大学英语4-4期末复习

15-16-2大学英语4-4期末复习

V ocabulary

Ⅰ. 1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

that Jane didn’t tip（给小费）her.

---intellectually（智力方面地）, emotionally（情

感方面地）, and.

of the building hasn’t suffered（受损害）, the surface (表面

4) She received an increase in pay and it has in her attitude towards work.

（她工资增加了，这使她对工作的态度发生了大的变化）

very nervous one evening. I asked her what was wrong, and she

so amusing（有趣的）and funny

that

so you’ll know to what extent you are making progress.

预期的，可能的）buyer to make themselves more persuasive

（南极）.

（眼中闪烁着热情洋溢的光芒）as she

（产生效果）in her College English class.

11) In my senior year（大四）

success.

（freshman; sophomore; junior; senior）

12) To reduce weight, I am now learning to play golf with

who plays like a professional（职业高尔夫运动员）.

2. Use the verb in brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb you have learned and

complete the sentence with it:

Modal:

Was he planning to the interview with another letter indicating his eagerness to join us? (follow)

Was he planning to follow the interview with another letter indicating his eagerness to join us?

（不管）what others may say. (go)

（展望）the future. (look)

3) Most of the old buildings were pulled down（被拆毁） blocks（方

块，这里指“街区”）of new apartments（公寓）

motivation（激励）or prospect（期望）that means something to their offspring.（build）

6) To my mind, it is very important to sumé (个人简历)

7) Before we set off trip, our five-year-old asked, “Can the

microwave野营地), Dad?”

Unit Four

Vocabulary

Ⅰ. 1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

1) The general（将军，上将）ordered his troops to move quickly towards an advantageous position.

2) People would think the seven-year-old c ouldn’t even reach the pedals (踏板，脚蹬子), let alone drive the car. Nevertheless（然而）, he made it!

3) In a sense（在某种意义上）, we are witnessing the vanishing of national boarders in many areas of economic activity in the world today.

4) The tower built at the turn of the century became a landmark of the city.

5)In a book entitled A Short History of Nearly Everything, Bill Bryson tries to ignite （激起）a passion for knowledge in young readers.

6) It seems neuroscience（神经系统科学）is threatening to displace physics as the queen of the science.

7) It is only natural for the people to challenge the Establishment, especially when the economic outlook is gloomy（前景黯淡的；悲观的）.

8) If anything（如果有什么区别的话）, this movie appeals to（呼吁；对…有吸引

力）the patriotic feelings of the people and helps to strengthen national unity（国家统一）.

9) Julius Caesar in this play is a man full of contradictions, at times strong and confident, but at other times old and frail（脆弱）.

10) The newly launched website aspires to create a virtual community（虚拟社区）of

common interest via exchange of views on the future of the Internet.

11) What Ann advocates（提倡）//shows how divorced from reality she has become.

12) After investigating the behavior of pendulums, Galileo was able to use them as

time measurement devices in many of his experiments.

2. Use the verb in brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb you have learned and replace with it the italicized part in each of the following sentences:

Modal:

My daughter is very keen and totally absorbed in the Internet and I think that it is mad, bad and dangerous. (hook)

My daughter is hooked on the Internet and I think that it is mad, bad and dangerous.

that it must have been an accident. (come)

(doze)

（航空工业）,

（激进的）views on gender equality

a region of space with a gravitational field so powerful that it

7) The Green Party（绿色和平组织）said plans to clean up the environment were doomed（注定要失败的）unless the government gave an immediate cash injection （资金投入）to the departments responsible for enforcement（执行）. (clean)

8) For sheer lack of space and resources the local drug addition center (戒毒中心) has to turn away（= refuse）drug-addicts (吸毒者) who are begging for admission.

Unit 5

V ocabulary

Ⅰ. 1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

in discovering reliable and useful laws of nature

is that all nature is

（销售部经理）at our Paris office. If

sumé at once.

5) Plastics（塑料）

light as wood.

6) Coat the shoes with polish（抛光剂）

shine.

joke to them, but it wasn’t funny to me at all.

, which

（take…for granted:把…看作理所当然的）

9) The waitress did bring us clean plates eventually (=finally

arms and legs to stay afloat（漂浮的）, which, however, disappear within a few months after birth.

her grandfather’s gold watch in secret.

birds and animals have the ability to travel long distance.

2. Use the verb in brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb you have learned and complete the sentence with it:

Modal:

I suppose you never him in London. (come)

I suppose you never came across him in London.

demands her attention, Amanda

breaks every two hours. She

isn’t smart. (stick)

=pleasant) memories. (bring)

looking for a job. (go)

6) Granny folded up (把…折叠起来) the towels（毛巾）

cupboard（柜橱）. (put)

mind. (turn)

(take)

15选

(1) employer when you go for an

demonstrate（=show）

all about the firm (公司)

(4), for example, to show that you

produce)(7) it is

(8) in a spontaneous (= natural，自然的)

are not frightened by new to

(9)(10) of

the opportunity of the employment. What sort of qualities（品质）

just Apply that

(12)

Davos is a small Alpine city in eastern Switzerland which began making itself known in the 1990s for hosing the World Economic Forum, an annual gathering of politicians, financiers and academics (1). Each year, those taking part spend five days there networking (2) and discussing a variety of (3) issues such as the global supply of oil, world economic growth (4) and environmental problems.

Davos Men share the belief that globalization is both welcome and unstoppable. They would like to see national boundaries vanish (5)so as to facilitate (6)their global operations. Some people say that this international perspective is a minority elitist position not shared by the majority of people. Others, however, argue that endorsing (7) a global outlook (8) does not mean sweeping aside (9) one’s patriotic (10) feelings or erasing (11) one’s national identity. The question, perhaps, is whether it is possible to strike a balance (12) between being global and being local.

You see that

committed ：致力于）(2) is

(3), I wouldn’

(4)’t

myself, but I wouldn’t attempt it. ’t look

(7) once, but he

(8). However, it seems like he had no choice.

, not a penny left, and that old Burton would Burton seems （守规矩的）man, kind to everybody. Then, again, perhaps Burton knew he was sending the his death, but

(12) appearances can be.

背诵段（Unit 3）

When I graduated from college, the odds were good that I would have the same job for the rest of my life. And that's how it worked out. But getting hired is no longer a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Employment experts believe that today's graduates could face as many as ten job changes during their careers.

我大学毕业时，我极有可能终身从事同一个工作。当时情况也的确如此。但如今已不再是一生被聘去做一个工作了。指导就业的专家认为，今天的大学毕业生在他们的生涯中可能会经历多达10次的职业变动。

That may sound like a lot of pressure. But if you're prepared, the pressure is on the other folks -- the ones who haven't done their homework.

听上去似乎压力不小。然而，如果你做了准备，压力就是别人的—那些没做准备的人.

You won't get every job you go after. The best salespeople don't close every sale. Michael Jordan makes barely half of his field-goal attempts. But it takes no longer to prepare well for one interview than to wander in half-prepared for five. And your prospects for success will be many times better.

你不可能得到你想要的每份工作。最好的售货人员也不可能每次都成交。迈克尔·乔丹投篮命中率勉强过半。但认真准备一次面试的时间不会多于马马虎虎准备五次面试的时间，而你成功的可能性要多得多。

（Unit 4）

William Browder was born in Princeton, New Jersey, grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanford University in California. But don't call him an American. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the U.S., first in London and then, from 1996, in Moscow, where he runs his own investment firm. Browder now manages $1.6 billion in assets. In 1998 he gave up his American passport to become a British citizen, since his life is now centered in Europe. "National identity makes no difference for me," he says. "I feel completely international. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are. That's globalization."

威廉·布劳德出生于新泽西州的普林斯顿，在芝加哥长大，就读于加利福尼亚州的斯坦福大学。但别叫他美国人。他今年40岁，过去16年来一直生活在美国以外的地方，先是在伦敦，1996年后在莫斯科经营他自己的投资公司。布劳德如今掌管着价值16亿美元的资产。1998年，他放弃美国护照，成为英国公民，因为他现在的生活中心在欧洲。“国家认同对我来说不重要，”他说，“我觉得自己完全是个国际人。如果你有四个朋友，又喜欢你所做的事情，那么你在哪儿无关紧要。这就是全球化。”

（Unit 5)

These reflections have occurred to me because I read in this morning's paper that Edward Hyde Burton had died at Kobe.He was a merchant and he had been in business in Japan for many year .I knew him very little,but he interested me because

once he gave me a great surprise.Unless I had heard the story from his own lips,I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action.It was more startling because both in appearance and manner he suggested a very definite type.Here if ever was a man all of a piece.He was a tiny little fellow,not much more than five feet four in height,and very slender,with white hair,a red face much wrinkled,and blue eyes.I suppose he was about sixty when I knew him.He was always neatly and quietly dressed in accordance with his age and station.

我产生这些想法，是因为我在今天早上的报纸上看到爱德华·海德·伯顿在神户去世的消息。他是个商人，在日本经商多年。我跟他并不熟，但是对他挺有兴趣，因为有一次他让我大吃一惊。要不是听他亲口讲述这个故事，我根本不会相信他能做出这种事来。这件事之所以特别令人惊讶，是因为无论是外表还是风度，他都让人想到一种非常明确的类型。要说真有表里如一的人的话，那就是此公了。他个子很小，身高不过5英尺4英寸，身材纤细，白头发、蓝眼睛，红红的脸上布满皱纹。我估计自己认识他时，他大约有60岁光景。他向来衣着整洁素雅，合乎他的年龄和身份。

Translation

Unit 3

Sentence translation

1. 食物供应还不足以应付饥民的的需求。(inadequate)

2.在我看来，如欲被聘用，有四个关键。(As I see it)

3.只要我们竭尽全力做到最好，我们就能掌握未来。(endeavor, in our hands)

4.如果我事先知道你会带这么多朋友回家，我会做更好的准备。(beforehand, preparation)

5.当人们得知地震灾区(the earthquake-stricken area)将要重建新学校时，纷纷慷慨捐款。(generously)

参考译文

1. The food supplies are inadequate to meet the needs of the hungry.

2. As I see it, there are four keys to getting hired/employed.

3. As long as we endeavor to do our best, we can have the future in our hands.

4. If I had known beforehand that you would bring so many friends home, I would have made better preparations.

5. When/Upon learning that new schools were to be rebuilt in the earthquake-stricken area, people generously donated money.

Passage translation

常言道，好的开端是成功的一半。在求职时，求职者事先做好充分的准备是非常重要的。面试时，最好向面试官展示你已经做足了功课，并且提前了解公

参考译文

As the saying goes, well begun, half done. It is extremely important for a job applicant to make full preparations while seeking employment. At a job interview, the best thing is to show that you have done your homework and know all about the firm beforehand. Who would turn down a job applicant who knows well about the structure of the company, its products and business partners?

Unit 4

Sentence translation

1．政府必须加强医疗改革，让全民都能看得起病。( strengthen)

2. 这位百岁老人（centenarian）见证了这个城市经济的巨大变化。（witness, economy）

3. 闪婚族（flash marriage group）中相当一部分以离婚收场。( considerable, divorce)

4. 这对年轻夫妻试图使工作和娱乐两全其美。（strike a balance）

5. 如今年轻人越来越向往去国外度蜜月。(increasingly, aspire)

参考译文

1. The government should strengthen medical reform so that everyone can afford the expense of medicine.

2. The centenarian has witnessed the great economic change of this city.

3. Among the flash marriage group, a considerable part end in divorce.

4. The young couple try to strike a balance between work and play.

5. Nowadays young people increasingly aspire to spend their honeymoon abroad. Passage translation

全球化对中国而言越来越是一个矛盾体。一方面，它能吸引海外投资，促进经济发展；加强与世界各国在政治、文化、科技等方面的交流。另一方面，引进外资在一定程度上使中国成为发达国家的加工厂，破坏了生态环境；西方主流文化使中国传统文化受到了冲击，有少数一部分人忧虑中国传统文化会不会有一天终将消失。因此，我们应该在全球化的两方面中寻求平衡，使其对我们有利。

参考译文

To China, globalization is increasingly becoming a contradiction. One the one hand, it can attract foreign investment, accelerate economic growth and strengthen communications with other countries in politics, culture, technology and etc. On the other hand, to some degree, the introduction of foreign capital makes China become the processing plant of developed countries, damaging our ecological environment. Western popular culture has an impact on traditional Chinese culture, so a handful of people worry that traditional Chinese culture may one day vanish. We should strike a balance between the two sides of globalization, making it advantageous to us.

Unit 5

Sentence translation

1.法官对他坦率的回答大吃一惊。（candid, be taken aback）

2. 奇怪的是，这么严肃的会议居然那么多人迟到。（oddly enough）

3. 一旦你开始了一件工作，不管你能不能胜任，你都应该坚持下去。（capable，stick to）

4. 不符合排放(emission)规定的汽车将被淘汰。(in accordance with)

5. 要是一开始就相信直觉，我就不会迷路了。（instinct）

参考译文

1.The judge was taken aback by his candid reply.

2.Oddly enough, so many people were late for such a serious meeting.

3.Once you start a job, you should stick to it whether you are capable of it or not.

4.Cars which are not in accordance with the emission regulations will be phased out.

5.If I had followed my instinct at first, I would not have lost my way.

Passage Translation

有时，人们喜欢以貌取人。但就我来说，我发现外表是有欺骗性的。有的人看起来表里如一，实际却是相反的。比如，汤姆个性腼腆，有一双温和的眼睛，所以大家都以为他是个温柔的人，不会做残忍的事。然而，他对小动物非常残忍，甚至时不时做一些看起来疯狂的事。最终，汤姆变得穷困潦倒，没有得到别人的关爱也是情理之中。

参考译文

Sometimes, people like judging others with their appearance. But for my own part, I find that appearances are deceptive. Some people seem a man all of a piece, but actually he is not. For instance, Tom was a timid man with mild eyes, so people thought he was too gentle to do something cruel. However, he was cruel to animals, and even did something insane from time to time. Eventually, Tom was down and out. It is reasonable that nobody cared about him.

新编大学英语4课文翻译(包括课后文章翻译)和答案

Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words

新视野大学英语一试卷

第 1 页 共 7 页 《大学英语Ⅰ》考试试卷 （适用班级：重修） 题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ 总分 统分人 统分复核人 得分 得分 阅卷人 复核人 Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks. (20 points,1 point for each) 1. A s a r e s u l t o f h i s h a r d w o r k , h e h a s g a i n e d ______ t o t h e B e i j i n g U n i v e r s i t y . A ) a c c e s s B ) c o m m i t m e n t C ) o p p o r t u n i t y D ) r e w a r d 2. W i t h t h e s u p p l i e s o f n u r s e s b e l o w _____, t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t d e c i d e d t o r e c r u i t (招募) v o l u n t e e r s . A ) a c q u i r e m e n t s B ) a s s i g n m e n t s C ) c o m m i t m e n t D ) r e q u i r e m e n t s 3. T h e _____ t o b e b e t t e r t h a n o t h e r s d r i v e s h i m t o w o r k h a r d e r t h a n b e f o r e . A ) u n i q u e n e s s B ) e a g e r n e s s C ) a w a r e n e s s D ) e f f e c t i v e n e s s 4. F o r y o u r s t u d y t o s t a y i n a ______ c y c l e , y o u m u s t k e e p u p w i t h t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e c o u r s e . A ) v i r t u o u s B ) v i r t u a l C ) v i s u a l D ) v i t a l 5. W e a r e e x p e c t i n g t o s e e t h a t t h e c o n c e r t e d r e s e a r c h w o r k w i l l c o m e u p w i t h a _____ s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m . A ) p e r m a n e n t B ) p e r s p e c t i v e C ) p e r s i s t e n t D ) p e r s u a s i v e 6. A t t h e e a r l y s t a g e o f a c h i l d ’s d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e f a m i l y t e n d s t o h a v e a g r e a t e r _____ o n h i m t h a n h i s s c h o o l . A ) i n s t r u m e n t B ) i d e n t i t y C ) c o m m u n i c a t i o n D ) i n f l u e n c e 7. T h e f o o t b a l l e r m a d e a (n ) _____ g e s t u r e , w h i c h m a d e t h e a u d i e n c e ’s b l o o d b o i l . A ) m a t u r e B ) o f f e r i n g C ) o f f e n s i v e D ) h e s i t a t i v e 8. H o w e v e r , a t t i m e s t h i s b a l a n c e i n n a t u r e i s ____, r e s u l t i n g i n a n u m b e r o f p o s s i b l e u n f o r e s e e n e f f e c t s . A ) t r o u b l e d B ) d i s t u r b e d C ) c o n f u s e d D ) d i s g u s t e d 9. After the disaster, the truth ____ us that a healthy habit of living can keep one away from some terrible diseases. A) focused upon B) imposed upon C) dawned upon D) leaned upon 10. T h i s a r t i c l e _____ m o r e a t t e n t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m o f c u l t u r a l i n t e r f e r e n c e i n f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g . A ) c a l l s f o r B ) a p p l i e s f o r C ) c a r e s f o r D ) a l l o w s f o r 11. It is not polite to ____ a speaker with frequent questions. A) interpret B) intervene C) interrupt D) interfere 12. A t t h e p a r t y w e f o u n d t h a t s h y g i r l ____ h e r m o t h e r a l l t h e t i m e . A ) d e p e n d i n g o n B ) c o i n c i d i n g w i t h C ) a d h e r i n g t o D ) c l i n g i n g t o 13. T h e p r o b l e m w i t h y o u r c o n d u c t i s t h a t w h a t y o u d o i s n o t _____ w i t h w h a t y o u s a y . A ) c o n s i s t e n t B ) c o n t i n u o u s C ) c o n s i d e r a t e D ) c o n t i n u a l 14. S h e w a s s o _____ i n h e r j o b t h a t s h e d i d n ’t h e a r s o m e o n e k n o c k i n g a t t h e d o o r . A ) a t t r a c t e d B ) d r a w n C ) a b s o r b e d D ) c o n c e n t r a t e d 15. P r o f e s s o r T a y l o r ’s t a l k h a s i n d i c a t e d t h a t s c i e n c e h a s a v e r y s t r o n g _____ o n t h e e v e r y d a y l i f e o f t h e h u m a n s o c i e t y . A ) m o t i v a t i o n B ) p e r s p e c t i v e C ) i m p r e s s i o n D ) i m p a c t 16. A l t h o u g h n o t a n e c o n o m i s t h i m s e l f , D r . S m i t h h a s l o n g b e e n a s e v e r e c r i t i c o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s _____ p o l i c i e s . A ) e c o n o m i c a l B ) e c o n o m y C ) e c o n o m i c D ) e c o n o m i c s 17. The gloves were really too small, and it was only by _____ them that I managed to get them on. A) spreading B) squeezing C) stretching D) bending 18. When I took my car to the garage, they soon ____ what the trouble was. A) emerged B) realized C) explored D) diagnosed 19. The public has appealed to the government to find a ____ to the problem of pollution. A) result B) response C) settlement D) solution ------------------------------------------第----------------------------2----------------------------装---------------------------------------线--------------------------------------------- 班级 姓名 学号 ------------------------------------------ 第----------------------------1----------------------------装 --------------------------------------- 线 --------------------------------------------

2012大学英语第二次作业

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课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4) Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？ 1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。 3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：―我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。‖有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。 4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：―啊哈，你又上了我的当。‖ 5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。 6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。 7 ―滑稽剧‖是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：―昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？‖那位男士回答道：―那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。‖这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。 8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。 9 ―俏皮话‖不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：―这是Wembley (温布利)吗？‖―不，‖第二位绅士说：―是Thursday (星期四)。‖―我也是，‖第三位说道，―让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。‖我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。 10 著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏 皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说： ―你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？‖那位年轻的 学生回答道：―我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的 名字改成自己的了。‖在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里， 一位生气的父亲问道：―告诉我，1加2等于几？‖ 儿子说：―我不知道。‖这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道： ―比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个， 傻瓜？‖儿子得意地回答道：―是三个傻瓜。‖ 这些 故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演 员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜 爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实 生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。 11 双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧 是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些 批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这 种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细 微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至 很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问 题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多 地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。 记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人 问：―什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？‖另外 一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：―我不猜了。是什 么呀？‖出谜语的人回答：―是报纸。‖如果你知道在 英语中―red（红色）‖和―read（读）‖的读音一样但 意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。 12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES （法语中的―一语双 关‖）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重 意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另 一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个 关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场 上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教 师对学生们说；―我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场 上接吻。‖听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清 楚，于是补充说：―我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子 下面发生接吻这样的事了。‖当然，这个解释并没有 纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变 得更加好笑。 13 一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏 智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有 色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺 乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认 为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它 还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发 生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事 情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故 事。 V ocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 1 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州） 的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来 信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸 引住了。 2 打开来信，我看到了下面的话：―关于老虎队的 述评很不错，再接再厉。‖签名的是体育编辑堂?沃 尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖 栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的 话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉 里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不 是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起 信心来。 3 后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业 的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他 告诉我说：―当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极 了。‖ 4 因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利 湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼 函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励 （文字）的人们。 5 多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他 们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉 得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷 漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温 暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几 行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。 6 那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若 晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重 人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们 自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远 不如打电话方便。 7 当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一 张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白 纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反 复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。 8 尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的 人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政 治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备 写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯 中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信， 内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一 段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相 逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他 的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。 9 那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风 只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人 也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。 唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺 鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时 走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。―我只不过匆匆 地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后 传递出去，‖他说道。―每天最重要的一段时间，就 是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。‖ 10 ―太多的时候，‖他发表自己的看法说，―那些 我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们 的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么 批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人 类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个 取得进步，获得成功！‖ 11 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只 要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的 高手都具有我所谓的―４S‖技巧。 12 １）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。 13 ２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你 的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。 14 ３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴―演讲