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jp06 - 298754(1994)-PRODUCTION OF POLYLACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE制备聚乳酸和丙交酯

jp06 - 298754(1994)-PRODUCTION OF POLYLACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE制备聚乳酸和丙交酯
jp06 - 298754(1994)-PRODUCTION OF POLYLACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE制备聚乳酸和丙交酯

PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN

(11)Publication number : 06-298754

(43)Date of publication of application : 25.10.1994

(51)Int.Cl. C07D319/12

B01J 31/04

C07C 69/68

C08G 63/06

// C07B 61/00

(21)Application number : 05-088366(71)Applicant : MITSUI TOATSU CHEM INC

(22)Date of filing : 15.04.1993(72)Inventor : HIGUCHI CHOJIRO

MINAZU HIROSHI

AJIOKA MASANOBU

YAMAGUCHI TERUHIRO

(54) PRODUCTION OF POLYLACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE

(57)Abstract:

PURPOSE: To obtain a method for producing a high-molecular weight polylactic acid from lactic acid in high yield and a method for producing lactide from polylactic acid in high yield. CONSTITUTION: This method for producing polylactic acid comprises heating and dehydrating lactic acid in the presence of 1:1 adduct of lactic acid and tin by heating. This method for producing lactide comprises distilling lactide produced by heating polylactic acid in the presence of 1:1 adduct of lactic acid and tin.

CLAIMS

[Claim(s)]

[Claim 1]A manufacturing method of polylactic acid carrying out under existence of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin in a method of carrying out heating drying of the lactic acid, and manufacturing polylactic acid.

[Claim 2]A manufacturing method of lactide carrying out under existence of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin in a method of making lactide which heated and generated polylactic acid distilling, and manufacturing lactide.

[Claim 3]A manufacturing method of the lactide according to claim 2 whose average molecular

weight of polylactic acid is 300 or more.

[Claim 4]A manufacturing method of the lactide according to claim 2, wherein polylactic acid is obtained by carrying out heating drying of the lactic acid under existence of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin. .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[Detailed Description of the Invention]

[0001]

[Industrial Application]This invention relates to the manufacturing method of a lactic acid oligomer and lactide using a new catalyst.

[0002]

[Description of the Prior Art]In JP,63-101378,A, the manufacturing method of the lactide from lactic acid or polylactic acid is indicated under existence of metal tin, organic-carboxylic-acid tin, or halogenation tin. However, although various organic-carboxylic-acid tin was raised as carboxylic acid tin into this and tin lactate is also indicated, it is indicated that this has the structure of Sn(OCOCH (OH), (CH3)) 2. In the example, it is not used at all, but there is no description about structure, physical properties, etc.

[0003]In JP,55-43471,B, the method of manufacturing annular diester is indicated by carrying out thermal dissociation of the linear polyester under existence of organic-carboxylic-acid tin. However, although tin lactate is mentioned as carboxylic acid tin described into this, the tin lactate currently used in the example is 2:1 additions of lactic acid and tin, and there is no statement about 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin.

[0004]On the other hand, although existence in the solution is indicated by the potentiometric titration method to Rocz.Chem.1971,45 (5) and 737-44 about 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin, there is no description about isolation of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin, the method of taking out, etc.

[0005]

[Problem(s) to be Solved by the Invention]The chemical yield of the lactide by the above-mentioned publication is never satisfying. Although the generation rate of this oligomer had the quickest metal tin in the catalyst indicated to JP,63-101378,A, it was required for 3 to 4 hours to obtain oligomer of the suitable molecular weight for that of ******** for lactide production even in this case. The purpose of this invention is to provide the manufacturing method of the lactide which was excellent in the economical efficiency using a catalyst with high lactide yield quickly [ an oligomer generation rate ].

[0006]

[Means for Solving the Problem]This invention persons found out that oligomerization progressed at a more than twice as many speed as this compared with a catalyst known until now, and polylactic acid was obtained, when lactic acid, and the bottom of existence of 1:1 additions of tin and lactic acid were heated, as a result of inquiring wholeheartedly. When lactic acid, and the bottom of existence of 1:1 additions of tin and polylactic acid were heated, it found out that lactide was distilled with high yield, and this invention was completed.

[0007]Namely, in a method of an invention of the 1st of this invention carrying out heating drying of the lactic acid, and manufacturing polylactic acid, It is a manufacturing method of polylactic

acid carrying out under existence of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin, and the 2nd invention is a manufacturing method of lactide carrying out under existence of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin in a method of making lactide which heated and generated polylactic acid distilling, and manufacturing lactide.

[0008]1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin used for this invention do not isolate until now, for example, dissolve hydroxylation tin produced by an ammonia solution neutralizing chloridation tin in lactic acid solution, and can isolate and manufacture a crystal which added a poor solvent and deposited.

[0009]In the 1st invention, lactic acid which can be used when manufacturing polylactic acid from lactic acid may be L(+)-lactic acid, D(-)-lactic acid, or its mixture.

[0010]0.01 to 5 or less % of the weight of lactic acid is enough as lactic acid at the time of manufacturing polylactic acid from lactic acid, and quantity of 1:1 additions of tin, and it is economically disadvantageous to use it more. 0.01 to 1 % of the weight is preferably good. [0011]As for temperature at the time of manufacturing polylactic acid from lactic acid, 300 ** or less at which disassembly of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin does not take place, but drying advances easily is good. Although it is related also to a decompression degree especially, 100-200 ** which is the temperature which neither lactic acid nor lactide distills is preferred.

[0012]A pressure at the time of manufacturing polylactic acid from lactic acid has 1 in which drying advances efficiently - good 100mmHg. Preferably, although it is related also to reaction temperature, it carries out by adjusting between 10 - 50mmHg so that neither lactic acid nor lactide may distill.

[0013]By using 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin in a method of manufacturing polylactic acid, from lactic acid of this invention, compared with metal tin and an organic acid tin catalyst which are known until now, oligomerization of lactic acid progresses at a more than twice as many speed as this, and polylactic acid of a molecular weight of the average molecular weights 300-10000 is obtained.

[0014]Polylactic acid used in the 2nd invention when manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid, May be the polylactic acid manufactured by invention of the 1st of the invention in this application, and under existence of other publicly known catalysts or nonexistence L(+)-lactic acid, D(-)-lactic acid, May be the mixture the polylactic acid manufactured by carrying out heating drying, and Or the ease of making, Or it also takes into consideration that a treatment low price of becoming liquefied with some heating to 300 or more average molecular weights are good, and prevent mixing of a chain dimer of lactic acid to inside of a lactide distillate part, or lactic acid especially, and 600-2000 are preferred.

[0015]0.01 to 5 or less % of the weight of polylactic acid is enough as lactic acid at the time of manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid, and quantity of 1:1 additions of tin, and it is economically disadvantageous to use it more. 0.01 to 1 % of the weight is preferably good. [0016]It is beyond a temperature required for an ester exchange reaction, and as for temperature at the time of manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid, 130-300 ** is [ below decomposition temperature of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin ] good, and it is especially preferred. [ of 170-250 ** ]

[0017]A less than pressure which lactide distills efficiently in the above-mentioned temperature requirement of a pressure at the time of manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid, i.e., 100 mmHg, is good, and especially its 1 - 10mmHg is preferred. When lactide is distilling temperature

and a pressure in relation to mutual in the above-mentioned temperature requirement, a pressure is adjusted so that a chain dimer of lactic acid, a chain trimer, etc. may not distill. Lactide with high purity can be obtained with high yield by using 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin in a method of manufacturing lactide, from polylactic acid of this invention.

[0018]In order to manufacture lactide with high purity with high yield, a process of manufacturing polylactic acid from the above lactic acid, and a process of manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid can be connected, it can carry out continuously, and the reaction condition at that time can use the above-mentioned conditions, respectively. That is, it can perform once manufacturing polylactic acid, carrying out heating drying of the lactic acid under existence of a catalyst or nonexistence, heating continuously lactic acid and polylactic acid obtained under existence of 1:1 additions of tin under decompression, and making lactide distill. Hereafter, an example explains this invention.

[0019]

[Example]

50.3 g of manufacture chloridation tin and 2 hydrates (reagent Kanto Kagaku article 96%) of 1:1 additions of example 1 lactic acid and tin are dissolved in the water 150g, The ammonia solution 80g (2.2 mole ratios) was added 10%, it was referred to as pH 8, the precipitated crystal was filtered, washed and (water and acetone) dried, and the hydroxylation tin 30.1g was obtained. It was added into the 50% lactic acid 355.1g (6 mole ratios / hydroxylation tin), it filtered and rinsed at the temperature after 10 time processings at 96-104 **, the crystal which added the acetone 1.6l (4 times the amount / filtrate) to the filtration wash liquid 403g, and deposited was filtered, washed and (acetone) dried, and a 20.4-g crystal was obtained.

[0020]The ultimate analysis value of this crystal and the tin analytical value by chelatometry are as follows, and this measured value was well in agreement with the calculated value as SnC3H403. [0021]

Calculated value ultimate analysis value of measured value SnC3H4O3Tin analytical value by C(carbon)17.10% 17.43% H (hydrogen) 1.69% 1.95% chelatometry 57.60% 57.41%[0022]Absorption by the hydroxyl group looked at by per [ 3400 cm-1 ] was small to the background grade, and it was presumed that this compound does not have a hydroxyl group so that clearly from the infrared absorption spectrum shown in drawing 1. The weight loss by the thermobalance shown in drawing 2 is 27.54%, and this value was in agreement with the calculated value to SnO2from SnC3H403 . The above measurement result to this compound was 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin.

[0023]The 1:1 additions 0.1g of example 2 lactic acid and tin were added to L-lactic acid 100g 90%, heating churning was carried out by 200 ** and 10mmHg after 3-hour churning by 200 ** and 30mmHg for about 1 hour, and the polylactic acid which is the average molecular weight 7000 of 51.0 g was obtained. The molecular weight of this polylactic acid was high enough as compared with the following comparative example 1 acquired on reaction-of-identity conditions. [0024]Except having used the metal tin 0.5g instead of the 1:1 additions 0.1g of lactic acid and tin of comparative example 1 Example 1, it reacted like Example 1 and processed. The polylactic acid which is the average molecular weight 3000 of 45.0 g was obtained.

[0025]The 1:1 additions 0.5g of example 3 lactic acid and tin were added to the L(-)-polylactic acid 600g of the average molecular weight 460, and it agitated by 150 ** and 30mmHg for 1 hour. As a result, the average molecular weight of polylactic acid increased to 800-850. Then,

decompressed to 5mmHg, lactide was made to distill at 175-230 **, and 576.3 g of rough lactide was obtained. 300 g of isopropyl alcohol washed this twice, and 477.9 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 83% (total of the lactic acid unit in the lactide which might receive the total of the lactic acid unit in polylactic acid) of yield. The yield of this lactide was high enough as compared with the following comparative example 2 acquired on reaction-of-identity conditions.

[0026]Except having used metal tin instead of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin of comparative example 2 Example 2, it reacted like Example 1 and processed. 569.7 g of rough lactide was obtained, this was refined like Example 2 and 415.4 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained with 73% (total of the lactic acid unit in the lactide which might receive the total of the lactic acid unit in polylactic acid) of yield.

[0027]The 1:1 additions 2.6g of example 4 lactic acid and tin were added to the L(-)-polylactic acid 652g of the average molecular weight 550, and it agitated by 150 ** and 30mmHg for 1 hour. As a result, the average molecular weight of polylactic acid increased to 800-850. Then, decompressed to 5mmHg, lactide was made to distill at 175-230 **, and 636 g of rough lactide was obtained. 11 g of residue remained in the reaction machine as a still residue. The aforementioned polylactic acid 713g was newly added to this, it processed similarly, and 703 g of rough lactide was obtained. 13 g of residue remained in the reaction machine as a still residue. Twice [ further ], the aforementioned polylactic acid (735g and 613g) was added, and was processed in a similar manner, respectively. Each rough lactide 712g and 600g was obtained. 1250 g of isopropyl alcohol washes 2651 g in all for the rough lactide obtained by four processings twice, 2235 g of pure lactide (melting point of 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 85% (total of the lactic acid unit in the lactide which might receive the total of the lactic acid unit in polylactic acid) of yield.

[0028]The 1:1 additions 0.5g of example 4 lactic acid and tin are added to L-lactic acid 600g 90%, and temperature up is carried out, distilling off water to 170 ** under the pressure of 15mmHg. Then, heating churning was carried out by 170 ** and 15mmHg for about 1 hour, and the polylactic acid of the inside molecular weight of the molecular weight 840 was generated. Under the present circumstances, 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin dissolve uniformly. The lactide which decompressed this to the pan at 7.5mmHg, and generated it at 175-220 ** was made to distill, and 402 g of rough lactide was obtained. 190 g of isopropyl alcohol washed this twice, and 329 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 76% (yield of the lactide to L-lactic acid) of yield.

[0029]The comparative example 3 metal tin 2.63g is added to L-lactic acid 600g 90%, and temperature up is carried out, distilling off water to 170 ** under the pressure of 15mmHg. Then, heating churning was carried out by 170 ** and 15mmHg for about 3 hours, and the polylactic acid of the inside molecular weight of the molecular weight 820 was generated. The lactide which decompressed this to the pan at 7.5mmHg, and generated it at 175-220 ** was made to distill, and 370 g of rough lactide was obtained. 175 g of isopropyl alcohol washed this twice, and 289 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 67% (yield of the lactide to L-lactic acid) of yield.

[0030]5.0 g of comparative example 4 chloridation tin (dihydrate) is added to L-lactic acid 600g 90%, and temperature up is carried out, distilling off water to 170 ** under the pressure of 15mmHg. Then, heating churning was carried out by 170 ** and 15mmHg for about 5 hours, and

the polylactic acid of the molecular weight 680 was generated. The lactide which decompressed this to the pan at 7.5mmHg, and generated it at 175-220 ** was made to distill, and 330 g of rough lactide was obtained. 155 g of isopropyl alcohol washed this twice, and 250 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 58% (yield of the lactide to L-lactic acid) of yield.

[0031]

[Effect of the Invention]According to the manufacturing method of this invention, while being able to obtain the polylactic acid of the suitable molecular weight for a short time as compared with conventional technology, the lactide of a high grade can be obtained with high yield.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[Industrial Application]This invention relates to the manufacturing method of a lactic acid oligomer and lactide using a new catalyst.

PRIOR ART

[Description of the Prior Art]In JP,63-101378,A, the manufacturing method of the lactide from lactic acid or polylactic acid is indicated under existence of metal tin, organic-carboxylic-acid tin, or halogenation tin. However, although various organic-carboxylic-acid tin was raised as carboxylic acid tin into this and tin lactate is also indicated, it is indicated that this has the structure of Sn(OCOCH (OH), (CH3)) 2. In the example, it is not used at all, but there is no description about structure, physical properties, etc.

[0003]In JP,55-43471,B, the method of manufacturing annular diester is indicated by carrying out thermal dissociation of the linear polyester under existence of organic-carboxylic-acid tin. However, although tin lactate is mentioned as carboxylic acid tin described into this, the tin lactate currently used in the example is 2:1 additions of lactic acid and tin, and there is no statement about 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin.

[0004]On the other hand, although existence in the solution is indicated by the potentiometric titration method to Rocz.Chem.1971,45 (5) and 737-44 about 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin, there is no description about isolation of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin, the method of taking out, etc.

EFFECT OF THE INVENTION

[Effect of the Invention]According to the manufacturing method of this invention, while being able to obtain the polylactic acid of the suitable molecular weight for a short time as compared with conventional technology, the lactide of a high grade can be obtained with high yield.

TECHNICAL PROBLEM

[Problem(s) to be Solved by the Invention]The chemical yield of the lactide by the above-mentioned publication is never satisfying. Although the generation rate of this oligomer had the quickest metal tin in the catalyst indicated to JP,63-101378,A, it was required for 3 to 4

hours to obtain oligomer of the suitable molecular weight for that of ******** for lactide production even in this case. The purpose of this invention is to provide the manufacturing method of the lactide which was excellent in the economical efficiency using a catalyst with high lactide yield quickly [ an oligomer generation rate ].

[0006]

MEANS

[Means for Solving the Problem]This invention persons found out that oligomerization progressed at a more than twice as many speed as this compared with a catalyst known until now, and polylactic acid was obtained, when lactic acid, and the bottom of existence of 1:1 additions of tin and lactic acid were heated, as a result of inquiring wholeheartedly. When lactic acid, and the bottom of existence of 1:1 additions of tin and polylactic acid were heated, it found out that lactide was distilled with high yield, and this invention was completed.

[0007]Namely, in a method of an invention of the 1st of this invention carrying out heating drying of the lactic acid, and manufacturing polylactic acid, It is a manufacturing method of polylactic acid carrying out under existence of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin, and the 2nd invention is a manufacturing method of lactide carrying out under existence of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin in a method of making lactide which heated and generated polylactic acid distilling, and manufacturing lactide.

[0008]1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin used for this invention do not isolate until now, for example, dissolve hydroxylation tin produced by an ammonia solution neutralizing chloridation tin in lactic acid solution, and can isolate and manufacture a crystal which added a poor solvent and deposited.

[0009]In the 1st invention, lactic acid which can be used when manufacturing polylactic acid from lactic acid may be L(+)-lactic acid, D(-)-lactic acid, or its mixture.

[0010]0.01 to 5 or less % of the weight of lactic acid is enough as lactic acid at the time of manufacturing polylactic acid from lactic acid, and quantity of 1:1 additions of tin, and it is economically disadvantageous to use it more. 0.01 to 1 % of the weight is preferably good. [0011]As for temperature at the time of manufacturing polylactic acid from lactic acid, 300 ** or less at which disassembly of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin does not take place, but drying advances easily is good. Although it is related also to a decompression degree especially, 100-200 ** which is the temperature which neither lactic acid nor lactide distills is preferred.

[0012]A pressure at the time of manufacturing polylactic acid from lactic acid has 1 in which drying advances efficiently - good 100mmHg. Preferably, although it is related also to reaction temperature, it carries out by adjusting between 10 - 50mmHg so that neither lactic acid nor lactide may distill.

[0013]By using 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin in a method of manufacturing polylactic acid, from lactic acid of this invention, compared with metal tin and an organic acid tin catalyst which are known until now, oligomerization of lactic acid progresses at a more than twice as many speed as this, and polylactic acid of a molecular weight of the average molecular weights 300-10000 is obtained.

[0014]Polylactic acid used in the 2nd invention when manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid, May be the polylactic acid manufactured by invention of the 1st of the invention in this

application, and under existence of other publicly known catalysts or nonexistence L(+)-lactic acid, D(-)-lactic acid, May be the mixture the polylactic acid manufactured by carrying out heating drying, and Or the ease of making, Or it also takes into consideration that a treatment low price of becoming liquefied with some heating to 300 or more average molecular weights are good, and prevent mixing of a chain dimer of lactic acid to inside of a lactide distillate part, or lactic acid especially, and 600-2000 are preferred.

[0015]0.01 to 5 or less % of the weight of polylactic acid is enough as lactic acid at the time of manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid, and quantity of 1:1 additions of tin, and it is economically disadvantageous to use it more. 0.01 to 1 % of the weight is preferably good. [0016]It is beyond a temperature required for an ester exchange reaction, and as for temperature at the time of manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid, 130-300 ** is [ below decomposition temperature of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin ] good, and it is especially preferred. [ of 170-250 ** ]

[0017]A less than pressure which lactide distills efficiently in the above-mentioned temperature requirement of a pressure at the time of manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid, i.e., 100 mmHg, is good, and especially its 1 - 10mmHg is preferred. When lactide is distilling temperature and a pressure in relation to mutual in the above-mentioned temperature requirement, a pressure is adjusted so that a chain dimer of lactic acid, a chain trimer, etc. may not distill. Lactide with high purity can be obtained with high yield by using 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin in a method of manufacturing lactide, from polylactic acid of this invention.

[0018]In order to manufacture lactide with high purity with high yield, a process of manufacturing polylactic acid from the above lactic acid, and a process of manufacturing lactide from polylactic acid can be connected, it can carry out continuously, and the reaction condition at that time can use the above-mentioned conditions, respectively. That is, it can perform once manufacturing polylactic acid, carrying out heating drying of the lactic acid under existence of a catalyst or nonexistence, heating continuously lactic acid and polylactic acid obtained under existence of 1:1 additions of tin under decompression, and making lactide distill. Hereafter, an example explains this invention.

EXAMPLE

[Example]

50.3 g of manufacture chloridation tin and 2 hydrates (reagent Kanto Kagaku article 96%) of 1:1 additions of example 1 lactic acid and tin are dissolved in the water 150g, The ammonia solution 80g (2.2 mole ratios) was added 10%, it was referred to as pH 8, the precipitated crystal was filtered, washed and (water and acetone) dried, and the hydroxylation tin 30.1g was obtained. It was added into the 50% lactic acid 355.1g (6 mole ratios / hydroxylation tin), it filtered and rinsed at the temperature after 10 time processings at 96-104 **, the crystal which added the acetone 1.6l (4 times the amount / filtrate) to the filtration wash liquid 403g, and deposited was filtered, washed and (acetone) dried, and a 20.4-g crystal was obtained.

[0020]The ultimate analysis value of this crystal and the tin analytical value by chelatometry are as follows, and this measured value was well in agreement with the calculated value as SnC3H403. [0021]

Calculated value ultimate analysis value of measured value SnC3H4O3Tin analytical value by

C(carbon)17.10% 17.43% H (hydrogen) 1.69% 1.95% chelatometry 57.60% 57.41%[0022]Absorption by the hydroxyl group looked at by per [ 3400 cm-1 ] was small to the background grade, and it was presumed that this compound does not have a hydroxyl group so that clearly from the infrared absorption spectrum shown in drawing 1. The weight loss by the thermobalance shown in drawing 2 is 27.54%, and this value was in agreement with the calculated value to SnO2from SnC3H403 . The above measurement result to this compound was 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin.

[0023]The 1:1 additions 0.1g of example 2 lactic acid and tin were added to L-lactic acid 100g 90%, heating churning was carried out by 200 ** and 10mmHg after 3-hour churning by 200 ** and 30mmHg for about 1 hour, and the polylactic acid which is the average molecular weight 7000 of 51.0 g was obtained. The molecular weight of this polylactic acid was high enough as compared with the following comparative example 1 acquired on reaction-of-identity conditions. [0024]Except having used the metal tin 0.5g instead of the 1:1 additions 0.1g of lactic acid and tin of comparative example 1 Example 1, it reacted like Example 1 and processed. The polylactic acid which is the average molecular weight 3000 of 45.0 g was obtained.

[0025]The 1:1 additions 0.5g of example 3 lactic acid and tin were added to the L(-)-polylactic acid 600g of the average molecular weight 460, and it agitated by 150 ** and 30mmHg for 1 hour. As a result, the average molecular weight of polylactic acid increased to 800-850. Then, decompressed to 5mmHg, lactide was made to distill at 175-230 **, and 576.3 g of rough lactide was obtained. 300 g of isopropyl alcohol washed this twice, and 477.9 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 83% (total of the lactic acid unit in the lactide which might receive the total of the lactic acid unit in polylactic acid) of yield. The yield of this lactide was high enough as compared with the following comparative example 2 acquired on reaction-of-identity conditions.

[0026]Except having used metal tin instead of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin of comparative example 2 Example 2, it reacted like Example 1 and processed. 569.7 g of rough lactide was obtained, this was refined like Example 2 and 415.4 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained with 73% (total of the lactic acid unit in the lactide which might receive the total of the lactic acid unit in polylactic acid) of yield.

[0027]The 1:1 additions 2.6g of example 4 lactic acid and tin were added to the L(-)-polylactic acid 652g of the average molecular weight 550, and it agitated by 150 ** and 30mmHg for 1 hour. As a result, the average molecular weight of polylactic acid increased to 800-850. Then, decompressed to 5mmHg, lactide was made to distill at 175-230 **, and 636 g of rough lactide was obtained. 11 g of residue remained in the reaction machine as a still residue. The aforementioned polylactic acid 713g was newly added to this, it processed similarly, and 703 g of rough lactide was obtained. 13 g of residue remained in the reaction machine as a still residue. Twice [ further ], the aforementioned polylactic acid (735g and 613g) was added, and was processed in a similar manner, respectively. Each rough lactide 712g and 600g was obtained. 1250 g of isopropyl alcohol washes 2651 g in all for the rough lactide obtained by four processings twice, 2235 g of pure lactide (melting point of 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 85% (total of the lactic acid unit in the lactide which might receive the total of the lactic acid unit in polylactic acid) of yield.

[0028]The 1:1 additions 0.5g of example 4 lactic acid and tin are added to L-lactic acid 600g 90%, and temperature up is carried out, distilling off water to 170 ** under the pressure of 15mmHg.

Then, heating churning was carried out by 170 ** and 15mmHg for about 1 hour, and the polylactic acid of the inside molecular weight of the molecular weight 840 was generated. Under the present circumstances, 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin dissolve uniformly. The lactide which decompressed this to the pan at 7.5mmHg, and generated it at 175-220 ** was made to distill, and 402 g of rough lactide was obtained. 190 g of isopropyl alcohol washed this twice, and 329 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 76% (yield of the lactide to L-lactic acid) of yield.

[0029]The comparative example 3 metal tin 2.63g is added to L-lactic acid 600g 90%, and temperature up is carried out, distilling off water to 170 ** under the pressure of 15mmHg. Then, heating churning was carried out by 170 ** and 15mmHg for about 3 hours, and the polylactic acid of the inside molecular weight of the molecular weight 820 was generated. The lactide which decompressed this to the pan at 7.5mmHg, and generated it at 175-220 ** was made to distill, and 370 g of rough lactide was obtained. 175 g of isopropyl alcohol washed this twice, and 289 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 67% (yield of the lactide to L-lactic acid) of yield.

[0030]5.0 g of comparative example 4 chloridation tin (dihydrate) is added to L-lactic acid 600g 90%, and temperature up is carried out, distilling off water to 170 ** under the pressure of 15mmHg. Then, heating churning was carried out by 170 ** and 15mmHg for about 5 hours, and the polylactic acid of the molecular weight 680 was generated. The lactide which decompressed this to the pan at 7.5mmHg, and generated it at 175-220 ** was made to distill, and 330 g of rough lactide was obtained. 155 g of isopropyl alcohol washed this twice, and 250 g of pure lactide (melting point 96-98 **) was obtained after desiccation with 58% (yield of the lactide to L-lactic acid) of yield.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[Brief Description of the Drawings]

[Drawing 1]Drawing 1 is an infrared absorption spectrum by the KBr tablet method of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin.

[Drawing 2]Drawing 2 is the thermal analysis data measured with the thermobalance of 1:1 additions of lactic acid and tin.

drawing1

drawing2

目前主流Intel主板芯片组介绍

买电脑,要能省则省,根据每个人的使用需求不同,就需要选购不同的电脑。这个时候,选择一款合适的主板就很重要,而主板上,主板芯片组就是一个很核心的部件,它影响着主板的性能,平台的定位和主板的性能一定要符合,才能够选择到极具性价比的电脑。这就是今天要说的问题,向大家介绍目前市面主流的Intel主板芯片组,希望大家能够从规格上了解到各款主板的区别,在选购主板的时候做到心中有底。 G31: 目前在Intel平台低端市场,G31芯片组主板可以说是独占鳌头,与它同为“3”系列整合主板的G33和G35芯片组主板都因各自的一些原因都非常少见,而nVIDIA出品的MCP73整合主板又因为不支持双通道等硬伤而性能短缺,现在市场上Intel低端平台,首选就是G31主板。 G31芯片组可以支持Intel LGA 775封装的系列处理器,并支持双通道DDR2内存,并可以支持800MHz的内存频率。在显示性能方面,G31芯片组整合了Intel GMA 3100显示核心,可以应付大多数的日常使用需求,并且支持Display Port、DVI等视频输出接口。南桥方面,G31芯片组搭配的是ICH7南桥芯片,ICH7南桥提供了4个SATA接口、6个USB接口以及4条PCI-E通道。虽然ICH7南桥提供的接口方面不太丰富,不过考虑到G31芯片组的市场定位,这样的配置对于入门平台来说,还是足够使用的。 G41: Intel G41芯片组是一款新的入门级整合芯片组,于2008年第四季度发布。在市场定位上,G41芯片组和G31相同,最终的目的,是让G41芯片组主板取代G31芯片组主板,成为Intel平台入门级平台的首选主板。G41芯片组主板在性能上较G31芯片组主板更加强大,支持DX 10特效,并且在高清硬解方面,也支持部分格式的高清片源硬解。不过,目前G41芯片组主板的价格还是要比G31芯片组主板贵一些,可以根据使用需要进行选购。 虽然在Intel的G41芯片组系统图表上,G41芯片组使用的是ICH10(R)南桥芯片,不过在实际中,为了节约成本,降低售价,南桥芯片使用的依然是和G31芯片组相同的ICH7南桥芯片,不过,即便如此,ICH7还是能够满足用户的一般使用需求的,对这方面,不用太过在意。 G41芯片组支持Intel LGA 775封装的系列处理器,并可以支持DDR2和DDR3双通道内存,并支持PCI-E 1.1规范,提供了一条PCI-E 1.1 16X插槽,在集成显示核心方面,G41主板集成了Intel GMA X4500显示核心,该显示核心支持DX 10,并且可以支持部分格式的高清硬解。并且,G41芯片组主板可以支持DVI和Display Port视频输出。 G43: G43和G45这两款整合主板芯片组于2008年6月发布,同时发布的还有P45和P43两款非整合主板芯片组,从那时候起,Intel “4”系列的芯片组主板就开始发售,G43和G45两款芯片组是相对定位中高端的两款整合芯片组。 G43芯片组的北桥芯片方面,规格与G41芯片组有一些提升,虽然同是集成Intel GMA X4500显示核心,不过在视频输出方面,G43芯片组提供了G41所没有HDMI接口,并且,还支持PCI-E 2.0规范。南桥方面,ICH10(R)系列南桥芯片也更加的强大,不仅提供了更多的USB、SATA接口,还可以支持eSATA,并且ICH10R芯片还支持硬盘RAID 模式,并且该系列南桥提供了6条PCI-E通道,可以支持千兆网卡等等。 G45: G45芯片组是Intel系列整合芯片组中定位比较高端的,它是Intel系列整合芯片组中唯一可以实现全高清硬解的芯片组,目前在市场上,也有一些499元的G45主板出售,价格方面还是比较亲民的。 G45芯片组集成的是Intel GMA X4500HD显示核心,该显示核心要比G41和G43芯片组集成的显示核心多出“HD”字样,也就是可以实现全高清硬解。除此之外,北桥和南桥芯片其他规格和G43芯片组相同,不过在实际测试中,G45芯片组的3D性能要较G43高一些,G43又要较G41高一些,差别也不是太大。 P31: P31芯片组是作为一款入门级的非整合主板芯片组推出的,不过经过市场的洗牌,现在P31芯片组的主板已经很少能够看到了,市场上仅剩的一些P31主板,甚至在价格上比G31主板还贵,所以,使用这款芯片组的主板并不推荐选购。 P31芯片组同时搭配的是ICH7南桥,在规格放面,和G31主板基本相同,不过要比G31主板少了集成的核心,在这一点上,P31芯片组和G31芯片组各有各的优势,毕竟整合了显示核心的芯片肯定会带来更高的发热,这对于主板的稳定性会有一定的影响。 P35: 在2008年6月前,Intel的“4”系列芯片组主板还未推出的时候,P35主板就是Intel市场上的明星主板,虽然并不是“3”系列芯片组主板中规格最高的,但是,却是性能与价格最均衡的主板。不过,从有了P45芯片组主板后,拥有更强的规格的P45芯片组主板开始吸引更多用户的注意,P35芯片组主板的市场占有率就开始走了下坡路。到了现在,P35芯片组主板已经很少,同时,不少厂商为了清理最后的库存,不少P35主板都以一个很优惠的价格出售,相比同价位的P45芯片组主板,这些P35主板都有更好的用料和做工,而在超频性能方面,又要比P43更好,所以也还是有

intel CPU与芯片组对应支持关系

封装形式处理器型号支持内存类型支持主板新特性 775netburst微架构: Prescott Pentium 4 505J,506,520-570,520J- 570J,521-571 Prescott 2M Pentium 4 630-670,662-672 CedarMill Pentium 4 631-661 Prescott 256K Celeron D 325J-345J,326-351 Prescott Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3724MHz Smithfield Pentium D 805,820-840 Smithfield Pentium Extreme Edition 840 Presler Pentium D 915,925,920-960 Presler Pentium Extreme Edition 950/960 core微架构 (conroe,kentsfield,wolfdale,yokfield) Conroe Core 2 Duo E4300-4400,E63X0-68X0, Pentium Dual-Core E21X0-E2200 Conroe Core 2 Extreme,X6800 Conore Celeron Dual Core E1X00 Kentsfield Core 2 Quad,Q6600,Q6700 Kentsfield Core 2 Extreme,QX6700,QX6850,QX6800 Penryn:采用了45纳米高-k制造技术(采用铬合金高-K与 金属栅极晶体管设计),并对酷睿微体系结构进行了增 强 双核心桌面处理器Wolfdale、四核心桌面处理器 Yorkfield Wolfdale Core 2 Duo E8X00 45nm Wolfdale Core 2 Duo E7X00 45nm Wolfdale Pentium Dual Core E5X00 45nm Wolfdale Pentium Dual Core E6300 45nm Yorkfield Core 2 Quad,Q8X00,Q9X00,Q9X50 Yorkfield Core 2 Extreme,QX9650,QX9770 DDR2/DDR3 X38、P35、G33 (ddr2 667/ddr3 800)、Q33、G35 、Q35、G31(ddr2 667) x48.p45.p43.g45 .g43.g41 q45.q43(ddr3 1066,ddr3 1333) 1156Westmere微架构: Westmere将是第二代Nehalem处理器 Clarkdale(DAUL,1G) i3 530 540 550 560 I5 650 660 670 680 Nemhalem微架构: lynnfield(QUAD,1G) I7 860 I7 860 I7 870 I5 760 I5 750 Lynnfield是一代i7,完整的四核,屏蔽掉两 个核心的Lynnfield就是一代i5,Clarkdale是 一代i3,Clarkdale是在i5的基础上在缩减QPI 总线带宽和睿频技术 DDR3 P57、H57、H55、 P55、Q57 LGA1156平台带核 显的CPU只有I3系 列和I5的6系列, 其他CPU不带核显 。 CPU集成GFX图形单元 1366Gulftown(6c) i7 990x i7 980x Bloomfield(4c) i7 930 i7 960 i7 950 i7 930 i7 960 i7 965 i7 975 DDR3X58(Flagship)intel处理器接口与对应主板详细规格

全国高考历年各省录取分数线比较与分析

全国高考历年各省录取分数线比较与分析 (2012-01-12 18:02:09) 转载▼ 分类:杂谈 标签: 全国高考 各省 分数 比较 分析 山东 河北 北京 上海 湖北 江苏 浙江 甘肃 陕西 主要以时间序列来考察中央部属大学分省招生的公平性问题,本节主要考察恢复高考以来各省分数线的整体演变趋势,这也是被社会各界广泛关注的焦点问题。具体来说,依据分省招生的数量、基础教育的水平和高等教育资源的丰富程度三个因素来揭示其演变的动因。首先,高考分数线的变化与招生名额的投放有很大关系,即在相同的条件下,招生数量越多,录取分数线就越低;其次,基础教育水平的高低决定了该省生源的优劣程度,在同等条件下,基础教育水平越高,分数线也相应越高;最后,高等教育资源的丰富程度决定了招生数量的多寡,也会影响到分数线的变化,其中,高校的数量,特别是“211工程”院校和“985”工程院校的数量在很大程度上决定了本科一批分数线的高低。本节主要选取这三个因素来反映各省高考录取分数线的变化情况。 一、恢复高考以来各省分数线的变化趋势 高考建制之初,由于招生数在整体上多于高中毕业生数,所以录取分数线也较低,并且实行以大行政区为主的招生体制,所以当时的分数线没有太多实质的意义。1958 年高考制度暂时中断,次年旋即恢复,并从此确立了分省录取制度,至此才出现了分省的高考录取分数线。但因 20 世纪 60 年代强烈的**因素的干扰,高考制度经历了较大的反复,科目改革频

仍,且相关数据散佚难以获取。 故此,只研究恢复高考以来各省分数线的变化情况。笔者选取 1980 年、1991 年和 1999 年的三个时间点的分省高考录取分数线来研究其基本的走势,之所以选取这三个时间点,出于以下考虑: 其一,1977 年到 1979 年考生众多、竞争激烈,属于特殊时期,从 1980 年开始,各项教育事业和高考制度逐步趋于正常; 其二,1999 年除广东实行“3+X”改革和上海单独命题之外,其他省区均采用全国卷,分数易于比较,之后因“3+X”改革方案在全国推广,试卷纷繁多样而难以比较;其三,1991 年大致处于两者之间,且大多数省区采用全国卷,分数易于比较。故此,选取以上三个年份的数据。大体而言,三个时段的分数线基本能够反应各省分数线变化的趋势。 将 1977年至 1999 年的各省录取分数线整理如下

Intel 5 系列芯片组简介

【Intel 5系列芯片组】 随着英特尔基于Lynnfield(林恩菲尔德)和Clarkdale(克拉克代尔)核心的处理器(Core i7/i5/i3)发布,配套的主板芯片也浮出水面,除商业平台的 B55和Q57外,在消费级平台上,一共有四款芯片可供选择,即P55、P57、H55和H57。 【这是2009年Intel 5系列的发布图,高端的X48、X58,主流的P、H系列】 【3芯片转变为2芯片:新的Nehalem(尼黑勒姆)架构处理器采用二芯片解决方案】 由于在Lynnfield和Clarkdale的CPU中整合了PCIE 2.0控制单元(Bloomfield无),并且Clarkdale也会整合GFX图形单元,它们的整合度比Bloomfield更高,相当于将原来北桥(GMCH,图形/存储器控制器中心,俗称为“北桥”)的大部分功能转移到了CPU中,因此英特尔抛弃了过去的三芯片结构(CPU + GMCH + ICH),开始采用新的双芯片结构(CPU + PCH,PCH为Platform Controller Hub,原研发代号为Ibex Peak)。

新的PCH芯片除了包含有原来南桥(ICH)的IO功能外,以前北桥中的Display单元、ME(Management Engine,管理引擎)单元也集成到了PCH中,另外NVM控制单元(NVRAM控制单元,Braidwood技术)和Clock Buffers也整合进去了,也就是说,PCH并不等于以前的南桥,它比以前南桥的功能要复杂得多。 CPU与PCH间会采用传统的DMI (Direct Media Interface)总线进行通信。在三芯片时代,南北桥间就是依靠DMI总线作数据交换的,但是X58芯片(北桥)与Core i7处理器间用的是QPI (Quick Path Interconnect)总线连接。DMI总线的带宽仅有2GB/s,QPI最高带宽可达到25.6GB/s,两者显然不是一个数量级的,因此有些读者可能觉得新的双芯片间数据通信会遭遇瓶颈,实际上这种担心是多余的。 以上面这个架构图来看,在CPU内部,可以分为CPU核心(绿色虚线框)和GPU核心(红色虚线框)两块,在GPU核心这一块,包含有GPU控制器、内存控制器和PCIE控制器等几部分,相当于原来意义上的北桥,CPU与GPU这两个核心间是通过QPI总线来通信的。再看蓝色虚线框内的PCH芯片,主要是一些功能性的单元,比原来的南桥功能更丰富,但它与CPU间同样不需要交换太多数据,因此连接总线采用DMI已足够了。新的Nehalem平台采用了双芯片结构,但逻辑结构上和以前三芯片是一样的。

上海历年高考录取分数线回顾(组图)

上海历年高考录取分数线回顾(组图) 上海市2010年高考各批次最低录取控制分数 1、高职(专科)批最低录取控制分数线须待第二批本科录取结束、第二次志愿填报后划定公布。 2、公安高专面试、体能测试资格线在已填报公安高专院校志愿的考生中,按照公布招生计划与考生人数之比为1:2的比例划定。各校在面试、测试合格的考生中从高分到低分择优录取。 上海市2009年高考各批次最低录取控制分数线

上海市2008年高考各批次最低录取控制分数线 上海市2007年高考各批次最低录取控制分数线 上海市2006年高考各批次最低录取控制分数线

本报讯 (记者彭德倩)昨天,2011年上海市普通高校招生集中录取阶段第一批本科院校录取基本结束,共招收12000余人,约完成计划的113%。市教育考试院表示,增加的计划主要是按照教育部招生工作规定录取经公示审核通过的自主选拔生、艺术特长生和高水平运动员考生。据悉,第二批本科院校录取今日开始,共计划招生22323人。 据了解,今年本市一本文科计划招生2729人,录取3000余人;理科计划招生7907人,录取近9000人。本市院校计划招生8168人,录取9700余人,约完成计划的119%;外省市院校计划招生2468人,录取2300余人,约完成计划的93%。第一批本科录取通知书将由招生院校陆续发出。考生可通过“上海招考热线”网站或招生院校提供的查询方式查询本人录取结果,也可凭本人身份证、准考证,于工作时间段内到报名所在的区(县)高招办进 行查询。 第二批本科院校录取工作7月17日至23日进行。共有388所院校参加,本市院校计划招生15860人,外省市院校计划招生6463人。第二批本科仍然实行平行志愿投档。18日下午进行正式投档 (包括外省市院校认可的加分投档),当天晚上公布第二批本科各高校投档分数线。投档后,招生院校根据考生专业志愿、按照招生章程进行录取。第二批本科征求志愿的填报将于7月21日13:00至22日13:00进行。

英特尔公司简介

英特尔公司简介 英特尔(Intel)公司是美国最大的独立半导体制造商,成立于1968年8月。在世界半导体生产企业中稳居首位,其业务活动以设计和制造先进的大规模半导体集成电路零部件以及采用这些零部件的计算机系统为主。进入九十年代以来,英特尔公司呈现出一种加速发展趋势,年销售额、利润额和资产总额全面增长,而且盈利增长快于销售额增长,有理由相信,随着计算机的普及和信息高速公路的建设,英特尔公司的前景将更加光明。公司总裁格罗夫介绍,公司将全力把个人电脑推上信息高速公路。 英特尔公司的主要产品有微处理器、微型信息处理机和处理板以及通讯产品。公司在美国声誉极佳,这是公司不断探索的结果。创业初期公司规模还不大时,公司领袖诺伊斯等人就决心采用一种切实可行的管理风格,他们的最初的做法是每周非正式的与员工共进午餐以听取意见,不久之后公司转而推行一种仔细推敲的工作安排,强调公开性,在最低一级进行决策,重视纪律和问题的解决等等,要求每天8点以后才上班的员工书面写明迟到的原因。此外,公司还通过三条途径强化管理,加强企业的生存基础。 第一,重视产品开发。和所有高技术企业一样,英特尔面临的是一个竞争激烈、风险很大的市场,公司必须不断创新开发新产品才能在此立住脚跟并有所发展。1980年,果断退出DRA 市场,集中精力确保其在微处理器市场上的优势地位。如今,英特尔公司仍然在微处理器市场上居领先地位,同时公司还在研究开发上投放巨资,1992年用于研究开发更新开支的经费预算是20亿美元,公司先后投入50亿美元开发“奔腾”处理器芯片。正确的市场开发战略和巨额的投入是公司经历了八十年代的波折后从新成为世界最大的半导体生产商。 第二,注重质量。英特尔公司通过两种方法来提高其产品质量。一是英特尔生产率集团实施“管理生产率计划”,“以使生产率成为每天生活的一部分”,计划包括工作、任务简化培训,工作负担分配分析和使组织结构最优化。此计划是集团在两年间节约开支1200万美元。二是实行质量审计制度,由公司派遣质量审计官巡回世界各地审查公司产品质量,确认各分支机构是否遵循正确的程序和指令,是否有可以改进的地方,并就有关建议写出报告送交最高管理层和公司质量审查办公室。各分支机构也要经常进行质量自检。 第三,全力营造和谐的企业文化。自九十年代年代以来公司先后为职工建立了免费健身房,分级咖啡厅,废除了迟到交书面书面报告制度,推行实迹考评制度,现金奖励制度等等,公司还推行了利润分享计划,三周全薪休假计划,公司员工有机会以15%的折扣购买公司股票,为员工支付医疗保险等,又将1989——1991年间所关闭工厂的2000余工人中的80%左右安置到其他工厂或部门,凡此种种,都使工人对工厂具有较高认同感和向心力。 英特尔公司最初是以生产电脑存储器为主,后由于日本半导体企业的冲击,而被英特尔公司 【最新资料,WORD 文档,可编辑修改】

2002年马票价格表

2002年马票价格表 2002年1月5日,我国发行了十二生肖系列邮票壬午马生肖邮票1套,全套2枚,面值分别为80分和2.80元。由王虎鸣设计,李庆发、姜伟杰、郝欧雕刻。这是第二轮生肖邮票的第11枚。 中国邮政定于2002年1月5日发行《壬午年》马票,全套2枚。邮票由王虎鸣设计,李庆发、姜伟杰、郝欧雕刻。邮票图案为怒目圆睁可爱俏皮的灰色小马驹。 马与人类有着特别密切的关系,据考,马的驯化始于父系氏族时期,是社会生产力发展的标志之一。中国人对马尤为钟爱,不仅把马作为优越的生产、交通工具,而且被作为精神、情感和才能的象征,进而升华为博大深厚的马文化,渗透到文字、美术、音乐等各个领域。至今人们还用“马到成功”来表达事业上的美好祝愿,用“龙马精神”来赞美人充满斗志。 可爱马驹图案寓意生活美满 2002年第二轮生肖邮票马票的设计采用了中国传统的布艺、陶瓷玩偶的造型灵感,将中国传统吉祥的金银锁、虎像等元素都融合到小马驹造型中。在“字”的部分,则把中国传统对联以及民间大花大红的喜庆元素吸收并蓄,呈现出一幅吉祥如意的“马”字形象。第二轮生肖邮票,是既第一轮生肖票之后,又推出的一款邮票界的旷世着作。我国邮政发行的第二轮生肖大版票十二种,每套两枚,版票票幅规格240x158毫米,全张由32枚单张邮票组成,版式独特统一,设计别具一格。第二轮十二生肖邮票,从传统中挖掘中国民俗文化精髓,将国人喜爱的生肖文化发扬光大。 2002 生肖纪念精华传统文化瑰宝

生肖也称属相,是中国民间计算年龄的方法,也是一种十分古老的纪年法。如今渐渐演化成中国人的习俗。是中国和东亚地区的一些民族用来代表年份和人出生的年号。生肖的周期为12年,十二生肖,即:鼠、牛、虎、图、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗、猪。十二生肖与中国传统文化中的十二地支呈现一一对应关系,分别为,子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。此套邮票即是壬午马为题材,展示中国传统生肖文化。 (尊重他人劳动成果,转载请标明来源爱藏网。)

英特尔芯片组

《1》台式机芯片组 通过用于台式机的英特尔? 芯片组技术获得增强的音频、数字视频和通信能力。高性能台式机芯片组 英特尔? X58 高速芯片组 英特尔? X48 高速芯片组 英特尔? X38 高速芯片组 主流台式机芯片组 英特尔? Q67 高速芯片组 英特尔? B65 高速芯片组 英特尔? H61 高速芯片组 英特尔? P67 高速芯片组 英特尔? H67 高速芯片组 英特尔? H55 高速芯片组 英特尔? H57 高速芯片组 英特尔? Q57 高速芯片组 英特尔? Q45 高速芯片组 英特尔? Q43 高速芯片组 英特尔? P55 高速芯片组 英特尔? P45 高速芯片组 英特尔? P43 高速芯片组 英特尔? G45 高速芯片组 英特尔? G43 高速芯片组 英特尔? G41 高速芯片组 英特尔? G35 高速芯片组 英特尔? Q35 高速芯片组 英特尔? Q33 高速芯片组 英特尔? P35 高速芯片组 英特尔? P31 高速芯片组 英特尔? G33 高速芯片组 英特尔? G31 高速芯片组 英特尔? Q963 高速芯片组 英特尔? 945G 高速芯片组

《2》通过用于笔记本电脑的英特尔? 芯片组技术获得增强的音频、数字视频和通信能力。高性能芯片组 移动式英特尔? QM67 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? QS67 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? QM57 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? QS57 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? PM55 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? GS45 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? PM45 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? 915PM 高速芯片组 英特尔? 855PM 芯片组 主流芯片组 移动式英特尔? UM67 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? HM67 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? HM55 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? HM57 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? GM45 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? 915GM 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? 915GMS 高速芯片组 英特尔? 855GM 芯片组 英特尔? 845MP 芯片组 英特尔? 845MZ 芯片组 经济型芯片组 移动式英特尔? HM65 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? GS40 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? GL40 高速芯片组 移动式英特尔? 910GML 高速芯片组 英特尔? 855GME 芯片组

狗狗市场价格大盘点

狗狗市场价格大盘点 大家一直很好奇狗狗多少钱一只,狗狗市场价格大盘点,你想知道的几种狗狗价格都在这里哦 狗狗市场价格大盘点一:哈士奇:目前被我国家长亲切的称为二哈,其实,哈士奇的原名还挺高大上的,名为西伯利亚雪橇犬。哈士奇属于中型犬种,性格非常的温顺,与其它大型犬种不同,哈士奇以它憨憨的个性而深受广大家长的喜爱。 目前哈士奇在北京的价格。普通哈士奇幼犬大约在1000到1200元左右,纯种的哈士奇幼犬则需要2000到4000元左右。 而在武汉地区,哈士奇幼犬价格则有所下降,普通幼犬只需要500到800元左右,800到1500元左右就可以选到一只品相较好的哈士奇幼犬。 全国行情总体来说,普通哈士奇价格大约在300到800元左右,品相较好的则需要1000-1500左右。而纯种的能够达到赛级,并且拥有钢号血统证的哈士奇,价格则高达1万到3万元左右。 狗狗市场价格大盘点二:贵宾犬:贵宾犬也是在我国非常受欢迎的一种犬种,并且种类也非常的多,有大型的也有玩具型的,自然价格也是千差万别。 一只玩具型贵宾犬的价格大约在3000到500元左右。而茶杯贵宾犬,则需要,7000元左右,纯种的至少上万。如果家长遇到了,有2000至3000元左右的狗狗号称是茶杯贵宾犬。那在选购时一定要多加小心了。

而巧克力贵宾犬则从一千元到3000元都有,公犬和母犬的价格差异很大。而我们生活中最常见的黑色和白色贵宾犬,价格则相对亲民,大约保持在800-1500左右。 狗狗市场价格大盘点三:萨摩耶,萨摩耶属于一种工作犬,所以,它天生机警敏捷。目前一只萨摩耶公犬大概需要2000元人民币左右,而母犬则高达3000到5000元。在全国范围来讲,萨摩耶最低价格不会低于一千元。而赛级萨摩耶价格竟然高达万元以上。 狗狗市场价格大盘点四:拉布拉多寻回犬:因为拉布拉多是世界上三大无攻击性犬种之一,因此选择饲养拉布拉多犬的人非常多。并且拉布拉犬的价格也非常亲民。通常,一只普通的拉布拉犬只需要800到1000元人民币左右。2000元左右就能买到一只非品相非常好的拉布拉多犬了。

1994年属狗是什么命【1994年五行属什么命】

1994年属狗是什么命【1994年五行属什么命】 1994年为农历甲戌年,五行纳音为“山头火”,我们俗称这为“木狗”命。下面小编为你整理了1994年五行属性,希望对你有所帮助! 1994年属狗的五行是什么 属狗甲戎年出生的称为木狗(1934 1994) 属狗丙戎年出生的称为火狗(1946 2006) 属狗戊戎年出生的称为土狗(1958 2018) 属狗庚戎年出生的称为金狗(1910 1970)

属狗壬戎年出生的称为水狗(1922 1982) 1994年出生是什么命 1994年为农历甲戌年,纳音为“山头火”,我们俗称“火”命。 《三命通会》论山头火 火命之特质:火主「礼」。性刚烈、上升、前进,外阳内阴,外明内暗,脾气一发即过。可以「火」的性质,联想个人的个性。火命立命行限所忌:在太岁、大小二限行运忌逢酉宫。(兑宫)西方方向。 甲戌为野焚之火。喜春,夏生则吉中有凶。喜见大林木与松柏木以及癸丑桑柘木,有则为贵,别木无用。遇涧下水为吉,见甲寅大溪水亦吉。遇大海水为凶,日时见金,有山木相助则吉,无山木则凶。土中唯有砂中上无妨,余上皆无益,若无木见土,都为下贱之命。遇火,多为不利,火多而遇木,为多祸之人。此格入贵局为富贵之人。

乙亥为伏明之火,喜忌大致同上。由于它如火的热气和浓烟,故有仗于已亥、辛卯、己巳、壬午之木相助才能旺盛,而忌癸亥、丙午之水。遇乙卯大溪水则吉。入贵格者为高人君子。 甲戍乙亥山头火:山头火者野焚燎原延烧极目,依稀天际斜辉彷拂山头落日,此乃九月烧荒,衰草尽热之火也。大既宜山木与风,木喜大林与松柏以辰巳有风,寅卯归禄,更得癸丑为上土木主贵,无山则木无所依火无所见,纵有风亦不光显佘木无用,只以禄马看,水宜涧下名为交泰主吉。井泉清水有木助之亦吉大溪甲戍见甲寅乙亥见乙卯却真禄俱吉。天上须有雨露,而火到午未得地,再得清水济之,不至于燥主福,不然则夭。大海就位相克最凶,有山逢之稍得日时见金为财须有山木助之则吉,无则凶,见土惟砂中有巽能扬此火别土无益,大凡此火无木见土,多是下贱之命,见火炉中太炎霹火凶害,太阳昏蒙,山下战刑皆所不宜。命带二三火如限数逢木主祸生不测或夭,大都此火大怕刑冲。山头火者,野焚燎原,延烧极目,依稀天际斜晖,仿佛山头落日,此乃九月烧荒,衰草尽烬之火也。大概宜山木与风木,喜大林、松柏,以辰已有风,寅卯归禄,更得癸丑为山上木,主贵。无山则木无所依,火无所见,纵有风亦不光显,余木无用,只以禄马看。水宜涧下,多为交泰,主吉,井泉清水,有木助之,亦吉;大溪,甲戌见甲寅,乙亥见乙卯,却真禄俱吉;天上须有雨露,而火到午未得地,再得清水济之,不至于燥,主福,不然则夭;大海就位相克,最凶,有山逢之,稍得。日时见金为财,须有山木助之则吉,无则凶。见土惟砂中有巽,能扬此火,别土无益。大凡此火无木见害,多是下贱之命。见火炉中太炎,霹火凶害,太阳昏蒙,山下战刑,皆所不宜,命带二、三火,如限数逢木,主祸生不测,或夭,大都此火大怕刑冲。

第一轮生肖小本票图片及价格

第一轮生肖小本票图片及价格 第一轮生肖小本票第一轮十二生肖邮票发行于1981年,当时的发行价格为2980,但是经历了这么长时间,它的价格已经远远不是当初的发行价了,如今的市场价已经涨了22倍以上,足以可见第一轮生肖邮票的收藏价值。而第一轮十二生肖纯银四方连邮票是在第一轮生肖邮票的基础上打造而成,全球销量5000套,纯银打造,工艺精湛,而且比起普通邮票更容易保藏,还能保值增值,十二生肖邮票传承了中华文化,保留了历史,让我们感受到文化的魅力,具有极高的鉴赏价值,收藏价值,可以用来送朋友也可以留下来自己珍藏,处处都展现了品味跟档次。 整套的第一轮生肖邮票已经很难再见到了,因为时隔了近30年,想要收集全是几乎不可能的事情,从首轮邮票我们可以看到,每一玫都极具有各自的精彩,第一个生肖邮票是猴子,造型传神栩栩如生,鸡跟牛的造型比较现代化,鼠就更加接近动画片的感觉了,其余的生肖邮票都是民间传统服饰,彰显了名族特色,名族文化,却又不失现代化。 第一轮生肖小本票价格如下(仅供参考):

黄金是具有很高的收藏价值的,而且也是贵金属,一般百姓是买不起的,白银虽然没有黄金的奢华,但是它却更贴近生活,也是珍贵的,普通百姓可以有能力去购买,第一轮生肖邮票纯银四方连就是白银打造,让每一个对邮票有着特殊情感的人都可以去珍藏首轮邮票。 第一轮十二生肖四方连邮票是经中国邮政权威发行,主题深刻,立意经典,全球限量,实属广大集邮爱好者和贵金属投资收藏者的福利。 十二生肖是古老中华文明关于生肖文化的经典传承,作为悠久的民族文化符号,表现在婚姻、民俗、年运等方面,是丰富传统的民间文化哲学。因其通俗易懂,极具趣味性,是祖先留给我们的仍具实用价值的宝贵文化遗产,具有极高的历史收藏价值。 同时此十二生肖纯银四方连邮票,经纯银铸造,价值不菲,工艺精湛,观赏性强,易于存储保值和增值,投资收藏价值高。不管是个人收藏还是作为礼尚往来礼品馈赠,第一轮十二生肖四方连邮票是贵金属投资和特殊邮票的经典结合,其经典的传承文化,先进工艺铸造,第一轮限量权威发型,都将成为大家的不二选择。 (尊重他人劳动成果,转载请标明来源爱藏网。)

英特尔公司简介英特尔公司是全球最大的半导体芯片制造(精)

英特尔公司简介 英特尔公司是全球最大的半导体芯片制造商,它成立于 1968 年,具有 30 多年产品创新和市场领导的历史。公司的第一个产品是半导体存储器。1971 年,英特尔推出了全球第一个微处理器。这一举措不仅改变了公司的未来,而且对整个工业产生了深远的影响。微处理器所带来的计算机和互联网革命,改变了这个世界。 1999 的总营业额:294 亿美元 1999 年净利润:73 亿美元 英特尔为全球日益发展的计算机工业提供建筑模块,包括微处理器、芯片组、板卡、系统及软件等。这些产品为标准计算机架构的组成部分。业界利用这些产品为最终用户设计制造出先进的计算机。 今天,互联网的日益发展不仅正在改变商业运作的模式,而且也改变着人们的工作、生活、娱乐方式,成为全球经济发展的重要推动力。作为全球信息产业的领导公司之一,英特尔公司致力于在客户机、服务器、网络通讯、互联网解决方案和互联网服务方面为日益兴起的全球互联网经济提供建筑模块。 英特尔在中国 英特尔公司在中国的业务重点与其全球业务重点相一致,即成为全球互联网经济的构造模块的杰出供应商。 在中国,英特尔公司始终把协助推动中国计算机工业和互联网经济的发展作为公司在中国的首要策略。公司一贯认为,若想实现英特尔公司在中国的发展,就必须首先帮助国内计算机工业和互联网经济的发展,成为中国最好的技术伙伴。英特尔的战略是积极推动并支持国内电脑制造商、跨国公司和小型电脑组装厂商和软件开发商的发展。 这一战略可从英特尔在中国的一系列活动中得到反映: ?应用研究 ?支持中国软件产业 ?生产活动 ?市场活动和促进需求 ?OEM 平台方案支持 ?采购 ?大学和学术研究项目 国内的互联网用户已经超过了 400 万,而且增长迅速。英特尔一直致力于通过和国内的OEM 厂商、互联网服务商、软件开发商的广泛合作,以推动国内互联网应用的发展。 英特尔在中国的机构

1994年狗邮票整版价格表

1994年狗邮票整版价格表 生肖狗整版票简介我国自发行生肖题材的邮票以来,十二生肖邮票就已经有了三轮的发行,生肖狗整版票也历经了三个轮回。第一轮生肖狗整版票发行于1982年1月5日,发行机关是中国邮电总局,当时的邮票图案是一种昂首挺腹的小黑狗,邮票底色为湛蓝色;第二轮生肖狗整版票发行于1994年,该轮邮票包括面值分20分和50分两种,邮票规格为26×31毫米,整张的枚数为32枚,采用影写雕刻技术。其设计者为张二苗,雕刻者则为呼振源、阎炳武、李庆发等;第三轮生肖狗正版票则发行于2006年,其整张枚数是20枚,规格为180×210mm,采用影写技术,设计者是吕胜中。 1994年狗邮票整版价格表如下(仅供参考): 邮票品名连号版票单版1994年狗价格50元45元 生肖狗整版票行情投资分析生肖题材邮票的发行深受市民大众的喜爱,对生肖邮票的收藏也就寄托了人们对生肖的特殊情感,正是针对于集邮爱好者对生肖邮票的特殊偏好,第一轮生肖狗整版票的收藏者正在日益扩大,且加上第一轮生肖狗整版发行时间距今也较久远,这也就让第一轮生肖狗整版票的价值将会越来越大,升值空间大。 第三轮生肖狗整版票则在2013年年底惊现火爆行情,其价格在短短十天之内暴涨至1倍,冲破了110元的关口后先是进行了徘徊调整期,之后却势如破竹的冲破150元大关,涨幅巨大,并因此引爆了2013年年末的生肖市场;而第二轮的生肖狗整版票的价格则没有前面两者高。

由此可见,生肖狗整版票尤其是第一轮和第三轮整版票的市场前景还是不错的,建议投资者可及时入手生肖狗整版票,尤其是那些具有一定经济实力的投资者更是要早点入手第一轮生肖狗整版票,毕竟在三者之中其升值空间最大,未来投资者的收入也将会更多;对于其他两套整版票虽然其当前价格不是很高,收益也不是很大,但是其入手门槛小,投资者们可以对它们进行长线投资。 但是,生肖邮票价格也存在炒作的成分,投机性也会比较强,因此,也会存在大部分邮票在进行炒作之后价格出现好、大幅度回落的现象。因此,投资者应该尽量避免盲目跟风投资,以免被套牢。 (尊重他人劳动成果,转载请标明来源爱藏网。)

分析2003年羊票图片及价格

分析2003年羊票图片及价格 生肖文化对我国的发展影响深远,而其中生肖羊也因为自身的特性性也一直影响着中华民族的发展,对我国的文字、饮食、道德,等等方面都有莫大的影响力。可以说象征着美丽而纯洁的羊生肖令我国走向了更加美好。而为了纪念生肖羊,我国于2003年1月5日发行了2003-1羊年邮票,图案为五彩缤纷民俗气息浓郁的斑斓小羊,形象生动,值得藏友收藏,而这枚邮票也被称之为“回头羊”。 邮票市场不断在发展,收藏邮票的人也变得更多,2003年羊票是指在2003年发行是羊年邮票,这张邮票的具体发行时间是在2003年1月5日。邮票的齿孔数是验证邮票真伪的一个重要标识,2003年羊票的齿孔数是11.5度,2003年羊票是影雕版的邮票。票面设计相当精美,2003年羊票是由北京邮票厂印制的邮票,一共包含了两张。2003年羊票的具体发行数量是80分面值的4620万枚,2元面值的邮票发行数量是3800万枚。2003年羊票是发行的生肖邮票第二轮中的最后一套,极具收藏价值。 2003年羊票市场广阔:生肖邮票在市场上一直都是很受欢迎的,除了在中国,生肖邮票还遍布在每一处有华人的地方,生肖邮票是中国的品牌,在世界上享有美誉。集邮爱好者们也是颇为偏爱生肖邮票。2003年羊票作为最后一套,是很有收藏价值的。收藏市场上收藏头和收藏尾的定律让2003年羊票的收藏价格节节攀升。 2003年羊票行情良好:2003年羊票的最新市场价格是在1950元人民币,如果作为礼品

赠送亲朋好友,2003年羊票算是一款高端大气上档次的礼品了。市场价格没有止步不前,每年都设有上升的2003年羊票是很有收藏的价值。2003年羊票的未来发展是值得看好的,投资收藏2003年羊票也会有不错的回报。 (尊重他人劳动成果,转载请标明来源爱藏网。)

英特尔的芯片大败局

配图来自Canva 关于英特尔衰落的讨论已经绵延数年时间,如今英特尔败局已定,所有争论都可以止歇了。 7 月28 日,英特尔CEO鲍勃·斯旺Bob Swan正式宣布,对公司的技术组织和执行团队进行调整。首席工程官默蒂·伦杜钦塔拉(Murthy Renduchintala)将于8月3日离职。英特尔在声明中表示,近期对技术组织和团队的一切调整,都是为了“从领导能力层面推动产品加速,提高工艺技术执行的重点和责任心”。 显然,英特尔突然对自己的核心技术部门做出如此大幅度的人事调整,起因就是近几年在先进制程工艺技术上的一再延迟。作为曾经最强大的IT巨头,在先进制程上的落伍,已经将英特尔拖入了很危险的境地。 漂亮的财报,沦为镜花水月 在关于Renduchintala的人事调动公布之前几天,英特尔发布了2020年Q2财报,财务表现非常亮眼。

财报显示,英特尔二季度实现营收197亿美元,同比增长20%,刷新单季度营收最高纪录。同时实现净利润51亿美元,同比增长22%,毛利率继续维持高位,达到53.3%。总之,从主要财务数据来看,二季度英特尔的业绩表现在疫情中不升反降,堪称惊艳。 其实不单是二季度,一季度英特尔的财务表现也非常亮眼。所以在整个2020年上半年,英特尔实现了396亿美元的营收,同比增长21%。净利润更是同比增长32%至108亿美元。单就业绩增长而言,英特尔实现了2011年之后近十年来的最大突破。 但英特尔在发布二季度财报同时披露的一条消息,让其漂亮的财务表现瞬间黯然失色。英特尔披露,其原定于2020年底推出的7nm CPU芯片将推迟6个月。 这一宣布震惊了华尔街,24日财报发布当天,英特尔股价暴跌16.24%,市值蒸发415亿美元,创下近四个月以来的最大跌幅。同一天,英特尔的主要竞争对手AMD和台积电股价飙升,AMD涨16.50%,台积电涨9.69%。 英特尔先进制程工艺延后的严重后果,还要比股市表现糟糕得多。 英特尔7纳米工艺要到2022年下半年或2023年初才能在市场上首次亮相。相比之下,早在2018年,AMD就发布了其基于台积电7nm制程工艺的桌面端CPU。也就是说,起码等AMD的7nm CPU卖到第四年,英特尔自己制造的7nm CPU才能面世。 再考虑到中芯国际今年年底就可以量产接近7nm的N+1工艺,并且根据高盛估计,中芯国际将在2022年升级到7nm工艺。也就是说,在先进制程方面,英特尔不仅会被领先的竞争对手们远远甩在身后,甚至还将会被我国企业逐渐超越。 总之,在全球半导体行业中,英特尔已经失去了领先地位,而且被拉开的差距将会越来越大。在这个严峻的问题面前,再漂亮的财务数据都成了镜花水月。 英特尔败于傲慢和短视 如今英特尔败局已定,不过作为全球过去最领先、强大的IT巨头,英特尔走向失败的原因非常值得探讨。 实际上,英特尔衰落的直接原因显而易见——没能跟上智能手机时代变革的步伐。 2010年前后,智能手机在全球范围内加速普及,这个过程中,PC市场受到冲击不断萎缩,2012年之后,全球PC出货量不断下滑。受到智能手机的冲击,2012年之后英特尔的桌面CPU出货量也开始不断下滑。而个人电脑(PC)业务是英特尔的主要收入来源,所以可以看到,2012年之后其营收增速明显降低。

1997-1丁丑年(牛票)图片及价格

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