美国文学The Tell-Tale Heart

The Tell-Tale Heart

1 TRUE! — nervous — very, very dreadfully nervous I had been, and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses — not destroyed — not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Harken! and observe how healthily — how calmly I can tell you the whole story.

2 It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but, once conceived, it haunted me day and night. Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! —yes, it was this! He had the eye of a vulture — a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so, by degrees — very gradually — I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever.

3 Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded — with what caution — with what foresight —with what dissimulation I went to work! I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. And every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it — oh so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I first put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it slowly — very, very slowly, so that I might not disturb the old man?s sleep. It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see the old man as he lay upon his bed. Ha! — would a madman have been so wise as this? And then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern cautiously — oh, so cautiously (for the hinges creaked) — I undid it just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights — every night just at midnight — but I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye. And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into his chamber, and spoke courageously to him, calling him by name in a hearty tone, and inquiring how he has passed the night. So you see he would have been a very profound old man, indeed, to suspect that every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him while he slept.

4 Upon the eighth night I was more than usually cautious in opening the door. A watch?s minute-hand moves more quickly than did mine. Never, before that night, had I felt the extent of my own powers — of my sagacity. I could scarcely contain my feelings of triumph. To think that there I was, opening the door, little by little, and the old man not even to dream of my secret deeds or thoughts. I fairly chuckled at the idea. And perhaps the old man heard me; for he moved in the bed suddenly, as if startled. Now you may think that I drew back — but no. His room was as black as pitch with the thick darkness, (for the shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers,) and so I knew that he could not see the opening of the door, and I kept on pushing it steadily, steadily.

5 I had got my head in, and was about to open the lantern, when my thumb slipped upon the tin fastening, and the old man sprang up in bed, crying out —“Who?s there?”

6 I kept quite still and said nothing. For another hour I did not move a muscle, and in the meantime I did not hear the old man lie down. He was still sitting up in the bed, listening; — just as I have done, night after night, hearkening to the death-watches in the wall.

7 Presently I heard a slight groan, and I knew that it was the groan of mortal terror. It was not a groan of pain, or of grief — oh, no! — it was the low, stifled sound that arises from the bottom of

the soul when overcharged with awe. I knew the sound well. Many a night, just at midnight, when all the world slept, it has welled up from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that distracted me. I say I knew it well. I knew what the old man felt, and pitied him, although I chuckled at heart. I knew that he had been lying awake ever since the first slight noise, when he had turned in the bed. His fears had been, ever since, growing upon him. He had been trying to fancy them causeless, but could not. He had been saying to himself —“It is nothing but the wind in the chimney —it is only a mouse crossing the floor,” or “it is merely a cricket which has made a single chirp.” Yes, he had been trying to comfort himself with these suppositions; but he had found all in vain. All in vain: because death, in approaching the old man had stalked with his black shadow before him, and the shadow had now reached and enveloped the victim. And it was the mournful influence of the unperceived shadow that caused him to feel —although he neither saw nor heard me — to feel the presence of my head within the room.

8 When I had waited a long time, very patiently, without hearing the old man lie down, I resolved to open a little — a very, very little crevice in the lantern. So I opened it — you cannot imagine how stealthily, stealthily — until, at length, a single dim ray, like the thread of the spider, shot from out the crevice and fell full upon the vulture eye.

9 It was open — wide, wide open — and I grew furious as I gazed upon it. I saw it with perfect distinctness — all a dull blue, with a hideous veil over it that chilled the very marrow in my bones; but I could see nothing else of the old man?s face or person; for I had directed the ray, as if by instinct, precisely upon the damned spot.

10 And now — have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but over acuteness of the senses? — now, I say, there came to my ears a low, dull, quick sound — much such a sound as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. I knew that sound well, too. It was the beating of the old man?s heart. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage.

11 But even yet I refrained and kept still. I scarcely breathed. I held the lantern motionless. I tried how steadily I could maintain the ray upon the eye. Meantime the hellish tattoo of the heart increased. It grew quicker, and louder and louder every instant. The old man?s terror must have been extreme! It grew louder, I say, louder every moment: — do you mark me well? I have told you that I am nervous: — so I am. And now, at the dead hour of the night, and amid the dreadful silence of that old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to uncontrollable wrath. Yet, for some minutes longer, I refrained and kept still. But the beating grew louder, louder! I thought the heart must burst! And now a new anxiety seized me — the sound would be heard by a neighbor! The old man?s hour had come! With a loud yell, I threw open the lantern and leaped into the room. He shrieked once — once only. In an instant I dragged him to the floor, and pulled the heavy bed over him. I then sat upon the bed and smiled gaily, to find the deed so far done. But, for many minutes, the heart beat on, with a muffled sound. This, however, did not vex me; it would not be heard through the walls. At length it ceased. The old man was dead. I removed the bed and examined the corpse. Yes, he was stone, stone dead. I placed my hand upon the heart and held it there many minutes. There was no pulsation. The old man was stone dead. His eye would trouble me no more.

12 If, still, you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise precautions

I took for the concealment of the body. The night waned, and I worked hastily, but in silence. First of all I dismembered the corpse. I cut off the head and the arms and the legs.

13 I then took up three planks from the flooring of the chamber, and deposited all between the

scantlings. I then replaced the boards so cleverly, so cunningly, that no human eye — not even his — could have detected anything wrong. There was nothing to wash out — no stain of any kind —no blood-spot whatever. I had been too wary for that. A tub had caught all — ha! ha!

14 When I had made an end of these labors, it was four o…clock — still dark as midnight. As the bell sounded the hour, there came a knocking at the street door. I went down to open it with a light heart, — for what had I now to fear? There entered three men, who introduced themselves, with perfect suavity, as officers of the police. A shriek had been heard by a neighbor during the night; suspicion of foul play had been aroused; information had been lodged at the police-office, and they (the officers) had been deputed to search the premises.

15 I smiled, — for what had I to fear? I bade the gentlemen welcome. The shriek, I said, was my own in a dream. The old man, I mentioned, was absent in the country. I took my visitors all over the house. I bade them search — search well. I led them, at length, to his chamber. I showed them his treasures, secure, undisturbed. In the enthusiasm of my confidence, I brought chairs into the room, and desired them here to rest from their fatigues; while I myself, in the wild audacity of my perfect triumph, placed my own seat upon the very spot beneath which reposed the corpse of the victim.

16 The officers were satisfied. My manner had convinced them. I was singularly at ease. They sat, and, while I answered cheerily, they chatted of familiar things. But, ere long, I felt myself getting pale and wished them gone. My head ached, and I fancied a ringing in my ears: but still they sat and still chatted. The ringing became more distinct: I talked more freely, to get rid of the feeling; but it continued and gained definiteness — until, at length, I found that the noise was not within my ears.

17 No doubt I now grew very pale; — but I talked more fluently, and with a heightened voice. Yet the sound increased — and what could I do? It was a low, dull, quick sound — much such a sound as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. I gasped for breath —and yet the officers heard it not. I talked more quickly —more vehemently; —but the noise steadily increased. I arose, and argued about trifles, in a high key and with violent gesticulations; —but the noise steadily increased. Why would they not be gone? I paced the floor to and fro, with heavy strides, as if excited to fury by the observations of the men; — but the noise steadily increased. Oh God! what could I do? I foamed — I raved — I swore! I swung the chair upon which I had sat, and grated it upon the boards; — but the noise arose over all and continually increased. It grew louder — louder — louder! And still the men chatted pleasantly, and smiled. Was it possible they heard not? Almighty God! —no, no! They heard! —they suspected! —they knew! —they were making a mockery of my horror! — this I thought, and this I think. But anything was better than this agony! Anything was more tolerable than this derision! I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer! I felt that I must scream or die! — and now — again! — hark! louder! louder! louder! louder!

18 “Villains!” I shrieked, “dissemble no more! I admit the deed! — tear up the planks! — here, here! — It is the beating of his hideous heart!”

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美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；

美国文学的“美国梦”情结

龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9810772901.html, 美国文学的“美国梦”情结 作者：杨君 来源：《消费导刊》2009年第22期 [摘要]本文就“美国梦”产生的历史背景和发展历程及在不同历史时期文学作品中所展现的“美国梦”进行初步探讨,旨在从历史与文学角度对“美国梦”的演变过程作一番追溯与总结。 [关键词]美国梦美国文学情结 每个具有独特文化传统的国家和民族的文学都有自己的情结。对于美国文学来说,这个情 结就是“美国梦”。本文就“美国梦”产生的历史背景和发展历程及在不同历史时期文学作品中所展现的“美国梦”进行初步探讨,旨在从历史与文学角度对“美国梦”的演变过程作一番追溯与总结。 一、金色“伊甸园”中玫瑰盛开 “美国梦”是一个被众多美国人普遍信仰的理想主义信念,是对机会均等、人人都有成功希望和创造奇迹可能性的乐观自信。它像是神圣的伊甸园中盛开的绚丽的玫瑰花,令人们无限向 往。300多年前,一群饱受宗教迫害的清教徒离开了世袭制度盛行的欧洲大陆,将自己放逐到了 美利坚,想要在这块美丽的“新大陆”上建立一个完美的“伊甸园”。18世纪末、19世纪初美国西部“淘金潮”的出现,也为“美国梦”抹上了浓厚的金黄色彩。人们越发相信:只要靠自己的努力奋斗,人人都可以获取成功。 其中最具代表性的就是著名的政治家、科学家、外交家和文学家----本杰明富兰克林。他用自己的怀揣一元钱独闯天下艰苦创业的成功经历完美的阐释了美国文学中“从破衣烂衫到腰缠万贯”的“美国梦”的实现。富兰克林在《自传》中强调的自力更生、自我完善和自我实现的现代精神,构建了美国人自我奋斗的传统。这种精神恰好符合当时美洲新大陆的需要,它驱使一代又一代美国人,凭借个人奋斗的魔力去创建美洲土地上的“伊甸园”。19世纪中后期,以惠特曼为代表的浪漫主义文学,以粗犷的豪情和热烈的梦想歌唱美国。其代表作《自我之歌》全篇歌 颂的“自我”既是诗人又大于诗人,是具有美国民族特征和民主理想的巨人形象。这些作品向世人宣告:只要勤奋、乐观、有志向、有信心,任何人都可以在美国获得成功。 二、“镀金”时代里的玫瑰“褪色”

美国文学作家与作品汇总

Works: Part 1. The Literature of Colonial America John Smith 1580-1631 1 first American writer A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony; A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country; The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles Roger Williams 1603-1683 1 Begins the history of religious toleration in America A key into the Language of America Edward Taylor 1612-1672 1 The best of the puritan poets No publishing of his work, most treat religious themes, many poems based directly on Psalms. Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826 1 The first American secretary of state Drafted the Declaration of Independence Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise(his first pamphlet)税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代Agrarian Justice --last important treaties 1 Great Commoner of Mankind 2 The most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution 3 natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832 Father of American Poetry The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地 1 the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period 2 “Poet of the American Revolution” 3 herald American literary independence

美国文学作家以及作品总汇

美国文学部分(American Literature) 一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence） 1．本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点 2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品 2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家 本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草―独立宣言。 《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack 《致富之道》The Way to Wealth 《自传》The Autobiography 托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。 《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise 《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》American Crisis 《人的权利》Rights of Man 《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism 《理性时代》The Age of Reason 菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的―革命诗人‖。 《蒸蒸日上的美洲》―The Rising Glory of America‖

《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖ 《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖ 《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖ 《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖ 1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism） 1．本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle 《纽约外史》A History of New York 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。 《皮裹腿故事集》Leatherstocking Tales 《间谍》The Spy 《领航者》The Pilot

中国梦和美国梦的区别

中国梦与美国梦的差别 读到一篇解释中国梦与美国梦不同的文章，其中提到，二者的不同是“是价值观上的差别”，“要中华民族复兴，中国梦就必然奉行集体价值，以集体主义为哲学基础，追求的是集体的整体利益；相反，美国梦奉行个人价值，以个人主义为哲学基础，追求的是个人的物质利益。也就是说，中国梦有着家国情怀的特征，而美国梦则更多个人奋斗的色彩。”这种看法似乎正在成为理解眼下“中国梦”的基调。 德国神学家，被称为德国教会良知的反纳粹宗教人士潘霍华（Dietrich Bonhoeffer 1906-1945）说过，“人们在比较自己与从别人那里学到的东西时，特别容易高估自己的成就。”美国梦真的只是追求个人的物质利益吗？真的就没有与共同体有关的“情怀”？ “美国梦”最早由历史学家亚当斯（James Truslow Adams）在《美国史诗》(The Epic of America，1931)中提出，成为一个流行的说法。他写道，“上个世纪，那个将千百万人从别的国家吸引到我们国家来的美国梦，并不仅仅是由于物质的丰富（尽管这也非常重要），而是要远远超过这个。这是一个让每个人都能充分得到发展的梦，这个梦要摧毁的是那些在老旧世界中竖起的壁垒，……要颠覆的是那些只是为某些阶级自私利益服务的社会秩序。”美国是一个移民的国家，千千万万人从“老旧世界”到美国这个“新世界”来追寻他们在自己“祖国”不能实现的希望。每个国家都有可能的梦想机会，但只有美国才是给外来者提供梦想机会的国家，在这个意义上说，美国梦是很难在其他国家复制的。 美国吸引许多别的国家人们来寻梦和圆梦，首先是因为它拥有许多人向往的民主制度和自由、平等价值观。例如，德意志1848年革命在军事镇压下失败，数千名中产阶级的自由主义者被迫逃走，大多去了美国。对这个没有贵族特权等级，没有专制政府权力的国家，其中一位如此写道，“德国移民来到一个新的国家，那里没有专制权力，没有建立在垄断、苛捐杂税上的特权秩序，没有对信仰和良心的钳制。每个人都可以自由地到处旅行、定居。不需要身份证，没有警察来干涉他的私事或监视他的行踪。……任何人只要尽职和能干，就能得到荣誉。穷人和富人都是平等的，学者一点也不比最贫寒的工匠身份高。随便干哪一行都不用觉得丢人。……拥有财富和房产的人，一点也不比最穷的公民拥有更多的政治权利。没有贵族，没有特权阶级，没有军队在肉体和精神上镇压人民，没有大批不干事的官僚吮吸人民的血汗。更重要的是，没有君主和腐败的法庭，……在这样的国家里，一个人只要有才能，精力旺盛，坚韧不拔，就能得到远远超过在君主制国家里的机会”。 并非每一个到美国来寻梦和圆梦的人都能成功地如愿以偿，但美国梦却一直还是一种有力的召唤力量，为什么是这样呢？亚当斯解释说，那是因为美国梦代表的是一种关于社会秩序的公正理想，“一直就有这样一个美国梦：在这片土地上，每个人的生活都可以变得更好，更富足，每个人都能以他的努力和成就找到自己的机会。欧洲的上层阶级很难恰当地理解这个梦，而我们当中也有很多人厌倦了或不再信任这个梦。这不只是一个关于汽车、房子或高工资的梦，而且是一个关于社会秩序的梦。在这个社会秩序里，每个男人和女人都凭借自己的内在能力得到最大的尊重，不论出身是贫贱还是富贵，可以一样受到他人的承认。”

美国文学与美国梦

徐佩岚2012213068 Since I took the English literature course last semester, I realize that to have a deep understanding of a work, one should know about the writer; and to understand the writer, one should look to a larger background--the history. Therefore, literature is to some extent connected with the history. In other words, literature reflects and sometimes reviews history. America is a country established after struggling for independence. At that time, they value private judgement on religious and political issues, and self-knowledge and self-expression. They want to get rid of Britain's governance, and they began to propaganda the value of freedom and individuality. In this way, an essential part of American Dream--individualism has been deeply rooted in their mind when the county was born. In American literature, one can always catch a swift of American dream, sometimes a bunch of. As American Dream changes from time to time, it has been reflected on American literary works. And of course, different writers have different understandings and attitudes towards American Dream. Here, I will primarily focus on three writters—Washington Irving, Walt Whitman, and Francis Scott Fitzgerald. In Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle, one can feel the embryo of American Dream and how it changed Americans. From the contrast of the village before and after the Independent War, the power of struggling for freedom and individuality is evident. "Instead of the great trees that used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was a naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red night-cap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes- all this was strange and incomprehensible.”“‘What brought him to the election with a gun on his shoulder, and a mob at his heels, and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village?’- ‘Alas! Gentlemen,’ cried Rip,somewhat dismayed, ‘I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the king, God blesses him!’ Here a general shout burst from the bystanders- ‘A tory! A tory! A spy! A refugee! Hustle him! Away with him!’" what’s more, they regard General Washington as a kind of hero (this might be the starting point of their heroism). From those descriptions of the changed appearance of the hotel, the people in front of the hotel inspecting and talking austerely to Rip Van Winkle, and the beautiful picturesque village and tranquil life before the War, I feel that aspiration for freedom and individuality drove the establishment of America, and consequently, the establishment of America convinced them that their pursuit of freedom and individuality is the right path to go. American poet Walt Whitman is apparently a supporter of the American Dream. In the poem “I Hear America Singing”, he described the harmonious atmosphere in America—the carpenter singing, the mason singing… The theme of the poem is a eulogy to the thriving American nation, to the proud and strong love for country contribution, the laboring people and the poet’s optimistic attitude towards the world and life. In another poem “There Was a Child Singing”, the “child” in the title represents a young and growing America. “And the ?rst object he look’d upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years.” In my opinion, this means that America is aa young and progressive country that actively learn things from the outside world. His admiration for American is most distinct in the poem “Song of Myself”. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.”This is a strong declaration of the value of individualism and democracy. He went through the Civil War, and experienced the nation hero Abraham Lincoln’s assassination. With the unity of the north and the south, and the liberation of the black convinced him “An individuality is as superb

美国文学简史(第三版)复习 常耀信

美国文学作者作品 Edwards: 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》 The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》 名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》 Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》 Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林 Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》 Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文 A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》 James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》 The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》 The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》

Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》

美国文学史作品作家汇总 全

美国文学史作品作家汇总 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 .Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原 Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Jamie Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Little page Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deer slayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity; The Over soul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhoda杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日

美国文学名词解释

迷惘的一代(Lost Generation)，又称：迷失的一代。 西方现代派文学的一种。 第一次世界大战以后出现于美国的一个文学流派。 第一次世界大战以后，美国有一批青年作家陆续登上文坛。他们不仅年龄相仿，而且经历相似，思想情绪相近，在创作中表现出许多共同点，逐渐形成一新的文学流派。 代表作家有海明威(1899—1961)、福克纳(1897—1962)、约·多斯·帕索斯(1896—1970)、菲兹杰拉德(1896—1940)，和诗人肯明斯(1894—1962)等。 他们曾怀着民主的理想奔赴欧洲战场，目睹人类空前的大屠杀，经历种种苦难，深受“民主”、“光荣”、“牺牲”口号的欺骗，对社会、人生大感失望，故通过创作小说描述战争对他们的残害，表现出一种迷惘、彷徨和失望的情绪。这一流派也包括没有参加过战争但对前途感到迷惘和迟疑的20年代作家，如菲兹杰拉德、艾略特和沃尔夫(1900～1938)等。特别是菲兹杰拉德，对战争所暴露的资产阶级精神危机深有感触，通过对他所熟悉的上层社会的描写，表明昔日的梦想成了泡影，“美国梦”根本不存在，他的人物历经了觉醒和破灭感中的坎坷与痛苦。沃尔夫的作品以一个美国青年的经历贯穿始终，体现了在探索人生的过程中的激动和失望，是一种孤独者的迷惘。迷惘的一代作家在艺术上各有特点，他们的主要成就闪烁于20年代，之后便分道扬镳了

意象派诗歌 意象派（Imagists）是1909年至1917年间一些英美诗人发起并付诸实践的文学运动，它是当时盛行于西方世界的象征主义文学运动的一个分支。其宗旨是要求诗人以鲜明、准确、含蓄和高度凝炼的意象生动及形象地展现事物，并将诗人瞬息间的思想感情溶化在诗行中。它反对发表议论及感叹。意象派的产生最初是对当时诗坛文风的一种反拨，代表人物是埃兹拉·庞德。 由于意象派诗人大多经历了象征诗歌创作，所以理论界也有人将意象派看做象征主义的分支，实际上意象派和象征主义诗歌有极大的本质差异。意象派不满意象征主义要通过猜谜形式去寻找意象背后的隐喻暗示和象征意义，不满足于去寻找表象与思想之间的神秘关系，而要让诗意在表象的描述中，一刹那间地体现出来。主张用鲜明的形象去约束感情，不加说教、抽象抒情、说理。因此意象派诗短小、简练、形象鲜明。往往一首诗只有一个意象或几个意象。虽然，象征主义也用意象，两者都以意象为“客观对应物”，但象征主义把意象当做符号，注重联想、暗示、隐喻，使意象成为一种有待翻译的密码。意象派则是“从象征符号走向实在世界”，把重点放在诗的意象本身，即具象性上。让情感和思想融合在意象中，一瞬间中不假思索、自然而然地体现出来。

常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】(第2章 爱德华兹

第2章爱德华兹?富兰克林?克里夫古尔 I.Fill in the blanks. 1.In his_____Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from_____to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.（天津外国语学院2008研） 【答案】Autobiography,poor 【解析】富兰克林在《自传》中讲述了其白手起家、自力更生的故事，平凡却生动的讲述表明他坚信通过努力就能实现美国梦。 2.If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _____represents the lower levels. 【答案】Benjamin Franklin 【解析】美国文学评论家范·威克·布鲁克斯（Van Wyck Brooks）在《美国的成年》(America’s Coming Age)中指出乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是美国18世纪的两位重要的哲学家，他们是不同层次思想的代表。 3.Before his death,_____had gained a position as America’s first systematic philosopher. 【答案】Jonathan Edwards 【解析】乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703-1758）是美国“大觉醒”（the“Great Awakening”）

中国梦和美国梦的区别

如何理解“美国梦”，“中国梦”？两者有何异同？举例说明。 梦想在前，路在脚下 11月8日的晚上，在图书馆报告厅里，我第一次聆听了关于“中国梦”的解读。当时，83岁的荣开明教授满怀激情和心寄希望地给湖经的莘莘学子阐述了“中国梦”的内涵和基本内容。荣开明老师从自己的人生经历出发给我们做了一次政治报告，这个类似政治思想课的讲座却道出了不一样的心声，传递出了不一样的正能量。 而在2012年11月29日，新一届中央领导在参观国家博物馆时，国家主席习近平发表讲话——每个人都有理想和追求，都有自己的梦想。而我认为中国梦是实现中华民族伟大复兴，就是中华民族近代以来最伟大的梦想。这个梦想，凝聚了几代中国人的夙愿，体现了中华民族和中国人民的整体利益，是每一个中华儿女的共同期盼。的确，从1840年的鸦片战争到改革开放后的今天，历经了170多年的沧桑岁月的中国所发生翻天覆地的变化无疑在彰显着“中国梦”的伟大力量。而实现中华民族伟大复兴的道路也在一直延伸。此时的我们，整个中国都在为实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福而努力奋斗。只因心中有梦，有着中国梦和自己的梦。 11月11日，当再次观看“中国合伙人”，看到“新梦想”在时代的发展中革故鼎新，因势利导，带着自己的梦想走向全世界时，我深刻地体会到了梦想带给人的精神动力。这部电影其实就是中国现行的一个缩影，而合伙人就是广大的中华人民，新“梦想”是人民需要奋斗的目标，在这个目标的指引下，中华人民一直着自强不息、勤劳勇敢的精神在打拼、在奋斗。在这个奋斗的过程中，人们继承着“以和为贵”、“和而不同”的思想理念共同努力着，即便有困难，也是通过团队和集体的力量去共同寻找出路。 而在不久前，菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》以电影的形式呈现在我眼前时，我第一次了解到了“美国梦”。矗立在纽约港入口处自由女神雕像向我们阐述了最为明显的“美国梦”——平等、自由、民主。这是每一个美国人心之向往的东西，他们坚信只要在美国经过努力不懈的奋斗便能获得更好生活的理想，亦即人们必须通过自己的勤奋工作、勇气、创意、和决心迈向繁荣，而非依赖于特定的社会阶级和他人的援助。《了不起的盖茨比》让我了解到了美国梦过度强调了物质财富在衡量胜利和快乐上所扮演的角色，拥有物质财富和权利地位是美国人仰慕的对象。但是盖茨比最终的悲惨遭遇却有告诉了我：看似仰慕他的人有着“同而不和”的思想理念，关注的不是他个人的能力，而是他所拥有的财富。虽然他们共享派对，但是无不羡慕着盖茨比的金钱和地位，而当盖茨比失去了这一切时，没有一个人会在意他曾经的辉煌。 所以从这两部电影中，我们很容易看出来“中国梦”和“美国梦”的区别。而这些都是由历史、文化、经济、地理等因素决定的。“中国梦”是国家的富强，一个国家的富强是人民安居乐业的前提和保障；而美国梦事个人的财富，建国以来美国从未受到他国的侵略征服，所以，美国人民可以不顾国之忧，专心去地追逐自己的梦想。“中国梦”是民族的振兴，中国是一个多民族的国家，只有民族之间患难与共，休戚相关，中华民族才能在振兴的这条道路上走得更远、更宽；而“美国梦”是个人的成功，大量的移民和黑白人种对立的局面让我们了解到民族的依存感难以在此生根发芽。”中国梦“是和谐幸福的群体，”家和万事兴“告诉了我，任何一个大家幸福了，那么自己才有可能快乐和幸福；而"美国梦"强调的是个人主义，个人的幸福和快乐是至高无上的追求。