跨文化交际考前复习(胡超版)

Unit 1:

Economic globalization:the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. Barter system: (物物交换)farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.

Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.

Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.

Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.

Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.

Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication event (p.9-10).

Components of Communication

Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.

Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.

Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.

Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.

Noise: The term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes. Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.

Decoding: The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.

Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.

Feedback: Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.

Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.

1.What are the four trends that make our world more interdependent? (p8~9)

Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative新进的communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations

2.What are the three ingredients of culture?

☆Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)

☆Behavior (what they do)

☆Concepts(beliefs, values, world, views…)(what they think)

3.How to understand cultural iceberg?

☆Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a large invisible

section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others

that can only be suspected and imaged.

☆Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much

bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(p7)

注：文学手势：The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught.（详述的，明确）看法友谊：The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.难以理解4. What are the characteristic of culture?

☆Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.

☆Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It deriv es from one’s social

environment, not from one’s genes.

Enculturation (文化习得):all the activities of learning one’s culture are called

enculturation.

☆Culture is dynamic.(p6) culture is subject to change.It’s dynamic rather than static,

constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with

other cultures.

Acculturation (文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by

another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.

☆Culture is ethnocentric (=ethnocentrism 文化中心主义).Ethnocentrism is the belief

that your own cultural background is superior.

5. What are the six characteristics of communication?

Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual

☆Communication is dynamic.

Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.

☆Communication is irreversible.不可逆的

Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.

☆Communication is symbolic.符号的

Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.

☆Communication is systematic系统的

Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum（真空）, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.

☆Communication is transactional. (P8)相互作用的

A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously（同时地）sending

and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.

☆Communication is contextual. (P8)文脉的，前后关系的

All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By

context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together,

and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.

Unit 2-4:

Pragmatics:（语用论）the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.

Semantics:（语义学）the study of the meaning of words.

Denotation:（本意）the literal（原意，字面）meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.

Connotation:（言外之意）the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. The historical and associative accretion(积累，堆积，添加生长) of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.

Taboo:（禁忌）some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.

Euphemism:（委婉语）the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh刺耳严厉, blunt率直钝, or offensive讨厌的，攻击的.

6. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24

In Chinese the surname（姓）comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.

Addressing by names: In China seniority年长is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality) （亲密平等）

Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship亲属terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.

Addressing by title, office, profession: Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are. （Doctor, Judge, Governor, Mayor, Professor, Nurse and ranks in the armed forces like Captain）7. What are the social functions of compliments? (p60)(答案p50第一段)

case 1,case 2(p17); case 4(p19); case 2(p43); case 3(p45); case 1(p67); case 3(p69)

Unit 5:

Chronemic:时间学the study of how people perceive and use time.

Monochromic time:单元时间paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Polychromic time: 多元时间being involved with many things at once.

Proxemics:空间学the perception and use of space.

Kinetics:肢体语言the study of body language.

Paralanguage:副语言involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.

9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97

M: Do one thing at a time/Take time commitments seriously /Are committed to the job /Adhere religiously to plans /Emphasize promptness /Are accustomed to short-term relationships

P: Do many things at once/ Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible / Are committed to people and human relationships /Change plans often and easily /Base promptness on the relationship /Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships

M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.

P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.

P114 ( E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English )

Case 1(p85); case 3(p87); case 5, 6(p90); case 7(p91)

Unit 6:

精讲案例：

Case 1(p115); case 2(p116); p124-p126中的小案例

思考题：

How is gender different from sex? (p129)(答案p119/120)

Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual property

Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality

What has influenced the gender socialization?(答案p121)

There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.

☆Daughters identify with mothers, a son can’t identify fully with the mother

☆Girls tend to define self in relation to others, while boys typically define self independent of others

☆It’s hardly surprising that women are generally comfortable with building close relationship and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure.

☆Girls play house, play hide and seek or jump rope, boys play competitive team sports like football and basketball

What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?(p129)( 答案p127-128) P129 ( B. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)

Unit 7:

精讲案例：

Case 1(p137); case 3(p139)

思考题：

Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (p153)(结合最后一个单元，了解high-context culture 和low-context culture)

High-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.

Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.

☆High-context culture involves interaction via nonverbal language, behavior, social status, relationships, rather than verbal language, contextual information is needed

☆In low context culture people interacted mainly via verbal language, primary purpose of communication is the exchange of information.

High: Asian French Spanish Greek Low: Swiss German USA

Unit 9:

A planetary culture:行星文化a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.

Intercultural personhood:跨文化人格represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.

思考题：

Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the case(案例分析)

Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidance What are the American / Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?(补充内容)

Chinese culture values

As far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.

America culture values

As far as the human culture is concerned, America culture holds that it is evil but perfectible though hard work. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.

What is the character of innate human nature? What is the relation of man to nature?

What is the temporal focus of human life? What is the mode of human activity? What is the mode of human relationships?

Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁More haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋

to fish in the air 水底捞月

to drink like a fish 牛饮

as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人tonsorial artist 理发师

sanitation engineer 清洁工

shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠

soft in the head 发疯的

reckless disregard for truth 撒谎

to take things without permission 偷窃

industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手golden saying 金玉良言

fat office 肥缺You will cross the bridge when you get to it

船到桥头自然直

better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后

tread upon eggs 如履薄冰