DNV-C401译本
OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-C401DNV离岸业标准编号：DNV-OS-C401
FABRICATION AND TESTING OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
离岸结构物组装和试验标准
APRIL2004
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FOREWORD
DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life,prop-erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification,certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions.
DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents:
—Offshore Service Specifications.Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and con-sultancy services.
—Offshore Standards.Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well as the technical basis for DNV offshore services.
—Recommended Practices.Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher level Offshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.
DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:
A)Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology
B)Materials Technology
C)Structures
D)Systems
E)Special Facilities
F)Pipelines and Risers
G)Asset Operation
H)Marine Operations
Amendments and Corrections
This document is valid until superseded by a new revision.Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separate document on the DNV web-site; normally updated twice per year (April and October).To access the web-site, select short-cut options "Technology Services" and "Offshore Rules and Standards" at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/979309452.html,/
The electronic web-versions of the DNV Offshore Codes will be regularly updated to include these amendments and corrections.
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401,April2004
Changes –
Main changes
? General
The present edition supersedes the January 2001edition.
? Main
changes
—Improving definitions of welding procedure particulars, clarifying how to adhere to the term “welding proce- dures”.
—Introducing enhanced flexibility in selecting method for qualification of WPS by referring to the DNV ship rules. It is an industrial desire to have a reference with basis in line with IACS requirements for steels up to and including grade NV40F.
—Overall conditions for fracture mechanics(FM) and post weld heat treatment (PWHT)application transferred into relevant design standards; i.e. DNV-OS-C101and DNV- OS-C201. Related questions to fracture mechanics are di- rectly linked to the design assumptions laid down
unit,and thus the relevant requirements must naturally be handled at the design stage.
—Requirements related to fracture mechanics (placed in DNV-OS-C101 and DNV-OS-C201) adjusted to reflect latest pertinent research work results.—Application of welding consumables are linked to catego- ry areas of the structure as well as welding consumables adjusted to the material grade/strength group parameter.
—‘Fabrication and tolerances’ has been reworked to be more comprehensive.
—For tank testing,text has been reworked to make it clearer for the users.
Corrections and Clarifications
In addition to the above mentioned rule changes,a number of corrections and clarifications have been made to the existing
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401, April
2004
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401,April2004
Contents –CONTENTS
CH. 1INTRODUCTION (7)
Sec. 1Introduction (9)
A.General (9)
A 100 Introduction (9)
A 200 Objective (9)
A 300 Organisation of contents (9)
B.Normative References (9)
B 100 General (9)
B 200 Offshore service specifications and rules (9)
B 300 Offshore Standards (9)
B 400 Other references (9)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/979309452.html,rmative References (9)
C 100 General (9)
D.Definitions (10)
D 100 Verbal forms (10)
D 200 Terms (10)
D 300 Abbreviations (10)
D 400 Latin symbols (11)
D 500 Greek symbols (11)
CH. 2TECHNICAL PROVISIONS (13)
Sec. 1Welding Procedures and Qualification of
Welders (15)
A.General (15)
A 100 Scope (15)
A 200 Welding processes (15)
B.Welding Procedures (15)
B 100 General (15)
B 200 Preliminary welding procedure specification, pWPS (15)
B 300 Welding Procedure qualification test (WPQT) (15)
B 400 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) (15)
B 500 Welding procedure specifications (WPS) (15)
C.Welding Procedure Tests,C-Mn Steel and
Low Alloy Steel (15)
C 100 Butt welds on plates (15)
C 200 Butt welds in pipes (17)
C 300 Full penetration T-, Y-, and K- joints (18)
C 400 Tubular joints (18)
C 500 Fillet welds (19)
C 600 Re-testing (19)
C 700 Validity of a WPS (19)
C 800 Fracture mechanic (FM) testing (22)
D.Welding Procedure Tests, Aluminium (23)
D 100 General (23)
D 200 Butt welds (23)
D 300 Fillet welds (24)
D 400 Re-testing (24)
E.Welding Procedure Tests, Stainless Steel (25)
E 100 General (25)
E 200 Supplementary requirements for
austenitic stainless steel (25)
E 300 Supplementary requirements for ferritic-austenitic stainless
steel (25)
F.Qualification of Welders (26)
F 100 General (26)
F 200 Standards for qualification testing (26)
G.Testing (26)
G 100 General (26)
G 200 Tensile testing at ambient temperature (26)
G 300 Bend testing ....................................................................26Sec. 2Fabrication and Tolerances. (28)
A.General (28)
A 100 Objective and scope (28)
B.Fabrication Planning (28)
B 100 General (28)
B 200 Quality system and workmanship (28)
C.Inspection (28)
C 100 General (28)
D.Material Identification, Cutting and Forming (28)
D 100 Material identification (28)
D 200 Cutting and forming (28)
E.Tolerances (29)
E 100 Tolerances for alignment and straightness (29)
F.Assembly, Welding, Heat Treatment and Repairs (32)
F 100 Assembly and welding (32)
F 200 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) (33)
F 300 Repairs (33)
Sec. 3Non-Destructive Testing (35)
A.General (35)
A 100 Scope (35)
B.Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) (35)
B 100 General (35)
B 200 NDT procedures (35)
B 300 Personnel qualification (35)
B 400 Extent of NDT (35)
B 500 Acceptance criteria for NDT (37)
Sec. 4Other Tests (39)
A.General (39)
A 100 Scope (39)
B.Testing of Tightness (39)
B 100 General (39)
C.Structural Tests (39)
C 100 General (39)
Sec.5Corrosion Protection Systems (40)
A.General (40)
A 100 Scope (40)
A 200 General (40)
A 300 Application of coating (40)
A 400 Fabrication and installation of sacrificial anodes (40)
A 500 Fabrication and installation of
impressed current systems (40)
Sec. 6Miscellaneous (41)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/979309452.html,e General (41)
A 100 Scope (41)
B.Bolts (41)
B 100 Bolts and nuts (41)
C.Mechanical Fastening (41)
C 100 Contact surfaces in slip resistant connections (41)
CH.3CERTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
43
Sec. 1General (45)
A.Introduction (45)
A 100 Scope (45)
B.Specific Certification and Classification Requirements (45)
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B 200 Basic requirements (45)
B 300 Welding shops and -contractors (45)
B 400 Welding consumables (45)
B 500 Welding procedures and qualification of welders...........45B 600Corrosion protection systems (45)
C.Records and Documentation (45)
C 100General (45)
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OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-C401
FABRICATION AND TESTING OF
OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS PAGE Sec. 1 Introduction (9)
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Veritasveien 1, NO-1322 H?vik,Norway Tel.: +4767579900Fax:+476757 99
Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401,April 2004
Ch.1 Sec.1 –
SECTION 1第一章INTRODUCTION 简介
A 100 Introduction 简介
A. General 概述
B 400Other references 其他参考章节
401 The other references given in Table B3 are referred to in this standard. 本标准参考了表B3所列的其他参考章节
101 This standard contains requirements for fabrication and testing of offshore structures.本标准包括了离岸结构物的装配和测试要求 Reference 参考号Title 内容
A 200 Objective 目的
201
The objectives of this standard are to:本标准的目的包括：
ANSI/AWS
D1.1
Structural Welding Code – Steel 结构焊接符号-钢 — provide an internationally acceptable standard to ensure the quality of all
welding operations used in offshore fab- rication, through identifying appropriate welding proce- dures, welder qualifications and test methods 通过认可的合适的焊接工艺，焊工资格证和试验方法，对用于离岸构件的装配的焊接操作质量方面，提供国际上认可的标准。 — serve as a technical reference document in contractual matters between
purchaser and contractor 在买卖双方间的合同事务方面作为技术参考文件。
— serve as guideline for designer, purchaser and contractor 作为设计者，买方和卖方的指南
— specify minimum requirements for welding operations subject to
DNV certification and classification.
描述了取得DNV 证书和入级前提的焊接操作最低要求 A 300 Organisation of contents 内容结构 301 Ch.2 Sec.1 to Ch.2 Sec.6 give common requirements that are considered applicable to all types of offshore units and installations.
从第2章第1节与第2章第6节是适用于所有类型的离岸物体和其安装的通用要求
B. Normative References 通用参考章节
B 100 General 概述 101 The references given in Table B1, Table B2 and Table B3 include provisions, which through reference in this text constitute provisions for this standard.表B1，B2，B3中参考章节包含的条款构成了本标准的条款。
B 200 Offshore service specifications and rules 离岸服务规范和规则 201 The offshore service specifications and rules given in
Table B1 are referred to in this standard. 本标准中参考了表B1中给出的离岸服务规范和规则
T able B1 DNV Offshore Service Specifications and rules 表B1：离岸服务规范和规则
Reference 参考号 Title
内容 DNV-OSS-101 Rules for Classification of Offshore Drilling and
Support Units 离岸钻井和支持物体的入级规则
DNV-OSS-102 Rules for Classification of Floating Production and
Storage Units FPS 物体的入级规则
Rules for Classification of Ships 船舶入级规则
B 300 Offshore Standards 离岸业标准 301 The offshore standards given in Table B2 are referred to in this standard.本标准中参考了表B2的离岸业标准
T able B2 DNV Offshore Standards 表B2：DNV 离岸业标准 Reference 参考号 Title 内容
DNV-OS-B101 Metallic Materials 金属材料 DNV-OS-C101 Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General
(LRFD method) 离岸钢结构设计，通用
DNV-OS-C201 Structural Design of Offshore Units (WSD meth- od) 离岸
物体结构设计 （WSD 方法）
ASME
Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications Non-Interfiled (Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes) 第9章：无插入型焊接和镀铜质量（锅炉和压力容器附号）
ASTM G48
Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Re- lated Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution 标准检验方法和对立,加上抗腐蚀不锈钢合金钢材及相关的氯化铁使用办法
ASTM E562
Standard Test Method for Determining Volume 标准检验方法来确定数量
Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count 部分手动清算系统
BS 7448-2
Fracture mechanics toughness tests. Method for determination of KIc, critical CTOD and critical J values of welds in metallic materials 断裂力学韧性试验. 确定KIC,鉴定的CTOD 和焊接J 值在金属焊接材料中的方式
EN 287 Approval testing of welders - Fusion welding 焊工认可测试--融接焊接 EN 1418
Welding personnel – Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance weld setters for fully mechanized and automatic weld- ing of metallic materials 焊接人员--通过全机械化、自动钢材料焊接的焊接操作测验及阻力焊接员操作的认可的人员
IACS
Shipbuilding and Repair Quality Standard, Part A - Shipbuilding and repair Quality Standard for New Construction and Part B - Repair Quality Standard for Existing Ships
造船和修理质量标准,Part A-新建造物的船舶建造和修理质量标准,Part B-现有船舶修理质量标准
ISO 148 Steel - Charpy impact test (V-notch) 钢铁-Charpy 冲击试验(V 型凹孔) ISO 898
Mechanical properties of fasteners made of car- bon and alloy steel 碳和合金钢合造的机械道具
ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test - Part 金属材料—Vickers 硬度测试—部分
1: Test method 测试方式
ISO 8501-1
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products -- Visual assess- ment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall remov- al of previous coatings 在使用油漆和相关产品之前钢层的准备—表层清洁的视觉评估--第一部分:无涂层钢层以及将早先涂层完全移走的钢层的生锈等级和预备等级
ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements ISO 9606 Approval testing of welders - Fusion welding ISO 10042 Arc-welded joints in aluminium and its weldable alloys - Guidance on quality levels for imperfections
质量管理体系—需要ISO9606 电焊工的认证测试—需要ISO10042的熔接电焊 铝制和可焊接合金制成的的拱型电焊接口—不达标质量等级保证 NACE MR0175
Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Ma- terials for Oilfield
Equipment - Item No. 21302
油田设备的硫化抗压力破裂金属材料-项目第21302号
C. Informative References 参考信息
C 100
General 概况
Table B3 Other references 表B3：其他参考章节101 The documents listed in Table C1 include acceptable methods for fulfilling the requirements in the standard and may be used as a source of supplementary information. Other rec- ognised documents as listed below may be used provided it is shown that they meet or exceed the level of safety of the actual standards. 表C1中所列文件包括执行本标准所需要的可接受的方法，这些文件可作附属资料用。其他认可的表中所列文件也可使用，只要表明其符合或超过实际标准的安全等级时。
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401, April 2004
Table C1 DNV Recommended Practices and Classification Notes 表C1：DNV建议操作和入级注意事项Reference参考号 Title内容
DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue
Strength
Analysis of Offshore Steel
Structures离岸钢结构疲劳强度分析stead under provision that the test is simulating, as far as practicable, the actual loading of the tank. 试验尽量进行模拟，尽可能地按舱的实际负荷。210Leak testing is an air or other medium test, carried out in order to demonstrate the tightness of the structure.
漏性试验：用空气或其他介质进行试验，以展示结构的密性。
211Hydropneumatic testing is a combination of hydrostatic and air testing, carried out in order to demonstrate the tightness
Classification
Note 30.1
Buckling Strength Analysis 离散强度分析
D. Definitions 定义of the tanks and the structural adequacy of the design. 压力空气试验：静态压力和空气试验的混合，以展示舱的密性和设计的结构
212Hose testing is a water test carried out to demonstrate tightness of structural items.软管试验：喷水试验，以展示结构项目的密性
213Shop primer is a thin coating applied after surface prep- aration and prior to fabrication as a protection against corro-
车间底漆：指表面处理完后，组装之前的一层薄涂层，以防组装过程的腐蚀。
D 100V erbal forms 情态动词的含义
101Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement to be followed for fulfilment or compliance with the present standard. Devia- tions are not permitted unless formally and rigorously justified, and accepted by all relevant contracting parties.
必须：指强制性要求，必须执行和符合目前的标准，不充许有偏差，除非书面正式确认和有关合同方接受。
102Should:Indicates a recommendation that a certain course of action is preferred or particularly suitable. Alterna- tive courses of action are allowable under the standard where agreed between contracting parties but shall be justified and documented.
应该：指建议性要求，推荐优先的或实际上合适的某些行动过程。符合标准下可以选择别的行动过程，只要合同各方同意，但必须备案。
103May: Indicates a permission, or an option, which is per- mitted as part of conformance with the standard.
可能：指充许或选择性，作为附合标准的一部分，是可充许的
104Can: Can-requirements are conditional and indicate a possibility to the user of the standard.
能够：指有条件能达到的要求，表明标准使用者的可能性。
105Agreement, or by agreement: Unless otherwise indicat- ed, agreed in writing between contractor and purchaser.
协议或依协议：除非相反约定，指买卖双方书面可意。
D 200T erms 条款
201Purchaser:The owner or another party acting on his be- half, who is responsible for procuring materials, components or services intended for the design, construction or modifica- tion of a structure.
买方：指船东或代表船东的其他方，其负责采购材料，部件或提供在结构设计，建造，变更等的服务
202Contractor:A party contractually appointed by the pur- chaser to fulfil all,or any of,the activities associated with fab- rication and testing.
卖方：由买方指定的特定一方，其履行所有的或商分的与组装有关的活动
203Welding procedure: A specified course of action to be followed in making a weld,including reference to materials, welding consumables, preparation, preheating (if necessary), method and control of welding and post-weld heat treatment (if relevant), and necessary equipment to be used.
焊接工艺：指在进行焊接时要遵守的行为规定，包括相关的材料，焊接耗材，准备，预执（如需要），焊接的方法和控制，以及焊后的热处理（如相关的），以及使用的相关设备。
204Preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS): A tentative welding procedure specification providing required welding variables, which is assumed to be adequate by the contractor,but which has not been qualified by the pur- chaser.
简易焊接工作规范（pWPS）：指临时的焊接工艺规范，提供所需要焊接变化
情况。这个工艺，卖方认为是足够的，但尚未取得买方的合格认可。
205Welding procedure specification (WPS): A welding procedure specification, which has been qualified by the purchaser to conform with an agreed qualification scheme.
焊接工艺规范（WPS）：指这样的焊接工艺规范，它已由买方合格认可，以确认约定的质量规程。
206Welding procedure qualification test (WPQT):The process of accomplishing welding and testing of a standardised test piece, as indicated in the pWPS.
焊接工艺质量试验（WPQT）：在pWPS中所示，对标准化的试验件进行附合
性焊接和试验的工艺。
207Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR):A record comprising a summary of necessary data needed for the issue of a pWPS.
焊接工艺质量记录（WPQR）：包括必须的数据总结的记录，用于pWPS。
208Non-destructive testing (NDT):Visual inspection, radi- ographic testing, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, penetrant testing and other non-destructive methods for reveal- ing defects and irregularities.
无损探伤（NDT）：指外观检查，射线试验，超声试验，磁粉检验，渗透试验和其他无损方法以测出缺陷和不规则处。
209Structural testing is a hydrostatic test, carried out in order to demonstrate the tightness of the tanks and the structural adequacy of the design. Where hydrostatic testing is not prac- tically feasible, hydropneumatic testing may be carried out in-
结构试验：是指进行静态压力试验，以展示舱的密性和设计的结构。对于进行静态压力试验不实际的地方，进行压力空气试验而不是静态压力试验。sion during fabrication.
214Protective coating is a final coating protecting the struc- ture from corrosion 保护涂层：结构的最终涂层，以防腐蚀。
215Watertight means capable of preventing the passage of water through the structure under a head of water for which the surrounding structure is designed.
水密性：指防一定水高的、结构物周围的水渗透结构的能力。
216Weathertight means that in any sea conditions water will not penetrate into the ship.
海水渗透性：指在任何海况下，水无法渗入船舶的能力。
D 300Abbreviations
简写符号
301The abbreviations given in Table D1 are used in this standard.
本标准中使用了表D1所示的简写符号
T able D1 Abbreviations 表D1：简写附号
Abbreviation简写 In full全称
AC Alternating
current
交流电源
ANSI American
National
Standards
Institute
美国国家标
准院
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers美机械工程师
协会
ASTM American Society for Testing of Materials美材料试验协会
AWS American
Welding
Society美焊接协会
BM Base
material基料
BS British Standard (issued by British Standard Institu- tion)英标CE Carbon
equivalent
碳或相当
C-Mn Carbon
manganese碳-锰
CTOD Crack tip opening displacement 裂口张开度
DAC Distance
amplitude
curve位移放大曲线
DC Direct
current
直流
DNV Det
Norske
Veritas
挪威船级社
ECA Engineering
critical
assessment工程关键评估
EN European
de
Normalisation欧盟德国正常化
FM Fracture
mechanics
断裂机制
HAZ Heat affected zone 热影响区
IACS International Association of Classification Societies船级社
国际协会
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
MAG Metal active gas (welding) 金属活性气
体
MIG Metal inert gas (welding)金属隋性气体
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers腐蚀协会
NDT Non-destructive
testing无损探伤
PWHT Post weld heat treatment焊后热处理
pWPS Preliminary welding procedure specification简易焊接工艺规范
RP Recommended
practice
建议执行
SMAW Shielded metal arc welding 屏蔽金属焊
SMYS Specified minimum yield stress最小压力强
度的指定
TIG Tungsten inert gas (welding) 钨插入型气体
（焊接）
WM Weld metal or Deposit焊材金属或其贮藏
WPQR Welding procedure qualification record焊接工艺质量记录WPS Welding procedure specification焊接工艺规范
WPT Welding
production
test焊接生产试验
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Ch.1 Sec.1–Page
D 400Latin symbols 拉丁符号
401The following Latin symbols are used:
a=size of test specimen 试验样本尺寸
b=size of test specimen 试验样本尺寸
d=diameter of round tensile test specimen园型强度试验样本直径d f=distance from the plane of the fatigue pre-crack to the fusion
line从平面的疲劳预制裂纹到基线的距离
e=plastic deformation 塑料变形
h T=test pressure height试验压高
h op1=vertical distance from the load point to the position of maximum
filling height从荷点到最大高度的垂直高度
h s3=vertical distance from the load point to the top of the tank从荷点
到舱顶的距离
h p0=height corresponding to valve opening pressure when exceeding
the general value张开压力时相应阀的高度
h op2=vertical distance from the load point to the posi- tion of
maximum filling height.For tanks adjacent to the sea that are
situated below the extreme operational draught(T E), h op2 is not
normally to be taken as being less than T E垂直距离从负荷点到
最大装载高度的垂直距离. 位于极端运作气流之下的近海
容器(TE)，hop2并非通常被当作低于TE
h D2=pressure head due to flow through pipes流经管道的
压力顶点值l e=equivalent parameter for conical shells圆锥形
壳的等值参数l min=breadth of test assembly plates试验
的装配金属的宽度
l r=length of template or rod模板或标尺的长度
r=nominal radius of the shell外壳的估算半径
r a=actual distance from the centre of the sphere to the shell wall从球体中心到外壳表面的实际距离
r e=equivalent parameter for conical shells圆锥外壳的等值参数
r a=actual distance from the cylinder axis to the shell wall从圆柱轴心到外壳外面的实际距离
s=distance between stiffeners or girders钢筋或梁之间的距离t=thickness厚度
t1=wall thickness of the greater tube (can)更大的管壁厚度
t2=wall thickness of the smaller tube (brace) 更小的管壁厚
度A=diameter used in wrap around bending test用于弯曲测验
的直径C=diameter of roller in bend test弯曲测验的滚铜直
径
D=outside diameter外部直径
D1=outside diameter of the greater tube(can) 更大管道或容器的外部直径D2=outside diameter of the smaller tube(brace)更小管道或支柱的外部直径 KV=impact energy requirement冲击能量需要
L o=length of test area in test specimens测试样本的测试区长度
L min=length of test assembly plates装配金属的测试长度
N=number of数量
R=radius半径
R c=forming radius形成半径
T=thickness of plate in bend test弯曲测试的金属厚度
W=width of weld焊接宽度
D 500Greek symbols 希腊符号
501The following Greek symbols are used:
下列希腊符号被使用在以下情况:
α=tubular joint angle管状连接点角度
δ=measure of deformation compared to theoretical ge- ometry变形参数和理论几何之间的比例
λi=length of area with acceptable location of the fatigue pre-crack 疲劳破裂前可接受区域的长度
ν=Poisson's ratio泊松的比率
σ2=principal membrane stress normal toσ1
ψ=ratio between principal stresses.主压力下的比率
σ1=largest compressive principal membrane stress主膜压力的最大压缩力
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401, April
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OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-C401
FABRICATION AND TESTING
OF OFFSHORE
CHAPTER 2
TECHNICAL PROVISIONS技术条款
CONTENTS PAGE Sec. 1 Welding Procedures and Qualification of Welders (15)
焊接工艺和焊工资格
Sec. 2 Fabrication and Tolerances (28)
装配和公差
Sec. 3 Non-Destructive Testing (35)
无损探伤
Sec. 4 Other Tests (39)
其他试验
Sec. 5 Corrosion Protection Systems (40)
防腐体系
Sec. 6 Miscellaneous (41)
其他
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Veritasveien 1, NO-1322 H?vik,Norway Tel.: +4767579900Fax:+476757 99
Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401,April 2004
Ch.2 Sec.1– Page
SECTION 1 WELDING PROCEDURES AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDERS
焊接工艺和焊工资格
chaser prior to starting up the agreed welding procedure qual- ification test (WPQT). 在开始经同意的焊接工艺合格测验（WPQT ）之前，卖方应将pWPS 递交买方接受。 A. General 通则
A 100 Scope 范围
B 300
Welding Procedure qualification test (WPQT) 焊接工艺合格报验
101 This section specifies requirements for welding proce- dures and welding procedure tests for C-Mn steel and low alloy steel, aluminium, austenitic stainless steels and ferritic-auste- nitic (duplex) stainless steels as well as qualification of weld- ers.
301 When a welding procedure specification (WPS) is required to be qualified by a WPQT, the welding process shall be performed based on the accepted pWPS. (See Sec.2 F112). 当需要由WPQT 来判定焊接工艺规范合格时，依认可的pWPS 执行焊接工艺。 本节规范了C-Mn 钢及低合金钢、铝、奥氏体不锈钢、奥氏体不锈钢的焊接工艺和焊接工艺试验的要求，以及相应的焊工资格
B 400 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) 焊接工艺合格记录
A 200 Welding processes 焊接工艺 201 Welding may be performed with the following processes unless otherwise specified:
401 A WPQR can be basis for the purchaser’s acceptance of a WPS. Prior to starting up production the WPQR shall be sub- mitted to the purchaser for review including any corrosion test results, as applicable. 依买方认可的WPS ，进行WPQR 。开始生产前，WPQR 应递交给船东查阅，如适用时，还包括腐蚀检测结果。 除非另有说明，焊接是指用如下工艺进行的焊接
— manual metal arc welding (metal arc welding with covered electrode)
手动金属亚弧焊（带保护电极的金属亚弧焊）
— self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding 自动屏蔽管芯亚弧焊
— submerged arc welding with one wire electrode 单导线电极的半埋式亚弧焊
— submerged arc welding with strip electrode 带状电极的半埋式亚弧焊 B 500 Welding procedure specifications (WPS) 焊接工艺规范 — metal inert gas welding, (MIG) welding 金属隋性气体焊，（MIG ）焊 501 A WPS shall be accepted by the purchaser upon conformity with the requirements of an agreed qualification scheme. WPS 应由买方认可。WPS 应与约定同意的合格流程的要求相一致。
— metal active gas welding, (MAG) welding 金属活性气体焊，（MAG ）焊— tubular-cored metal arc welding with active gas shield
带活性气体屏蔽的管芯金属亚弧焊
— tubular-cored metal arc welding with inert gas shield
502 A WPS shall be valid under the provision that produc- tion welding is carried out with the same type of welding equipment on which the WPS has been established. 只要是使用同样类型的设备进行产品焊接，并且基于此类设备而形成的WPS ，则WPS 将一直有效。
带隋性气体屏蔽的管芯金属亚弧焊
— tungsten inert gas arc welding, (TIG) welding
钨丝隋性气体亚弧焊，（TIG ）焊 — plasma arc welding. PLASMA 亚弧焊 503 The conditions on which the WPS has been established shall be representative of the working environment for the work shop or site where the production welding will be performed. (See C700). 建立的WPS 的环境必须有工作环境的代表性。工作环境是指进行产品焊接的车间或现场（参阅C700）
B. Welding Procedures 焊接工艺
B 100 General 通则 C. Welding Procedure T ests, C-Mn Steel and Low Alloy Steel 焊接工艺测试，C-Mn 钢和低合金钢 101 A welding procedure specification shall as a minimum contain the following information as relevant for the welding operation: 焊接工艺规范是作为焊接操作的文件，至少应包含如下信息：
C 100 Butt welds on plates 板上对焊
101 The test assembly may consist of two plates welded to- gether. As far as possible the plates shall have a size that can simulate the heat transfer during the production welding. For manual or semiautomatic welding, a test assembly according to Fig.1 shall be carried out with: 装配测试应含2块板焊接在一起。测试板的尺寸尽可能达到能使产品焊接时热量能够传递。对于手工焊或半自动焊，按图1进行装配测试 — material: standard, grade and modification 材料：标准，等级和修改版 — nominal thickness or diameter range (dimensions) 名义厚度或直径范围（尺寸）
— welding process 焊接工艺
— joint or groove design with tolerance 设计的接头或波口公差 — welding position(s) and direction of progression 焊位和焊接方向
— welding consumables: trade name, electrode or wire diam- eter, shielding gas,
flux and recognised classification 焊接易耗品：牌名，电极或线径，屏蔽气体，流量和指定的船级社
l min = 300 mm L min = 350 mm
— welding sequence: number and order of passes or layers 焊接流程：焊层层数或标号
For automatic welding, the dimensions shall be: 对于全自动焊，则尺寸为：
— electrical parameters: voltage range, current range, polari- ty 电参数：电压
范围，电流， 。
l min = 400 mm — travel speed- and heat input ranges 焊接速度和热影响区 L min = 1000 mm — preheat and interpass temperatures 预热和间隔温度。
— post weld heat treatment parameters 焊后热处理参数
Edge preparation and fit-up shall be as detailed in the pWPS. The plates shall be joined and held by tack welds to provide the correct gap for the edge preparation used. 50 mm at each end of the test piece shall be discarded.
— details on cleaning processes employed and restrictions if any. 如有的话，
实施的净化工艺和限制方面的细节信息。
波口准备和装配（定位）必须详细地按pWPS 进行。板必须经定位焊而使他们对接和保持，以使波口间隔正确。测试板的每端50mm 将不测试
B 200 Preliminary welding procedure specification, pWPS 待批的焊接工艺规范，pWPS 201
A pWPS shall be prepared for acceptance by the pur-
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401, April
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Figure 1 Test assembly for butt welds on plates 图1： 板对焊装配测试图
Figure 2 Sampling of test specimens in plates 图2：测试板取样图 102 NDT shall be carried out in accordance with the specifi- cation given for the production welding in question. The extent of the testing shall be as follows:
105 Transverse side bend, root bend and face bend speci- mens shall be 依生产焊接规范要求而制定的规范进行NDT 。测试内容包括如下： machined to the dimensions shown in G300. For a mixed or heterogeneous butt — 100% visual inspection 100%外观
joint longitudinal bend test specimens may replace transverse bend test specimens.— 100% radiographic or ultrasonic testing 100%射线或超声检验
横向边弯曲、根本弯曲和面部弯曲试样必须加工至G300的尺寸。对于混合式对焊接缝，纵向弯曲试样可取代横向弯曲试样。
— 100% surface crack detection (dye penetrant or magnetic particle testing). 100%裂纹检验（干粉渗透或磁粉检验）
The test specimens shall be bent on a mandrel with diameter 4 t, where t is the thickness of the specimen, except for extra high strength steel grades NV 550, NV 620 and NV 690 where the diameter shall be 5 t.
The soundness of the weld shall comply with requirements given in Sec.3 B.焊缝声强必须符合3B 节要求
试样弯曲时，其心轴弯曲必须达到真径4t ，t 是指试样厚度，而对高强钢NV550，NV620和NV690则5t 。
103 The following mechanical tests are required from each assembly (see Fig.2): 每一装配要求进行如下的机械性能试验（见图2）
The bending angle shall be at least 120°. After bending, the test specimens shall not reveal any open defects in any direc- tion greater than 3 mm. Defects appearing at the corners of a test specimen during testing may be ignored in the evaluation, if not associated with obvious defects.
— 2 tensile tests (flat specimen transverse to the weld) 2个拉伸试验（平样版沿焊缝纵向）
— 1 root and 1 face bend tests when t ≤ 20 mm and 2 side bend tests when t
> 20 mm 当t ≤ 20 mm 时，1个根部和1个面上的弯曲试验，当t > 20 mm 时，2个边部弯曲试验。
弯曲线角度至少120度。试验完后，试样不能出现在任何方向大于3mm 的缺陷。评估时，如无没显的缺陷，试验期间可不考虑试样角上的缺陷。 — 4 (6) sets of Charpy V-notch tests with the notch location as given in 107
4（6）块V 型缺口冲击试验，缺口位置按107。
106 The macrosection shall include about 10 mm of unaf- fected base — 1 macrosection test (metallographic examination + hard- ness
measurements). 1块宏观剖面试验（金相检验+硬度测试） material and shall be prepared and etched on one side to clearly reveal the fusion line and the HAZ. Cracks and lack of fusion are not accepted.
104 Specimens for transverse tensile testing shall be in ac- cordance with G,
type B.
宏观剖面应含有约10mm 的无影响基材，试样应备好以清晰地露出熔焊线和HAZ 。将拒收裂纹和无熔焊线的试样。
纵向拉伸试验取样必须符合G ，类型B The welded joints shall have a regular profile with smooth transitions to the The tensile strength shall not be below the specified minimum tensile strength for the steel grade in question.
base materials and without significant or ex- cessive reinforcement.
焊缝接口外观必须规则，光顺地过度到基材，无明显或大量的焊缝凸量。 抗拉强度必须不低于所使用的钢板等级规定的最低抗拉强度。
107 The Charpy V-notch specimens shall be machined in ac- cordance with the requirements given in DNV-OS-B101. Four sets of three specimens each shall be sampled 2 mm below the surface of the parent material and transverse to the weld. 12
Charpy V-notch specimens shall be localised in the welded joint as follows:V 型缺口试样按DNV-OS-B101的要求加工。4套，每套3块试样，每套有2mm 试样块，低于基材表面2mm ，纵向到焊缝12。
— 3 specimens with the notch along the weld metal cen- treline
3块试样的V 型缺口沿焊缝金属中心线 — 3 specimens with the notch in the fusion line
3块试样的V 型口在融合线。
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C401,April 2004
Ch.2 Sec.1– Page
Guidance note:注意：
—
3 specimens with the notch in the HAZ,2 mm from the fu- sion line 3块试样的缺口在HAZ 区，离融线2mm
For NV 500, NV 550, NV 620 and NV 690 grades a maximum hardness limit of 420 HV10 is recommended for welds in sub- merged structures exposed to cathodic protection. 对于NV500，NV550，NV620和NV690级钢，则最大硬度极限将议为420 HV10 — 3 specimens with the notch in the HAZ, 5 mm from the fu- sion line.
3块试样的缺口在HAZ 区，离融线5mm
The V-notch shall be perpendicular to the plate surface. V 型缺口应平行板表面。
For plate thickness t > 50 mm two additional sets of specimens shall be taken from the root area: one with the notch in centre of weld and one with the notch in the fusion line.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
112 When a butt weld is made between two different materi- al grades, the test temperature and achieved impact energy shall comply with the minimum specified requirements for the lower steel grade.
板厚t 大于50mm 时，应从根部区额外取样2块：一块缺口在焊缝中心，一块缺口在 线。
For dissimilar metal joints and/or joints between cast or forged and rolled materials,impact tests shall be carried out on test specimens with notch in fusion line, 2 mm from fusion line and 5 mm from fusion line in each parent material.
对于两个不同材料级别的对焊，试验温度和所获得的冲击能量值必须符合较低级钢所规定的最低要求。
In the same way, the tensile strength to be obtained on the welded assembly shall be in agreement with the requirements relating to the plate steel having the lower strength.
对于不类似材料间的接口，及/或锻件或铸件与压延材料间的接口，必须进行冲击试验，V 型缺口在融线区，离融线2mm ，离融线切入基材5mm 。
The Charpy V-notch test temperature and the average value for absorbed energy (KV) in weld metal, fusion line and HAZ shall be the same as required for the base material in transverse direction (see DNV-OS-B101).
与此同样，抗拉强度试验也适用此原则。
As an example the test temperature, impact energy and tensile strength for the butt welded joints given in Fig.3 are those re- quired for the plate of grade D in the left assembly and for the plate of grade E in the right assembly.举例如图3：对焊接口的试验温度，冲击能量值和抗拉强度，左边试块为D 级板，右边块为E 级板，
在焊缝区，在融线区和HAZ 区的V 型缺口试验温度和吸收能量值（冲击值KV ）均应与基材在纵向方向要求的值等同（参见DNV-OS-B101）
The requirements given by the DNV Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.2 Ch.3Sec.2 B308 can be applied as an alternative. For grades of improved weldability (see DNV-OS-B101), the Charpy V-notch test temperature and the average value for ab- sorbed energy in weld metal, fusion line and HAZ shall be the same as required for the base material of the comparable normal weldability grade in
transverse direction.
作为一个选择，对于入级DNV Pt2船，可采用DNV 规范Ch.3 Sec.2 B308。对于焊接性能改进型钢材级别（参见DNV-OS-B101），V 型缺口试验温度和吸收能量值（冲击值KV ）在焊缝区，在融线区和HAZ 区均应与可比较的通用焊接能力的基材在纵向方向要求的值等同（参见DNV-OS-B101） 108 In the case of reduced Charpy V-notch test specimens
(10 mm x 7.5 mm and 10 mm x 5 mm), the impact energy val- ues to be obtained shall satisfy the requirements in Table C1. 如减少V 型缺口试样尺寸（10mm x7.5mm 和10mm x 5mm ）, 所取得的冲击能量值必须满足表C1的表求. T able C1 Impact energy requirement for sub-size specimens 表C1: 小型尺寸试样的冲击能量要求
Dimensions of Charpy V-notch test specimen 试样尺寸 Impact energy 冲击能量10 x 10 mm KV 10 x 7.5 mm 5/6 KV 10 x 5 mm 2/3 KV
109 The average impact requirements shall be satisfied for each notch location, but one single value of three values from specimens from the same notch location may be below the av- erage requirements, but not below 70% of minimum average. 对每一缺口位置, 平均上必须满足冲击值要求, 但对于同样缺口位置的试样的每个单个冲击值,可充许低于平均要求,但不得低于平均值的70%. Figure 3 Butt welded plate joints of different grades 图3：不同级别板材的对焊接口 110 Where the results from a set of three impact test speci- mens do not comply with the requirements, an additional set of three impact test specimens may be taken.
C 200 Butt welds in pipes 管材对焊 3个冲击试样组成1套试验值, 如他们的试验结果不符合要求,收要进行另外地1套的冲击试验.
201
The test assembly shall be in accordance with Fig.4.装配试验按图4
The results obtained shall be combined with the original results to form a new average, which, for acceptance, shall be not less than the required value.Additionally, for these combined re- sults not more than two individual values shall be less than the required average value, and of these, not more than one shall be less than 70% of the average required value.
波口准备和定位按pWPW 进行
第2套试验结果与第1套试验结果一起形成新的平均值, 验收时,其不能低于要求的值. 此外, 这些混合试验结果中,不能有多于2个的单独值低于要求的平均值, 均不得低于70%平均要求值.
When the result of any test, other than impact test, fails to meet the requirements, two further tests may be made from the same welded joint. If both these additional tests are satisfactory, the test is acceptable.
当有任何试验结果, 除开冲击试验外, 如有不符合要求时,应对同一焊缝再进行进一步的试验.如果加上这些额外的试验能满足要求,则试验合格. 111 The hardness testing shall be in accordance with ISO 6507-1 or equivalent. The Vickers method (HV10) shall be used. 硬度试验依ISO-6507-1或等同的标准进行. 可采用维氏法(HV10)测试.
Indentations shall be made along traverses in the weld, HAZ and the parent metal approximately 1 mm below the surface. For each traverse a minimum of 3indentations shall be made in the weld, HAZ (both sides) and parent metal (both sides). For HAZ the first indentation shall be placed as close to the fu- sion line as possible. For double sided welds, for fillet and T- butt welds one additional row of indentations shall be made through the root area.
a
=
minimum value 150 mm 最低值150mm
D = outside diameter 外径
刻痕必须沿焊缝, HAZ 和基材的横向分布, 约表面以下1mm 。对每1个横向，至少3个刻痕分布在焊缝区，HAZ 区（两边）和基材（两面）。对于HAZ 区，第1个刻痕应尽量靠近融线。对双面焊，角焊和T 型焊，一排额外的刻痕必须位于根部区。
Figure 4 Test assembly for butt welds in pipes 管材对焊装配试验块 202 NDT shall be carried out in accordance with the specifi- cation given for the production welding in question. The extent of the testing shall be as follows: For material grades up to and including NV 460, a maximum hardness limit of 350 HV10 shall be met for welds in sub- merged structures exposed to cathodic protection. Hardness limits for higher grades shall be subject to agreement.
按采用的生产焊接规范，进行NDT 检验。 — 100% visual inspection
100%外观
对于材料等约高于NV460（含），位于阴极保护的水下结构区的焊缝，其硬度值最高极限为350 HV10。
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—
100% radiographic or ultrasonic testing
100%射线或超声探伤
— 100% surface crack detection (dye penetrant or magnetic particle testing). 100%表面裂纹检查（干粉渗透或磁粉探伤）
The soundness of the weld shall comply with requirements given in Sec.3 B.焊缝声波检验必须符合3B 节要求。
203 The following mechanical tests are required from each assembly (see Fig.5): 每试块的机械性能试验要求如下（见图5）
— 2 tensile tests (flat specimen transverse to the weld)
2个抗拉试验（焊缝横向的板状试样）
— 1 root and 1 face bend tests when t ≤ 20 mm and 2 side bend tests when t
> 20 mm
当t ≤ 20 mm 时，1个根部和1个表面的弯曲试验，当t > 20 mm 时，2个边部弯曲试验。
— 4 (6) sets of Charpy V-notch tests with the notch location as given in 107
4（6）块V 型缺口冲击试验，缺口位置按107。
— 1 macrosection test (metallographic examination + hardness measurements).
1个宏观剖面试验（金相检验+硬度测试）
a = 3 t, minimum value 150 mm 最小值150mm
b =6t,minimum value 350 mm 最小值350mm
Figure 6 Test assembly for full penetration T-joints
图6：T 型焊全透焊试块
303 The following mechanical tests are required from each assembly (see Fig.7): 机械性能试样数量如下：（见图7）
— 4 (6) sets of Charpy V-notch tests with the notch location as given in 107
4（6）块V 型缺口冲击试验，缺口位置按107。
— 1 macrosection test (metallographic examination + hard- ness
measurements). 1块宏观剖面试验（金相检验+硬度测试） Figure 5 Sampling of test specimens in pipes
图5：管材试块取样图 The results of mechanical testing shall comply with the rele- vant requirements given in C100. 机械性能试验结果必须符合C100的有关要求。 204 The results of mechanical testing shall comply with the relevant
requirements given in C100. 机械性能试验结果必须符合C100的有关要求。
C 300 Full penetration T -, Y-, and K- joints T 型，Y 型，K 型全透焊 301 WPQT's for full penetration groove welds between plates at right angles or inclined, i.e. T- or Y- and K- configu- rations, shall cover a weld length of minimum 350 mm (see Fig.6). 全透焊的波口WPQT ，直角或斜角板焊缝，即T 型或Y 型或K 型，焊缝长至少350mm （见图6）
302 NDT shall be carried out in accordance with the specifi- cation given for the production welding in question. The extent of the testing shall be as follows: 按生产焊接工艺所要求的进行NDT 检验。检验内容包括： — 100% visual inspection
100%外观
— 100% ultrasonic testing
100%超声
— 100% surface crack detection (dye penetrant or magnetic particle testing). 100%表面裂纹检查（干粉渗透或磁粉探伤）
The soundness of the weld shall comply with requirements given in Sec.3 B.焊缝声波检验必须符合3B 节的要求
Figure 7 Sampling of test specimens on full penetration T-joints 图7： T 型全透焊试块取样图
C 400T ubular joints 管状接口
401
The test assembly shall be in accordance with Fig.8. 测试块按图8准备
402 NDT shall be carried out in accordance with the specifi- cation given for the production welding in question. The extent of the testing shall be as follows: 依生产焊接规范要求而制定的规范进行NDT 。测试内容包括如下： — 100% visual inspection 100%外观 — 100% ultrasonic testing 100%超声检验
— 100% surface crack detection (dye penetrant or magnetic particle testing).
100%裂纹检验（干粉渗透或磁粉检验）
The soundness of the weld shall comply with requirements 焊缝声波试验必须符合3B 节要求
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given in Sec.3 B.
For manual and semi-automatic welding the length of the test piece shall be:对于手动或半自动焊，测度块长度为： L min = 350 mm 最小350mm
For automatic welding the length shall be:对自动焊
L min = 1000 mm 最小1000
Weld and fit-up shall be as detailed in the pWPS. 焊接和定位按pWPS 进行。 The test assembly shall be welded on one side only. For man- ual and semi-automatic welding, the stop and restart position shall be included in the test length and shall be clearly marked for subsequent examination.
试块装配必须仅焊边。对于手工或半自动焊，起点和终点位应在测试长度内，关清晰地标记以使随后验查。
The ends of the specimen are exempted from examination over a length of 50 mm. 端部50mm 应剔除。
502 NDT shall be carried out in accordance with the specifi- cation given for the production welding in question. The extent of the testing shall be as follows: 按生产焊接工艺所要求的进行NDT 检验。检验内容包括：
— 100% visual inspection 100%外观
— 100% surface crack detection (dye penetrant or magnetic particle testing).
100%表面裂纹检查（干粉渗透或磁粉探伤）
The soundness of the weld shall comply with the specified re- quirements given in Sec.3 B. 焊缝声波检验必须符合3B 节的要求
If the stop and restart spot is included in the test length, special attention shall be paid to this position with respect to profile, proper fusion and absence of crater defects. 如起点和终点在试验的焊缝长度内，应特别注意这些点位的焊缝形状，合适的熔融区和无栅式缺陷。 a = minimum value 150 mm 最小150mm
D1 = outside diameter of the greater tubular (can)大管厚t1 = wall thickness of the can 小管厚
503 The following tests shall be performed: 必须进行如下试验： D2 = outside diameter of the smaller tube (brace) 小管外径
— 2 macro section tests (metallographic examination, hard- ness measurements). 2个宏观剖面试验（金相检验+硬度测试）
t2 =
wall thickness of the brace 管厚
One of the macrosections shall be taken at the marked position of the stop and restart (for more details see 106). 在起点和终点焊位标志区各取1个宏观剖面试验（详见106）
Figure 8 Test assembly for tubular joints
图8： 管状焊接试块图
For hardness testing, see 111. 硬度试验，见111 403 The following mechanical tests are required from each assembly (see Fig.9): 每试块的机械性能试验要求如下（见图9）
C 600 Re-testing 再试验
— 12 Charpy V-notch tests sampled at 9 o'clock and with the notch location as
given in 107
601 If the welding procedure test fails to comply with any of the requirements for NDT one extra test shall be welded and subjected to the same testing. If this additional test does not meet the relevant requirements, the actual pWPS shall be con- sidered as not qualified and a re-specification of the pWPS shall be made prior to a new welding procedure test. 如焊接工艺试验未能满足任何的NDT 要求，则要进行额外的焊接试验，试验过程是一样的。如第二次试验还是达不到相关的要求，则实际上pWPS 将被视为不合格，并在新的焊接工艺试验之前应重新制定pWPS 。 12块V 型缺口试样，取样于时钟9点方位，缺口位如107。
— 2 macro section tests (metallographic examination + hard- ness measurements)
at 12 and 6 o'clock.
2块宏观剖面试验（金相检验+硬度测试），位于时钟12点和6点方位。 404 The results of mechanical testing shall comply with the relevant
requirements given in C100. 机械性能试验结果必须符合C100的有关要求。
405 Restrictions and testing for joint configuration involving acute angles (less than 15°) should be specified. AWS D1.1 is a good reference for structural welds. C 700 Validity of a WPS WPS 的有效性 701 The validity of a WPS shall be restricted to the work- shop performing the qualification. Workshops, work site or workshop branches under the same technical management and working in accordance with the same QA-program and – pro- cedures are considered as one workshop or site work. WPS 的有效性限于有执行资格的车间。只要在一个技术管理下，按同样的QA 体系，由同样的工艺进行，则车间，场地或小车间均视为同一个车间或场地。
应制定接口形状，包括实际角度（小于15度）等方面的限制和试验要求。AWS D1.1节可供参考。
C 500 Fillet welds 圆角焊 501 The two plates are assembled and positioned edgewise so as to constitute a tee-assembly with no clearance. As far as possible the plates shall be of a sufficient size to ensure a rea- sonable heat distribution.两块板对装并定位成无间隔T 型装配。板尺寸应尽能可地达以确保合理的热分布。 702 Qualification of a welding procedure remains valid pro- vided the parameters are kept within the qualified ranges of es- sential variable during production welding. The essential variables and qualified ranges are given in 703. When varia- tions outside the qualification ranges of essential variables oc-cur, the welding procedure qualification shall be considered invalid, and the WPS shall therefore be re-specified and re- qualified. 只要在生产焊接期间，各种参数保持在合格的必要的变动范围内，则焊接工艺资格一直有效。 703给出了什么叫必要的变动和合格的范围。当参数变动超出了合格的必要的变动参数范围，则焊接工艺资格无效，WPS 要重新制定和重新资格认可。
For fillet welds the test assembly shall be as defined in Fig.9. 对于圆角焊，其试块准备见图9。
703 A qualified welding procedure shall be used within the ranges of the parameters of essential variables listed below. Base material
合格的焊接工艺采用的必要的变动参数范围列表如下。基本资料。
The following changes shall lead to a new qualification: 如下方面的变化，将引起重新资格认可：
a) In general, significant change of material properties which will obviously
affect the weldability and mechanical prop- erties.
总体上，材料性能明显变化，这些变化明显地影响焊接机械性能。
Figure 9 Test assembly for fillet welds 图9：圆角焊试块图
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Where a fillet weld is qualified by means of a butt weld test, the throat thickness
range qualified shall be based on the thick- ness of the deposited weld metal. Guidance note: 注意
对于用对焊试验来判定圆角焊合格时，喉厚的合格范围必须基于舱贮的焊接金额厚度。
When qualifying a welding procedure, it is recommended to use specified material with highest carbon equivalent (CE) available in the workshop or work site, especially when the thickness is large. 当进行焊接工艺资格认可时，建议使用指定的材料，使用在车间或现场能获得的最高C 含量或等同的材料，特别是当厚度大时。 Diameter of pipes and tubular joints 管径和管状接口
The qualification of a welding procedure test on diameter D shall include qualification for diameters in the following rang- es as given in Table C3.
对于直径D 的焊接工艺试验合格必须包括如下表C3所列的直径变动范围的合格。
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
T able C3 Qualified range for pipes and tubular joints 管对焊和管状焊接合格范围
b) More specifically, structural steels of both normal and im- proved weldability
are grouped in three strength groups: 特别是，对于普通的或改进焊接性符合表C4
for multi-run welding and all fillet range 0.75 t w to 1.5 t w. However, a test with a throat thickness ≥ 10 mm shall give qualification for all throat thicknesses ≥ 10 mm.
Figure 10 Plate test positions 图10：平板试验位置
对于单层圆角焊，合格厚度范围的要求，除了表C2的要求外，喉厚，t w ，变化范围为0.75 t w 至 1.5 t w 。然而对于喉厚大于10mm 的任一试验，只要其合格，则其他都合格。
Where a fillet weld is qualified by means of a butt weld test,
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Ch.2 Sec.1– Page
Welding condition 焊接工况
The following changes shall lead to a new qualification:
如下焊接式况的变化将导致对其焊接工艺资格的重新认可 — any change of welding process 焊接工艺变化
— change from weaving to stringer bead technique or vice versa 从堆宽焊
接技术到窄道焊技术的变化，相反也如此。
— stringer to weave ratio outside the tolerances specified in the agreed WPS
窄波比超出WPS 规定的公差
— change from multi-pass welding to one-pass welding 从多道焊变化到单道焊— change in welding current from A.C. to D.C., or vice ver- sa, or change of
polarity. If recommended by the consum- able manufacturer particular exemption may be given for SMAW in change from A.C. to D.C.
焊接电流从AC 到DC 变化，相反也是，或极性变化。如由焊材制造商建议，SMAW 可以例外地从AC 变到DC
— change in metal powder or wire addition beyond ±10%. 金属粉未或丝额外
超出10%的变化
— change from spray arc to short arc pulse, or vice versa 从喷弧到短弧脉冲变化，相反也是。
— any change beyond 25°C of the maximum interpass tem- perature 焊层间最
大温度超出25度的任何变化。
— change in heat input beyond ± 25% for steel up to 420 MPa in specified yield
strength. For material with specified yield strength equal to or above 420MPa the change shall not be more than ± 10%, unless otherwise qualified 对于至420Mpa 的屈服强度的钢，热输入超出± 25%的变化。高于或等于420Mpa 的屈服强度的钢，变化不多于± 10%，除非取得资格。 — any decrease in preheating temperature 预热温度的任何降低
— change of post weld heat treatment parameters except for holding time,
which may be adjusted as a function of thickness.
除了保温时间外，焊后热处理参数发生变化，依其厚度而相应调整。
Figure 11 Pipe test positions 图11：管对焊位置
Type of joint 接口类型
The following changes shall lead to a new qualification: 如下接口类型的变化将导致对焊接工艺资格的重新认可 — change from fillet weld to butt weld 从圆角焊到对焊
— change from two sided welding to one side (but not vice versa)
对二面焊到单面焊（但反过来则不是） — deletion of back gouging 背刨去除
— addition or deletion of ceramic backing 陶瓷背除或填加
— deletion of backing in cases where the backing material is equivalent to the
base material 撑材相当于基材时，如撑材去除
— change from T-, Y- or K-joint to butt joint T 型，Y 型或K 型到对焊的变化— change from butt joint in plates to butt joints in pipes with outside diameter
less than 500mm 板对焊到直径小于500mm 的管对焊
— any change of groove dimensions specified in the WPS and agreed with
the purchaser, such as change of specified type of groove, root face and gap,which may significantly affect penetration, fusion and dilution of the weld. 对WPS 中或以买方约定中的波口变化，此类约定类型的波口，根部面和间隔的变化将明显地影响焊缝的渗透，熔合和扩散。
Figure 12 Positions of test plate for fillet welds 图12：圆角焊试块位置图
T able C4 Qualified principal positions for butt welds and fillet welds, steel 表C4：对焊，圆角焊，主要合格位置，钢
Qualified positions 3)合格位置 Test weld 测试接口形状
Butt welds 对焊Fillet welds 圆角焊Joint configuration 1)2)
Principal positions 主位置 Plates or Pipes 板或管
Plates 板管Pipes
All Butt welds in plates 板对焊
2G + 3G
All 1F
1G 1G 1F, 2F, 4F
2G 1G, 2G, 4G
3F
3G 3G 1F,4F 4G
1G,4G Butt welds in pipes 管对焊
2G + 5G = 6G
All All All 1G 1G 1G 1F 2G 1G, 2G, 4G
All
1G, 2G 1F, 2F, 4F All 5G 1G,5G
Fillet welds 圆角焊
2F + 3F All 1F 1F 2F 1F, 2F, 4F
3F 3F 4F 1F, 2F, 4F All
5F
1) Pipes with D > 500 mm are considered equivalent to plates (apply only to the can in tubular joints) 直径大于500mm 的管等同于板（仅适用于管状焊）2) Tubular joints shall be qualified separately 管状接口各自资格认可
3)
The vertical downwards position shall be qualified separately 垂直向下位各自认可
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C 800 Fracture mechanic (FM) testing 断裂机械性能（FM ）试验 801 Requirements to fracture mechanic testing are given in DNV-OS-C101 or DNV-OS-C201.
DNV-OS-C101 or DNV-OS-C201.给出了断裂机械性能的要求
802 The test weld shall be made and tested for the actual combination of steel grade, manufacturer, welding process and welding consumable (brand) used.FM testing is, however, not required for consumables used for root passes only in two-sid- ed welds.
制作的焊缝和试验依所使用的钢等级，制造商，焊接工艺和焊材（名牌）相应进行。然而，对于用于根部仅双边焊过度的焊材，无需FM 试验 803 The FM tests shall be carried out on a full penetration butt-weld with K-or single V-preparation. The back of the K and one of the legs of the single V (on which the FM test shall be carried out) shall be perpendicular to the plane of the plate. Tests on either of these weld bevel preparations qualify for all types of bevel preparations.
对于K 型或单边V 型的全透对焊，必须进行FM 试验。K 型背和单边V 型的一脚（对其进行FM 试验）必须平行于板面。任何一个斜角型焊缝的试验准备均适用于其他作何类型的斜角准备。 804 The test weld shall be welded with a heat input repre- senting the maximum heat input used in the fabrication. The test weld shall be made on a plate with a thickness not smaller than 90% of the maximum plate or wall thickness for which the welding procedure shall apply. The test weld also qualifies for plate thicknesses down to 50% of the test weld plate thickness.
Figure 13 Cross-section through the weld 图13： 焊缝裁面图 BM = Base material 基材 WM = Weld metal or deposit 熔焊凝积金属区 试验焊缝应有代表性，其热输及代表装配时的最大热输入。试验焊缝形成于板材上，试验析厚不小于90%的实际焊接工艺执行时的最大板厚或墙厚。试验的焊缝对于小于50%试验板厚均有合适资格。 d f = distance from the plane of the fatigue pre-crack to the fusion line
(varies along the fatigue pre-crack) 从疲劳预制裂纹到熔线区的距离（沿疲劳预制裂纹方向变化）
805 On each test weld at least three FM test specimens shall be tested in each of the weld deposit and the heat affected zone
l i = length (in mm) of area with acceptable location of the fatigue pre-crack (see below) 疲劳预制裂纹可接受位置区的长度（见下面）(HAZ). (Details regarding the required number of test speci- mens and the location of fatigue pre-cracks are given further below.)
t = Plate thickness 板厚 每一试验焊缝，至少3个试样，每一均含有焊缝区和热影响区。
806 Testing of the HAZ or the weld deposit can be omitted if tests with satisfactory results according to the requirements in this standard have been carried out previously by either the steel manufacturer or the welding consumable manufacturer.
Measurements of the distance, d f , between the plane of the fa- tigue pre-crack and the fusion line shall be taken. Within the central 75% of the plate thickness the areas where d f ≤ 0.5 mm shall be identified. The length, λi of each of these areas shall be determined. The location of the fatigue pre-crack shall sat- isfy the following criteria:
如依本标准的要求，已或由钢厂或焊材制造商先前已进行了HAZ 区或熔焊凝积金属区的FM 试验，并已取得了满意的试验结论，则此类试验不再进行。从疲劳预制裂纹到熔线区的距离d f 必须测量。在板厚75%的中心区，d f 小于或等于0.5mm 的地方必须加以标注。必须确定这些区中每个区的λi 长度。疲劳预制裂纹的位置应符合下述标准：
807 The FM tests shall be carried out according to BS 7448 Part 2 (with detailed requirements as given below) using 3- point bend specimens. The CTOD-technique with B x 2B specimens shall be used. For nominal plate
thicknesses of the test weld equal to or exceeding 80 mm, B x B specimens may be used.
ΣN λi = ≤ 3 mm for t ≤ 20 mm t ≤ 20 mm 时，≤ 3 mm for
= 0.15 t for 20 < t ≤ 80 mm 20 < t ≤ 80 mm 时， 0.15 t for 按BS 7448 Part 2章所述（如下给出了详仅的要求），进行FM 试验。试验用3点弯曲试样进行。Bx2B 试样在试验时使用CTOD 技术。对于试验焊缝的名义板厚等于或大于80mm ，也可用BxB 试样。
= ≥ 12 mm for t > 80 mm t > 80 mm 时，≥ 12 mm for
N = number of areas with d f ≤ 0.5 mm
d f ≤ 0.5 mm 区的数量。
All specimens shall be tested with the fatigue pre-crack placed in the through-thickness direction. For tests of the weld deposit the fatigue pre-crack shall sample the central part of the deposit. For tests in the HAZ the required location of the fatigue crack depth is given in 108.
809 Results from HAZ specimens on which the location of the fatigue pre-crack does not satisfy the requirement above, are not valid. In addition to these requirements given for HAZ specimens, all the requirements specified in BS 7448Part 2 ap- ply for both HAZ and weld deposit specimens.
所有试样均应预制疲劳裂纹，裂纹惯穿整个厚度。对于熔焊凝积金属区的试验，疲劳预制裂纹取样于熔区的中心部位。对于HAZ 区的试验，疲劳裂纹深度的位置见108节
对于HAZ 区试验，如其疲劳预制裂纹位置满足不了上述要求，则其试样的试验结果无效。HAZ 试样除上这些要求外，BS 7448 Part 2部分中规定的要求均适用于HAZ 区和熔焊凝积金属区。
An evaluation of the relevant test temperature shall be made for all joints in question. Unless there is a high probability that the extreme loads on the joints will concur with lower temper- atures the test temperature shall be:
Three valid tests for each of weld deposit and HAZ shall be carried out. The critical CTOD for all of the specimens shall be equal to or larger than 0.15 mm. 对有凝问的所有接口均必须相应的试验温度评估。除非在焊缝的极限负荷在更低的温度有极高的可能性发生，则试验温度必须是：
对每一HAZ 区和熔焊凝积金属区，必须有三个有效的试验。所有试样的标准CTOD 应等于或大于0.15mm 。
If (for HAZ or weld deposit) one or more of the three speci- mens has a critical CTOD lower than 0.15 mm additional tests may be carried out. In such a case the characteristic value, as defined in Table C5, shall be equal to or larger than 0.15 mm. 如（对于HAZ 区和熔焊凝积金属区），三个试样中一个或更多的试样具有小于标准0.15mm 的CTOD ，则需要进行额外的试验。此种情况下，按表C5定义的参数值应等于或大于0.15mm 。
≤ 0°C
For joints submerged at lowest waterline:
Other joints: ≤ design temperature. Table C5Characteristic value of CTOD 表C5：CTOD 参数值808 Subsequent to the CTOD-test the specimens in the HAZ shall be sectioned and examined as described below. CTOD 试验后，HAZ 区的试样应剖开并按如下所述进行检测： 有效试验数Number of valid tests 1) Characteristic value
3 to 5 Lowest result 最低结果
6 to 10 Second lowest result 次低结果A metallographic section according to BS 7448 Part 2 Section 11.2 shall be prepared from each HAZ specimen. The metallo- graphic section shall include weld metal and base metal. If nec- essary, in order to determine the exact location of the fatigue pre-crack, sections from both sides of the pre-crack shall be prepared. The faces of the metallographic sections shall not be taken deeper than the deepest point of the fatigue pre-crack and not more than 3 mm from the deepest point of the fatigue pre-crack.
11 to 15 Third lowest result 低结果
1) All valid tests that have been carried out shall be included
in the evaluation. It is not permissible to discard any valid test result.已进行的所有有效试验必须进行评估。不充许剔去任何有效的试验结果。
按BS 7448 Part 2 Section 11.2制作每一HAZ 区试样的金相试样。金相试样必须包含有焊接金属区和基材区。如需要，为确定准确的预制疲劳裂纹位置，必须制作预制裂纹双边的金相试样。所取的金相试样表面，其深度不深于疲劳裂纹的最深点，也不大于离疲劳预制裂纹最深点3mm 。
810 If the characteristic value as specified in Table C5 is larger than 0.15mm an ECA (Engineering critical assessment) may be carried out with the purpose of demonstrating that extra capacity may be available in the structure.
如按表C5的参数值，有大于0.15mm ，必须进行ECA （工程标准评估），目的是对在结构中可能具有的额外能力进行展示。
A figure of a cross-section through the weld (of an un-fractured specimen) is shown in Fig.13. 图13是纵穿焊缝（非断裂试样）剖面图。
D ET N ORSK
E V ERITAS
译文对比分析
话说宝玉在林黛玉房中说"耗子精"，宝钗撞来，讽刺宝玉元宵不知"绿蜡"之典，三人正在房中互相讥刺取笑。 杨宪益：Pao-yu，as we saw, was in Tai-yu?s room telling her the story about the rat spirits when Pao-chai burst in and teased him for forgetting the “green wax” allusion on the night of the Feast of Lanterns. 霍克斯: We have shown how Bao-yu was in Dai-yu?s room telling her the story of the magic mice; how Bao-Chai burst in on them and twitted Bao-yu with his failure to remember the …green wax? allusion on the night of the Lantern Festival; and how the three of them sat teasing each other with good-humored banter. 对比分析：杨宪益和霍克斯在翻译“耗子精”采用来了不同的处理方法，前者使用了异化”rat spirits”，后者用的是归化法”magic mice”,使用归化法更受英美读者的亲乃。但是二者同时采用了增译法，增添了the story，原文并没有。在翻译“宝玉不知绿烛之典”的“不知”，英文1用的是“forgetting”，而译文2用的是“with failure to ”，显然译文2更符合英美的表达习惯。 那宝玉正恐黛玉饭后贪眠，一时存了食，或夜间走了困，皆非保养身体之法。幸而宝钗走来，大家谈笑，那林黛玉方不欲睡，自己才放了心。 杨宪益：Pao-yu felt relieved as they laughed and made fun of each other, for he had feared that sleeping after lunch might give Tai-yu indigestion or insomnia that night, and so injure her health. Luckily Pao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it had woken Tai-yu up. 霍克斯: Bao-yu had been afraid that by sleeping after her meal Dai-yu would give herself indigestion or suffer from insomnia through being insufficiently tired when she went to bed at night, but Bao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it banished all Dai-yu?s desire to sleep and enabled him to lay aside his anxiety on her behalf. 对比分析：译文一对原文语序进行了调整，先说了“放心”，再说“担心”，但并不如不调整顺序的逻辑强。译文二只是用了一个“but”就把原文意思分层了两层，逻辑更加清晰，符合西方人注重逻辑的习惯。原文中的“谈笑”是动词，而两个译文版本都是译的“the lively conversation”，是名词，体现了汉语重动态，英文重静态的特点。 忽听他房中嚷起来，大家侧耳听了一听，林黛玉先笑道："这是你妈妈和袭人叫嚷呢。那袭人也罢了，你妈妈再要认真排场她，可见老背晦了。" 杨宪益：Just then, a commotion broke out in Pao-yu?s apartments and three of th em pricked up their ears. “It?s your nanny scolding Hai-jen,” announced Tai-yu. “There?s nothing wrong with Hai-jen, yet your nanny is for ever nagging at her. Old age has befuddled her.”
《葛底斯堡演讲》三个中文译本的对比分析
《葛底斯堡演讲》三个中文译本的对比分析 葛底斯堡演讲是林肯于19世纪发表的一次演讲,该演讲总长度约3分钟。然而该演讲结构严谨,富有浓郁的感染力和号召力,即便历经两个世纪仍为人们津津乐道,成为美国历史上最有传奇色彩和最富有影响力的演讲之一。本文通过对《葛底斯堡演讲》的三个译本进行比较分析,从而更进一步加深对该演讲的理解。 标签：葛底斯堡演讲,翻译对比分析 葛底斯堡演讲是美国历史上最为人们所熟知的演讲之一。1863年11月19日下午,林肯在葛底斯堡国家烈士公墓的落成仪式上发表献词。该公墓是用以掩埋并缅怀4个半月前在葛底斯堡战役中牺牲的烈士。 林肯是当天的第二位演讲者,经过废寝忘食地精心准备,该演讲语言庄严凝练,内容激昂奋进。在不足三分钟的演讲里,林肯通过引用了美国独立宣言中所倡导的人权平等,赋予了美国内战全新的内涵,内战并不仅是为了盟军而战,更是为了“自由的新生(anewbirthoffreedom)”而战,并号召人们不要让鲜血白流,要继续逝者未竞的事业。林肯的《葛底斯堡演讲》成功地征服了人们,历经多年仍被推崇为举世闻名的演说典范。 一、葛底斯堡演说的创作背景 1.葛底斯堡演说的创作背景 1863年7月1日葛底斯堡战役打响了。战火持续了三天,战况无比惨烈,16万多名士兵在该战役中失去了生命。这场战役后来成为了美国南北战争的一个转折点。而对于这个位于宾夕法尼亚州,人口仅2400人的葛底斯堡小镇,这场战争也带来了巨大的影响——战争遗留下来的士兵尸体多达7500具,战马的尸体几千具,在7月闷热潮湿的空气里,腐化在迅速的蔓延。 能让逝者尽快入土为安,成为该小镇几千户居民的当务之急。小镇本打算购买一片土地用以兴建公墓掩埋战死的士兵,然后再向家属索要丧葬费。然而当地一位富有的律师威尔斯(DavidWills)提出了反对意见,并立即写信给宾夕法尼亚州的州长,提议由他本人出资资助该公墓的兴建,该请求获得了批准。 威尔斯本打算在10月23日邀请当时哈佛大学的校长爱德华(EdwardEverett)来发表献词。爱德华是当时一名享有盛誉的著名演讲者。爱德华回信告知威尔斯,说他无法在那么短的时间之内准备好演讲,并要求延期。因此,威尔斯便将公墓落成仪式延期至该年的11月19日。 相比较威尔斯对爱德华的盛情邀请,林肯接到的邀请显然就怠慢很多了。首先,林肯是在公墓落成仪式前17天才收到邀请。根据十九世纪的标准,仅提前17天才邀请总统参加某一项活动是极其仓促的。而威尔斯的邀请信也充满了怠慢,
红字 两种中文译本的对比研究董颖
红字 两种中文译本的对比研究 董 颖 (贵州大学外国语学院,贵州贵阳 550025) 摘 要:以英汉对比语言学为理论指导,从以下三个方面对胡允桓先生和贾宗谊先生的 红字 译本进行对比研究:一是英汉词汇差异;二是英汉句法差异;三是英汉文化差异。通过对上述三方面系统地比较研究,笔者认为贾的译著在 信、达、雅 各方面均优于胡的译著。最后,对这两个中文译本做出综合性评价,并建议将英汉语对比研究成果应用于整个英语教学实践,帮助学生排除汉语负迁移的干扰,提高外语教学质量。 关键词: 红字 ;词汇差异;句法差异;文化差异;英语教学 中图分类号:I31706 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-2395(2005)05-0064-05 Contrastive study of the two Chinese versions of The Scarlet Letter DONG Ying (Foreign Language Col lege,Guizhou University,Guiyang550025,China) Abstract:T his paper,based on the Contr astive Linguistics of English and Chinese,tr ies to make a contrastive study on the tw o Chinese versions of T he Scarlet L etter r espectively render ed by Hu Yunhuan and Jia Zongyi fr om the follow ing three perspectives,i.e.differ ences on lex icon,syntax and culture between English and Chinese.T hrough a systematic compar ison and contrast,the wr iter draws a conclusion that the Chinese version translated by Jia transcends over that one produced by Hu w ith a better mastery on the differences betw een English and Chinese and the faithful, expressive and elegant expressions.In the end,the w riter gives a comprehensive ev aluation to the two Chinese versions and sugg ests that w e should apply contr astive studies of English and Chinese in our EF L teaching practice to enhance teaching efficiency. Key words:T he Scar let L etter;lex ical contrast;sy ntactical contrast;cultural contrast;EF L teaching 红字 是19世纪美国著名作家霍桑的一部浪漫主义杰作。该小说意境优美,语言清新隽永,人物心理状态刻画得栩栩如生。自侍桁的首部中文译本以来,目前已有好几种译本。笔者拟就其中的两种译本从英汉语差异的角度进行比较研究,以论证英汉对比研究对于翻译乃至整个外语教学实践的重要指导作用。 这两种译本,一个是1991年6月由人民文学出版社出版的胡允桓的 红字 译本(以下简称胡译);另一个是1998年6月由北京十月文艺出版社出版的贾宗谊的 红字 译本(以下简称贾译)。 笔者以英汉对比语言学为理论基础,从英汉语词汇、句法及文化差异这三个角度对上述两个中文译本进行比较研究,其目的在于论证英汉对比研究在翻译领域的重要应用价值,进而将其推广到整个外语教学。本文所依据的原著为Paul List Verlag Leipzig出版社1956年出版的 红字 。 一、英汉词汇对比 英汉语的词汇系统存在很大差异,了解并掌握这一差异是实现忠实翻译的前提。本文拟从以下三个方面对比研究两译本:词汇意义重复,词汇形态学对比及词汇语义学对比。 1.词汇意义重复 词汇意义重复这一现象是符合汉语规范的,其目的在于强调语义,加强表达效果,如: 不必要的浪费 , 最后的结局 及 意外的惊喜 等。而在英语中类似的表达如 actual fact , merge together 则属于冗余结构,不为本族人所接受。因此,在英汉互译时应注意语言表达方式的互换。请看下例: 1)The founders of a new colony,w hatever 第26卷 第5期2005年10月 大连大学学报 JOUR NAL OF D ALIAN U NIVERS ITY Vol.26No.5 O ct.2005 收稿日期:2005-07-16 作者简介:董 颖(1980-),女,贵州大学外国语学院教师。
《傲慢与偏见》译文对比分析
《傲慢与偏见》（节选一） Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (An Except from Chapter One) 译文对比分析 节选文章背景：小乡绅贝内特有五个待字闺中的千金，贝内特太太整天操心着为女儿物色称心如意的丈夫。新来的邻居宾利(Bingley)是个有钱的单身汉，他立即成了贝内特太太追猎的目标。 1.It’s a truth u niversally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. 译文一：凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的道理。译文二：有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。 2.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. 译文一：这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可是，既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心中根深蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作是自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。 译文二：这条真理还真够深入人心的，每逢这样的单身汉新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍的人家尽管对他的性情见识一无所知，却把他视为某一个女儿的合法财产。 3.”My dear Mr. benne” said his lady to him one day ,”have you heard that nether field park is let at last?” 译文一：有一天班纳特太太对她的丈夫说：“我的好老爷，尼日斐花园终于租出去了，你听说过没有？” 译文二：“亲爱的贝特先生”一天，贝纳特太太对先生说：“你有没有听说内瑟费尔德庄园终于租出去了：” 4.Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. 译文一：纳特先生回答道，他没有听说过。 译文二：纳特先生回答道，没有听说过。 5.”But it is,” returned she:” for Mrs. long has just been here, and she t old me all about it.” 译文一：“的确租出去了，”她说，“朗格太太刚刚上这来过，她把这件事情的底细，一五一十地都告诉了我。” 译文二：“的确租出去了，”太太说道。“朗太太刚刚来过，她把这事一五一十地全告诉我了。”
《红字》两种中译本的对比研究
上海海事大学SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY 硕士学位论文 MASTER DISSERTATION 论文题目：《红字》两种中译本的对比研究 学科专业：外国语言学及应用语言学 作者姓名： 指导教师：教授 完成日期：二○○九年六月
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A Comparative Study of the Two Chinese Versions of The Scarlet Letter By Under the Supervision of Professor A Thesis Submitted to the College of Foreign Languages of Shanghai Maritime University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree Shanghai Maritime University June, 2009
《雾都孤儿》两种中译本的对比分析
上 海 海 事 大 学 SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY 硕 士 学 位 论 文 MASTER DISSERTATION 论文题目： 《雾都孤儿》两种中译本的对比分析 学科专业： 外国语言学及应用语言学 作者姓名： 刘 晓 莉 指导教师： 韩 忠 华 教授 完成日期： 二○○八年六月 学校代码： 10254 密 级： 论文编号：
论文独创性声明 本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究的启发和所做的贡献均已在论文中作了明确说明并表示了谢意。 作者签名：____________ 日期：____________ 论文使用授权声明 本人同意上海海事大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以上网公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。保密的论文在解密后遵守本规定。 作者签名：__________ 导师签名：__________ 日期：___________
A Comparative Study of the Two Chinese Versions of Oliver Twist By Liu Xiaoli Under the Supervision of Professor Han Zhonghua A Thesis Submitted to the College of Foreign Languages of Shanghai Maritime University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree Shanghai Maritime University June, 2008
《药》两种英译本对比研究
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 从《道林?格雷的画像》看王尔德的唯美主义 2 霍桑及其矛盾思想在《红字》中的体现 3 英汉习语翻译中文化意象的转换 4 “邪恶的心灵”——剖析希斯克厉夫复仇的心理动机 5 教师在初中教学中对学生的评价 6 农村初中英语课堂中的纠错反馈 7 论翻译过程中的译者主体性 8 从《飘》中人物性格分析看适者生存的道理 9 国际商务英语合同翻译策略研究 10 宗教对英汉语言的影响 11 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 805 990 74 9 12 从《鲁滨逊漂流记》看人的性格对命运的决定作用 13 A Comparative Study of Chinese and French Higher Education 14 《动物农庄》的极权主义的研究 15 The Destruction and Degeneration of Heroines in William Faulkner’s Works 16 从生态女性主义解析苔丝 17 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Taboos in the Context of Intercultural Communication 18 论《红字》的模糊性 19 论《飘》中斯嘉丽的精神源泉 20 《那个读伏尔泰的人》英译汉中定语从句的翻译策略 21 商务信函翻译技巧初探 22 功能翻译理论关照下的新闻英语标题翻译 23 论叶芝诗歌中的女性面具 24 析《道林格雷》中王尔德用来揭示生活与艺术冲突的方法 25 英汉含文化植物词谚语对比研究 26 广告折射出的中西文化差异及广告翻译策略 27 情感教学在初中英语课堂中的理论和实践 28 试析《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义 29 戏剧《哥本哈根》中体现的两性家庭分工差异 30 高中英语写作前口语活动设计与实施建议 31 A Comparative Study of Politeness Expressions in English and Chinese 32 从文化差异角度论商标词的翻译 33 论奥斯卡王尔德唯美主义童话中的批判精神 34 《德伯家的苔丝》中的宿命论 35 艾米丽?狄金森的诗歌《我不能与你一起生活》的多重主题研究 36 对比哈利?波特与蜘蛛侠浅析英美英雄文化差异 37 从阿加莎?克里斯蒂笔下的人物看克里斯蒂的反女权主义倾向 38 Analysis on Earnest Hemingway’s Doom Consciousness in The Old Man and the Sea 39 On the Absurdity in Waiting for Godot 40
对《匆匆》的三个译本对比分析
对《匆匆》的三个译本对比分析 翻译大家常说好的翻译作品要忠于原文，完全了解原文的写作背景，作者的写作风格；并把握理解作者表达的思想感情，挖掘作者原作中的内涵，捕捉原作里的神韵之美，以及丰富的感情。为了对比散文《匆匆》的三个不同译本我他特意查了一下《匆匆》的写作背景，然后读了几遍原文，深深地体味了一下朱自清的写作情感。顿时，感受到了朱自清对时间流逝的无奈焦急和惋惜之情。再读《匆匆》，似乎在听一首好听灵动的音乐，那朴素平淡的抒情气氛，优美的了律动美，委婉流畅悠远的的音律美油然而生。然后再欣赏三个不同的译本，我或多或少感受到了三个译本各自不同的特点。 乍眼一看，我特别喜欢张培基先生的译本，我觉得他译的真好。因为我看他的译文时，感受到了原作丰富的思想感情，浓厚的感染力，以及原文的美和意境。但是经过仔细品味，我发现其实三个译本各有千秋，不能单单说谁译的好与不好，只能说谁翻译的比较准确，更能符合原文之美，原文之意，原文之味。 以下是我对三个译本的对比分析欣赏：（朱纯深，张培基，张梦井先生的译本） 对比一：题目。 朱纯深译文：Rush 张培基译文：Transient Days 张梦井译文：Days Gone By Rush的意思是快速移动；急促；有仓促之意。我认为时间虽然短暂，但也不至于仓促过往，rush 没有美感，也不符合原文所表达匆匆之意，不太妥帖。 Transien t的意思是转瞬即逝的,短暂的(continuing for only a short time )把时间匆匆流逝，时间短暂之意表达的淋漓尽致，似乎让人觉得时间犹如过往云烟，捉不住，摸不着，与原文匆匆之意相符合，且具有美感。 Go b y的意思是流逝,过去（to past）多指时间的推移，不能表达匆匆之意。 综上所述，Transient Days更为贴切，而其他两个就欠妥帖。 对比二： 朱纯深：Swallows may have gone, but there is a time to return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of re-greening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. 张培基：If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again.
《乡愁》两个英译本的对比分析
《乡愁》两个英译本的对比分析 曹菊玲 （川外2013级翻译硕士教学1班文学翻译批评与鉴赏学期课程论文） 摘要：余光中先生的《乡愁》是一首广为人知的诗歌，曾被众多学者翻译成英文，本文将对赵俊华译本和杨钟琰译本进行对比分析，主要从原作的分析、译文的准确性、译文风格以及对原文意象的把握入手进行赏析，指出两译本的不足和精彩之处。 关键词：《乡愁》；原诗的分析；准确性；风格；意象的把握 1.原诗的分析 作者余光中出生于大陆，抗战爆发后在多地颠沛流离，最后22岁时移居台湾。20多年都未回到大陆，作者思乡情切，于上世纪70年代创作了这首脍炙人口的诗歌，但是当时大陆与台湾关系正处于紧张时期，思而不得的痛苦与惆怅包含于整首诗中。 全诗为四节诗，节与节之间完全对称，四句一节，共十六句，节奏感、韵律感很强，读起来朗朗上口。而且这首诗语言简洁，朴实无华，但是却表达了深刻的内涵。从整体上看，作者采取层层递进的方式，以时空的隔离和变化来推进情感的表达，最后一句对大陆的思念，一下子由个人哀愁扩大到国家分裂之愁，因而带有历史的厚重感。 【原诗】 乡愁 余光中 小时候／乡愁是一枚小小的邮票／我在这头／母亲在那头 长大后／乡愁是一张窄窄的船票／我在这头／新娘在那头 后来啊／乡愁是一方矮矮的坟墓／我在外头／母亲在里头 而现在／乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡／我在这头／大陆在那头 【译诗】 (1) 赵俊华译 Homesick As a boy, I was homesick for a tiny stamp, —I was here, Mom lived alone over there. When grow up, I was homesick for a small ship ticket. —I was here,
落花生两英译本的对比分析
《落花生》两英译本的对比分析 【摘要】本文对张培基先生和刘士聪先生对《落花生》的英译本从接受美学的角度进行了对比分析。通过分析原文的写作目的，风格和语言特点从而对翻译的分析打下良好基础。举例对翻译的段落进行了对比分析，反映了译者的期待视野影响翻译目的，职业经历和翻译的基本观点影响期待视野。这一点对于文本不确定性和语义空白点的具体化十分重要。 【关键词】《落花生》；张培基；刘士聪；接受美学；翻译对比 一、原文的介绍 《落花生》是中国著名作家许地山创作的一篇具有深远意义的散文。他回忆了童年时发生的一件小事。父亲通过一件关于花生的小事讲述了生活哲理。 原文具有以下几个功能： 1、信息功能：它描述了童年发生的一件事及花生的特点和用途。 2、审美功能：文章的语言简单朴素清新自然。语言特点，内容和风格相得益彰，形成了浓厚的艺术吸引力。 3、表达功能：这篇散文表达了作者崇高的思想，即便是在动荡浑浊的旧时代，还应保持个人节操。 4、祈使功能：虽然描写的是不起眼的花生，却在字里行间向大家传递了人生哲学。那就是“那么，人要做有用的人，不要做伟大、体面的人了。” 二、两英译本对比分析 张先生和刘先生在翻译时都保留了原文的风格和特点。但他们的翻译风格还是有些不同的。 他们的期待视野影响其翻译目的。他们的职业经历影响他们翻译期待视野。张先生和刘先生都曾在出版社做过编辑，都潜心研究翻译事业。但是不同的是刘先生还有翻译教学的经历。和张先生相比，他更算的上是一个翻译教育学者。他投身于翻译教学和其他英语相关的学科研究中。从以上可以推断出，可能刘先生在翻译过程中遵循的规则更加严格，并且会更加的客观，也就是说学术的客观性会比较多，在翻译中自己主观理解的加入可能较少。这里有一个例子。原文：“那晚上的天色不大好，…”刘先生译文：“The weather was not very good that night but，….”张先生译文：“It looked like rain that evening，….”而“天色不太好”并不代表就是要下雨了。虽然对于这一句的翻译并不影响整体，但是作为一个翻译来说，并不应该加入过多的理所当然的想象。 除了翻译家的职业经历会影响他们的翻译表现和态度，他们对于翻译的基本看法，也会影响翻译工作。刘先生认为翻译的最高境界是对原文韵味的再现。译作“韵味”就是原作的艺术内涵通过译文准确而富有文采的语言表达时所蕴含的艺术感染力，这能引起读者的美感共鸣。除此之外，刘先生还强调要把译文作为独立的文本来看待。具体说来就是对译文美感和韵味的展现虽是从词句入手的，同时还应注意译文包括内容和风格的整体效果。当两者有了矛盾，要变通前者来适应后者。从以上不难看出，刘先生在翻译时非常注重两方面，一是对原文韵味的保留，也就是原文内容中所蕴含的艺术吸引力的保留，另一方面就是对翻译整体效果的追求要超越对词语句子的效果的追求。
译文对比评析从哪些方面
译文对比评析从哪些方面 匆匆英译文对比赏析 （1）匆匆 译文1：Transient Days 译文2：Rush （2）燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。 译文1：If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. 译文2：Swallows may have gone, but there is a time to return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again.
（3）但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?——是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁?又藏在何处呢?是他们自己逃走了罢：现在又到了哪里呢? 译文1：But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where could he hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at the present moment? 译文2：Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? ----If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide them? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment? （4）我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。译文1：I don’t know how many days I am entitled to
词典翻译与文学翻译对比研究初探
词典翻译与文学翻译对比研究初探 姜秋霞 无论是词典翻译，还是文学翻译，都涉及词、句的转换，都有大体一致的准则和要求，即尽可能准确传递原文的信息内容，尽可能保持形式结构的对等，也就是所谓在译文语言中寻求最大程度的对等语。然而不同体裁的文本在翻译转换过程中有不同的特点和要求。就词典翻译和文学翻译而言，词典文本是以词为核心，以词、短语、句为独立单位存在的；而文学文本则是以篇章存在的，其中的句子甚至段落只是相对独立的单位，单个的词语则很大程度上更具有临时依附性。词典中各词的释义浓缩性强、涵盖面广，具有很大的普遍性，即词义的共性特征；文学文本中的词、句受特定语境及艺术创作要求的限制，独特性强。词典的例句是以词头为中心生成的句式结构，文学文本中词与句是依据语境的要求发生的，因而两者的信息结构不同。两类文本有诸如以上各种差异，致使两种语言文本的翻译在转换中有不同的选择取向。本文试就词义转换在两种不同文本翻译中的差异进行一些对比。 一、词义层面与选择角度 所谓翻译，就是用一种语言形式再现另一种语言的形式和内容构成的各种信息，如语言符号所负载的概念，句子及篇章的结构意义，语篇的语言风格，以及语言所传递的情感、审美等艺术信息。在所有形式和内容的信息中，词语的转换是最基本的。关于在翻译转换中的词语意义，奈达、巴尔胡达罗夫等早有过各种分类，大体可归纳为“指称意义”（referential meaning），“言内意义”（intralingual meaning）和“语用意义”（pragmatic meaning）。“指称意义”指的是语言符号所代表的含义，即索绪尔的“能指”（signifier）与“所指”（signified）的语符关系；“言内意义”是指词语与共存状态下的其他语言成分相互联系所产生的意义，即结构意义；“语用意义”则是指语言在具体使用过程中，即特定语境下所产生的意义。就词典文本和文学文本而言，词典中的词（尤指词目词）是以能指为主要特性的，语符主要传递其概念意义 ，所选例证是一组概念按一定逻辑形式所构成的语义，以体现词目词的概念或能指性为主；而众所周知，文学文本是言语（parole）的表现形式，因而主要体现其语用色彩，传递形象意义 ，主要体现形象性或表现性功能。这就要求译者在进行两种文本的转换过程中对词义的选择有不同的取向。 请看下例： 例1 A：Her voice was faint but steady. 译文：她的嗓音低微然而 深沉 。 ① B：Jane was forced to smile completely，... and said in a conscious，low，yet steady voice，... (J. Austin: Emma ) 译文：简再也忍不住了，笑了起来……她心中有数，然而 不慌不忙地 低声说…… （张经浩译：《爱玛》） 例1中A为词典文本例句；例1中B为文学文本例句。对比两个文本中steady对voice的描述，在译文中是不完全一样的。“深沉的嗓音”很好地对应了该词条第五义项的“镇定的，冷静的，沉着的”释义，具有该词在描述声音时最具概念化的表达方式。例1中B的译文则使“镇定、冷静、沉着”形象为“不慌不忙”。又如： 例2 A：in the open air 译文： 在户外 ② B：But when she was there beside the sea，absolutely alone，she cast the unpleasant，pricking garments from her，and for the first time in her life she stood naked in the open air ，at the mercy of the sun，the breeze that beat upon her，and the waves that invited her. (K. Chopin: The Awakening )
对比功能分析与翻译
对比功能分析与翻译 摘要：本文首先简要讨论了对比功能分析与翻译之间的密切联系。然后以一个实例指出，实际翻译过程是一个决策过程，对比功能分析可以为分析在翻译中可供选择的各种语言选项及其形式、语义特征和篇章、语用使用条件提供一个总体描述框架，因而对指导具体翻译和分析译文所作选择的得失具有很大的实用价值。 1. 引言 对比语言学的核心问题是研究方法问题。虽然从事语言对比的研究者很多，但是思考和提出系统的、专门用于语言对比的理论模式和框架的研究者却屈指可数。波兰格但斯克大学的Krzeszowski教授是其中的一位，而芬兰赫尔辛基大学的Chesterman教授是另一位这样的学者。如果说前者(1979, 1980)提出的“对比生成语法”模式(简介见许余龙1992: 180 -181; 2002: 163 -164)主要适用于句法结构对比的话，那么后者(1998)提出的“对比功能分析”模式的适用范围则要广泛得多，不仅可以用于词汇、形态、句法、语义、语用对比，也可以用于话语分析、文体、修辞和社会语言学对比(关于其研究方法以及在英汉对比中的应用，见许余龙2005)。而且，由于Chesterman是一位多语交际和翻译研究专家，出版过多部语言学和翻译研究方面的专著(如Chesterman, 1997; Chesterman & Wagner, 2002; Williams & Chesterman, 2002/2004)，因此他更加强调对比研究与翻译之间的密切联系。本文将从翻译和对比功能分析的性质和特点出发，讨论两者之间的密切联系，并以一个实例来说明对比功能分析对翻译的指导意义。 2. 对比功能分析与翻译之间的密切联系 2. 1翻译的性质和特点 著名捷克学者Levy (1967/1989: 38)指出，“从目的论的角度来说，翻译是一个交际过程：翻译的目的是将原文表达的知识信息传递给外国读者。而从译者在进行实际翻译工作时的任何一刻来看，翻译是一个决策过程：一系列的情景需要译者在一组(通常可明确定义的)选项中作出某种选择”。 翻译的这两个基本性质和特点在以后的一些研究中，特别是功能主义取向的研究中(如见Hatim, 1997/2001; Hatim &Mason, 1997; Nord, 1997/2001)，得到了进一步深入的探讨。也正是翻译的这两个基本性质和特点，使得语言文化之间的对比分析和翻译成为两种具有密切联系的研究。正如Hatim (1997/ 2001: 1)所指出，“要知道对比语言学是如何运作的，一种有效的方法是通过翻译；而要了解翻译的过程，一种有趣的方法是看译者在处理篇章时作出什么样的选择。” 2. 2对比功能分析的性质和特点 所谓对比功能分析，广义而言是从功能主义的角度来进行对比分析的一种研究方法。这一对比分析模式的特点是从察觉到的两种(或多种)语言可表达的相似意义出发，致力于确定这种相似的意义在不同的语言中是如何表达的，不同表达方式的句法、语义、篇章、语用、语境的使用条件是什么，在什么条件下会优先选用哪种形式，等等。对比功能分析与翻译之间的密切联系表现为：两者都旨在确定哪种形式在什么样的使用条件下是表达某一意义的最佳形式。而两者之间的区别则在于：翻译的任务是要确定，在某一特定使用条件下的一种源语语言形式所表达的意义，在目标语中的最佳表达形式是什么；而对比功能分析则致力于探
阐释学视角下《茵梦湖》三个中译本对比研究分析
阐释学视角下《茵梦湖》三个中译本对比研究分析 随着翻译研究的不断深入，学者们从不同的角度，用不同的理论方法来探究与文学翻译相关的现象和问题。伽达默尔阐释学的三大哲学原则，即“理解的历史性”“视域融合”“效果历史”对文学翻译产生了很大影响。研究的文本来自德国著名诗意现实主义小说家特奥尔多·施笃姆的重要代表作品《茵梦湖》的三个中译本。通过对比分析郭沫若、巴金和杨武能三个中文译本，证明伽达默尔阐释学的三大哲学原则对文化翻译的指导价值和借鉴意义。 标签：阐释学三大哲学原则茵梦湖对比分析 一、引言 阐释学理论要追溯到“语言一历史传统”（Hohn，1998：91）这一翻译理念中，因为它自古希腊罗马时期就已经形成并被记录在Storig（1963）的选集中。它强调翻译活动的理解特点，并在文学翻译领域中体现得特别明显。阐释学翻译理论的基本假设之一是认识到两个文本之间没有等价关系。这被认为是语言翻译理论的第一次进步；另一方面，翻译也被理解为是一个决策过程，并确定译者的责任。对整部作品、作家以及写作动机理解的越多，对单一文本的理解就会越好。本文试图通过分析郭沫若、巴金和杨武能对德国中篇小说《茵梦湖》的三个不同译本，介绍伽达默尔诠释学的三个哲学原则及其对文学翻译的重要意义。 二、中篇小说《茵梦湖》以及伽达默尔的三大哲学阐释原则 （一）《茵梦湖》文本 《茵梦湖》是德国作家汉斯·台奥多尔·沃尔特森·施托姆创作的中篇小说，1849年首次出版问世，此后共出版30余次。通过这部小说的成功问世，施托姆在文学评论家和读者群中也迅速收获了知名小说家的美誉。这部中篇小说在19世纪下半叶仍然是他最著名的作品。小说源于一次回忆：一位名叫莱因哈德的老人在一个黑暗的小房间里思考了他年轻时的爱情；孩提时代，青梅竹马的伊丽莎白和他一起度过。为了外出求学，莱因哈德被迫离开了伊丽莎白。莱因哈德回来时，发现伊丽莎白变了。莱因哈德的学校朋友埃里克似乎对伊丽莎白表现出兴趣。莱因哈德再次离开，后来他通过母亲的书信获悉，伊丽莎白與埃里克已经结婚了。几年后，莱因哈德受邀来到茵梦湖畔探望这对已经拥有独立庄园的埃里希夫妇，但再次的重逢变得无法忍受，他决定永远离开伊丽莎白。 故事的背景发生在德国南部。这部小说在国内外都非常受读者欢迎，所以有关这部作品的研究也有很多。国内对《茵梦湖》的研究主要集中在以下两点：用一些文学理论来分析这部作品；借用不同的翻译理论来探究这部作品的中文译本。《茵梦湖》在国内比较受欢迎的译本有三个，本文基于郭沫若、巴金和杨武能的三种译本进行研究。
对比功能分析与翻译
山东外语教学 Shandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal 2006年第4期(总第113期) 对比功能分析与翻译 许余龙 (上海外国语大学语言文学研究所,上海 200083) 收稿时间:2006206210 作者简介:许余龙(1950-),博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:对比语言学,英汉对比,篇章回指。 摘要:本文首先简要讨论了对比功能分析与翻译之间的密切联系。然后以一个实例指出,实际翻译过程是一个决策过程,对比功能分析可以为分析在翻译中可供选择的各种语言选项及其形式、语义特征和篇章、语用使用条件提供一个总体描述框架,因而对指导具体翻译和分析译文所作选择的得失具有很大的实用价值。 关键词:功能主义;对比分析;对比功能分析;翻译 中图分类号:H0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100222643(2006)04200032061.0引言 对比语言学的核心问题是研究方法问题虽然从事语言对比的研究者很多,但是思考和提出系统的、专门用于语言对比的理论模式和框架的研究者却屈指可数。波兰格但斯克大学的K rzeszowski 教授是其中的一位,而芬兰赫尔辛基大学的Chesterman 教授是另一位这样的学者。如果说前者(1979,1980)提出的“对比生成语法”模式(简介见许余龙1992:180-181;2002:163-164)主要适用于句法结 构对比的话,那么后者(1998)提出的“对比功能分析”模式的适用范围则要广泛得多,不仅可以用于词汇、形态、句法、语义、语用对比,也可以用于话语分析、文体、修辞和社会语言学对比(关于其研究方法以及在英汉对比中的应用,见许余龙2005)。而且,由于Chesterman 是一位多语交际和翻译研究专家,出版过多部语言学和翻译研究方面的专著(如Ches 2terman ,1997;Chesterman &Wagner ,2002;Williams &Chesterman ,2002Π2004),因此他更加强调对比研究与 翻译之间的密切联系。本文将从翻译和对比功能分析的性质和特点出发,讨论两者之间的密切联系,并以一个实例来说明对比功能分析对翻译的指导意义。 2.0对比功能分析与翻译之间的密切联系2.1翻译的性质和特点 著名捷克学者Levy (1967Π1989:38)指出,“从目的论的角度来说,翻译是一个交际过程:翻译的目的是将原文表达的知识信息传递给外国读者。而从译者在进行实际翻译工作时的任何一刻来看,翻译是一个决策过程:一系列的情景需要译者在一组(通常可明确定义的)选项中作出某种选择”。 翻译的这两个基本性质和特点在以后的一些研究中,特别是功能主义取向的研究中(如见Hatim ,19972001;Hatim &Mas on ,1997;Nord ,1997Π2001),得 到了进一步深入的探讨。也正是翻译的这两个基本性质和特点,使得语言文化之间的对比分析和翻译成为两种具有密切联系的研究。正如Hatim (1997Π2001:1)所指出,“要知道对比语言学是如何运作的, 一种有效的方法是通过翻译;而要了解翻译的过程,一种有趣的方法是看译者在处理篇章时作出什么样的选择。” 2.2对比功能分析的性质和特点 所谓对比功能分析,广义而言是从功能主义的角度来进行对比分析的一种研究方法。这一对比分析模式的特点是从察觉到的两种(或多种)语言可表达的相似意义出发,致力于确定这种相似的意义在不同的语言中是如何表达的,不同表达方式的句法、语义、篇章、语用、语境的使用条件是什么,在什么条件下会优先选用哪种形式,等等。对比功能分析与 3