(完整版)语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案.docx
Chapter 4From Word to Text
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of
syntactic rules.
2.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there
is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of
that language are able to produce and comprehend.
3.An endocentric construction is also known as headed construction
because it has just one head
4.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss
of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
5.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are
commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase,
verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
6.Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.
7.Word order plays an important role in the organization of
English sentences.
8.Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.
9.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the
direct object usually follows the verb.
10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
( 1-5 TTFTF6-10 TTTTT)
II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1 A s________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usually
comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,
question or command
2.A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same
time structurally alone is known as an f__________ clause 3.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb
phrase and which says something about the subject is
grammatically called p_________.
4. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one
of which is incorporated into the other.
5.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause
is normally called an e_______ clause.
6.Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense
that new words are constantly added.
7.G_________ relations refer to the structural and logical
functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence 8. A a__________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
9. A s__________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
10. A s__________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
Answers:
1.sentence
2. finite
3.predicate
4. complex
5. embedded
6.open
7. grammatical
8.simple
9. sentence10. subject
III.There are four given choices for each statement below.
Mark the choice that can best complete the statement :
1The head of the phrase“ the city Rome” is__________
A the city
B Rome
C city
D the city and Rome
2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C.Preposition
D. subordinator
3Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
4.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand
_____________.
A.how words and phrases form sentences.
B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C.how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D.All of the above.
5The phrase “ on the half
A endocentric B
” belongs to ________construction exocentric C subordinate D
coordinate
6. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.
A.noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
B.noun phrases can be used to modify another noun
phrase
C.noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions
D.noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.
7The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. Only hierarchical
C. compel
D. both linear and hierarchical
8.The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
9.The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases
to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
10The sentence “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves ” is a
____________sentence
A simple
B coordinate
C compound D
complex
Answers:
1 D
2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D10 A
IV . Explain the following terms, using examples.
1.Syntax
2.IC analysis
3.Hierarchical structure
Answers :
1.Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are
combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
2.IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short,
refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate
constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.
3.Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups
words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic
category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.
V.Answer the following questions:
1.What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them
with examples.
2.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?
3.Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:
The child asked for a new book
4.What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach? Illustrate them with examples ？
Answers :
1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.
2.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole.
A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its
constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
3.略
4.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are
simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate
sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is
called coordinating conjunction, such as "and",
"but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.