English news titles, such studies strive to benefit the readers in their understanding of what the editor wants to convey. [Key words] English news title; function; comparison; translations methods