最小混相压力

SPE 165966

Minimum Miscibility Pressure Measurement with Slim Tube Apparatus - How Unique is the Value?

Jamiu M. Ekundayo, Abu Dhabi Co. Onshore Oil Opn.; Shawket G. Ghedan, Computer Modeling Group, Ltd.

Copyright 2013, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 16–18 September 2013.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract

Over the years, the slim tube experiment has been the most commonly used laboratory technique for determination of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for designing field miscible floods. However, till now, the design of these experiments is not standardized, neither in terms of set-up nor procedure. Often, the set-up, characteristics of the slim tube coil and even the experimental procedures are left to the discretion of the experimentalist, leading to very uncertain and non-unique MMP values, to say the least. Not just the uniqueness is of great concern, but also the lack of measurement repeatability; two measurements using same fluid samples under the “same experimental conditions” may result in too different MMP values. Matching these experiments with any PVT simulation package may pose a challenge, which even if a match is achieved, may be of questionable reliability. It is on this premise that this work was based.

Slim tube experiments were designed and performed to study the effects of some parameters on the uniqueness and repeatability of the MMP measurements. It was found that MMP measurements are different with different injection rates. The lowest tested rate showed slightly lower MMP and better recovery performance than the other tested rates. No clear trend was noted, however. MMP was found to be lower for the larger coil diameter of the two investigated. MMP decreased as the coil length increased. The decrease in MMP with increase in coil length followed a parabolic trend.

It was, therefore, concluded that laboratory measurements of MMP using the slim tube apparatus is a function of not just the characteristics of the interacting fluids but also those of the coil used as well as the choice of injection rates. The experimental design and procedure need to be unified to produce more reliable MMP data. It is the recommendation of the authors to design the experimental injection rate based on the expected field gas injection, to use the largest coil diameter possible, and to design the coil length, based on the expected well spacing between the injector and producer.

Introduction

One of the important parameters to consider when designing a miscible gas flooding project is the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). MMP is defined as the threshold pressure to achieve miscibility in-situ between the injection gas and the reservoir oil. To obtain the maximum benefits from a miscible gas flooding project, it is necessary to operate close to this threshold value. The success of miscible gas flooding projects, therefore, undoubtedly depends strongly on how representative the laboratory-measured or simulated MMP is when implemented in the field. Thus, measurements of MMP have become an integral part of the design of gas injection projects (Ayirala et al., 2007). MMP can be determined by several techniques broadly classified as computational or experimental; each with its inherent pros and cons. The focus of this paper is on slim tube experimental approach because such experiments have been unequivocally adopted as the standard for MMP measurement.

The slim tube experiment has been used for decades to measure MMP because of its ability to simulate the 1-D displacement of reservoir oil by injected gas based on the interaction of gas-oil thermodynamic properties in the grain-packed coil of considerably large length and relatively small diameter. The procedure involves the injection of selected gas to contact the reservoir oil that has been pre-charged into the slim tube apparatus and stabilized at the reservoir temperature and displacement pressure.

Different approaches have been published for determining the MMP from a slim tube test. According to Holm et al. (1974), MMP is the pressure that achieves a recovery of more than 80% of the IOIP at gas breakthrough and an ultimate recovery of more than 94% of the IOIP (Holm et al., 1974). According to Yellig et al. (1980), displacement is tagged miscible if recovery at 1.2PV is near maximum. The authors also used the appearance of a transition-zone fluid in a sight glass as an indication of

miscibility. They considered color degradation from dark oil to yellow fluid as an indication of multi-contact miscibility whereas the production of clear vapor and dark oil implied immiscible flood (Yellig et al., 1980). Elsharkawy et al. (1992) assumed MMP to be the break-over pressure in the plots of oil recovery at gas breakthrough or at 1PV to 1.2PV of injected gas or ultimate oil recovery against displacement pressure. However, if the break-over is not sharp, the authors suggested taking MMP as the pressure for which incremental oil recovery per incremental pressure increase is less than some arbitrary value (Elsharkawy et al., 1992).

In attempts to standardize the procedures for slim tube experiments, moderate to low flow rates of the injection gas, long coil lengths and small tube diameters have been suggested by earlier researchers to avoid unfavorable effects of fingering, transition zone length and transverse compositional variations (Elsharkawy et al., 1992, and Randall et al., 1988). Thus, slim tube experiments are time consuming and it may take weeks to complete one set of miscibility experiments (Ayirala et al., 2007) depending on the pore volume, porosity and permeability of the coil as well as the choice of injection rate. The type and size of the packing material controls these properties of the coil and is therefore another interesting factor to consider when designing a slim tube experiment for MMP measurement. Omole et al. (1989) studied the effects of length of sand-packs on MMP for a CO2-crude oil system in a vertical displacement mode. Although they observed recoveries comparable to those of slim tubes of comparable lengths, they did not observe any relationship between the measured MMP and core length for the range of lengths they investigated (Omole et al., 1989). It should be pointed out however that the lengths explored by the authors were in the range 0.5m to 6m (less than 2ft to less than 20ft) which might well be below the minimum length needed for miscibility to develop. Flock et al. (1984) studied the effects of injection rate and coil length on MMP measured with slim tube apparatus. They observed that while there was no clear relationship between the injection rate and the measured MMP, the break in slope was accentuated as the injection rate increased to promote viscous fingering. On the contrary, the authors observed that increasing the length implied a more clearly defined break in slope. They also observed that for any injection rate, the total recovery increased as the coil length increased; the rate of increase in the total recovery was observed to also follow the same trend. This trend was thought to be as a result of the stabilizing effect of increased length on the transition zone. Based on their observations, the authors concluded that the measured MMPs depended to a great extent on the coil length and to a lesser extent on the injection rate for sufficiently long coil,and also that the larger the coil length, the lesser the gravity and viscous fingering effects, and the better the MMP estimation (Flock et al., 1984). They recommended a minimum coil length of 40ft to achieve a stable displacement.

Objectives

It is obvious from the above discussions that there are varying opinions on the effects of different properties of slim tube coil on MMP. The same can be said about the effect of injection rate. This invariably means there is need for further investigations in this area. With this in mind and in an attempt to obtain the most representative MMP (from slim tube experiments) for EOS tuning, we decided to perform series of slim tube experiments varying selected properties of the coil as well as the injection rate. For this part of the project, three parameters (coil length, coil diameter and injection rate) were investigated. In each case, the coil was packed with 80-120 mesh Ottawa sand in order to keep the porosity and permeability approximately constant for all the cases.

Sample Preparation and Fluid Studies

The fluid sample used in this study was a recombined sample produced from selected separator oil and gas samples. The separator samples were collected at 362.5psig and 161.6o F. The samples were validated in the laboratory and then analyzed for compositions. Expected wellstream composition at the reservoir temperature of 265o F was calculated and physical recombination based on GOR followed. The recombined sample was analyzed for composition and the obtained composition was compared with that of the calculated wellstream and found to match reasonably well. Table 1 presents the compositions of the recombined sample and the injection gas.

Selected PVT tests (constant composition expansion and atmospheric flash tests) were performed on the produced live oil (recombined sample). The fluid study was necessary to confirm the integrity of the recombined sample with respect to the original reservoir fluid and also to obtain the reservoir fluid properties needed for oil recovery and material balance calculations.

Another validity check was performed on the produced oil sample. The experimental bubble point pressure and GOR were compared with the field values. As shown in Table 2, the experimental values were found to compare reasonably with the field values.

The injection gas used in this work was synthetic lean gas. After composition analysis, constant composition experiment was performed with the sample to obtain gas deviation factor, and other gas properties needed for recovery and material balance calculations.

Slim-Tube Experiments

The miscibility experiments in this paper were performed in a commercial laboratory using the experimental set-up displayed in Figure 1. The set-up comprised two sections namely the upstream and the downstream sections. On the upstream side was an ISCO pump connected to valve A which was connected to the injection gas cylinder with a flow-line. The valve was used to

regulate the flow of water in and out of the cylinder fixed in the air bath at the reservoir temperature (265o F). Another flow-line connected the injection gas cylinder to a valve B which was connected to the inlet valve D of the slim tube coil (also situated in the air bath at reservoir temperature and desired/run pressure) through the valve C. On the downstream side was the outlet valve E of the slim tube coil, the valve F, the downstream pressure transducer and indicator, the back-pressure regular (BPR), the two-way valve G, and the effluent handling equipment (not shown) comprising of a liquid, a mass balance, and the Brook’s gas vol-U-meter calibrator to measure the volume and temperature of the evolved gas at atmospheric pressure. Apart from varying desired parameters in the course of this study, the standard procedures followed in the laboratory were followed all through. The tests were performed with three high-pressure slim tube coils of varied lengths and each packed with 80-120 mesh Ottawa sand.

The pore volume was measured by charging the coil to displacement pressure with toluene and the individual volumes measured from valves C to G. The system was heated to reservoir temperature and reservoir fluid was then injected to displace toluene from the coil by controlling the column’s end-pressure, using a backpressure regulator (BPR). The test gas was injected through valve C and the evolved products were continuously collected. The evolved gas volume, along with the weight and density of residual liquid were measured every 1 hour prior to breakthrough and ? an hour thereafter and logged into an Excel? spreadsheet for pore volume injected, oil recovery, GOR and material balance error calculations. The oil recovery and the GOR in addition to the pressure drop across the coil and the produced liquid density provided an instantaneous check on the performance of the experiment while the material balance error provided overall indication of the performance of the experiment. The effluent gas compositions were analysed at selected stages of the experiment because the gas chromatography was not available for continuous use. However, the results of the effluent gas composition analyses are not discussed in this paper.

Usually the test was performed until 1.2 to 1.4 pore volume of test gas had been injected or when the produced GOR is observed to be greater than 100,000SCF/STB. All valves were closed in a sequential order. The remaining gas within the coil was “blown down” and the atmosphe ric volume was recorded. Any residual oil produced during this process was also collected and weighed. The temperature of the system was then dropped to ambient and the coil disconnected and weighed to determine the weight of residual oil remaining at the end of the test. This way we were able to perform material balance to check for the validity of the experiment.

Table 3 summarizes the sensistivities performed in this study. A total of 30 runs are been presented in this paper; 26 of which were performed using a coil of diameter 0.12in (OD = 0.25in) and varied lengths. For these set of runs, 2 to 3 points were performed in the miscible region and another 2 to 3 runs in the immiscible region using displacement pressures from 4500psi to 6500psi at an interval of 500psi except for the case of the 80ft coil which was extended to 4300psi in order to see the break in slopes more clearly. The remaining 4 runs were performed with the same oil and injection gas samples but using a coil of 0.18in inner diameter and length 60ft and at the base rate.

Results and Discussions

Our interpretation was based on the definition of MMP as the break in slope from the plot of cumulative oil recovery (in percentage) at 1.2 pore volume of injected gas against displacement pressure (Elsharkawy et al., 1992). The instantaneous pore volume of injected gas at any stage i (where i = 1, 2, 3…) was calculated using the following equation;

()

Where water density was calculated as a function of temperature (in o C) using the Theisen-Scheal-Diesselhorst (TSD)’s

equation;

(?)[()

()

]()

Finally the cumulative pore volume injected was calculated using the equation;

∑

Figures 2-7 show the MMP plots for each of set up miscibility runs shown in Table 3. Further discussions on these results follow in the following sub-sections:

Effects of Injection Rate

Table 4 shows a summary of the percentage cumulative oil recovery at 1.2PV and the resulting material balance error at each displacement pressure for each injection rate. It can be seen that oil recovery is slightly higher with the low injection rate in the miscible region and lowest with the high rate for almost all the displacement pressures used. Also, higher recoveries are obtained with the base rate in the immiscible region. A look at the material balance errors in the same tables also suggests that the low injection rate performs better, resulting in slightly lower percentage error in material balance for each of the displacement pressures used. The error becomes more pronounced as the injection rate increases. Figure 8 shows the MMPs

for the different injection rates used. It is can be seen clearly that the relationship between MMP and injection rate is not unique although the lowest MMP was obtained with the low injection rate. As was shown in Figure 4, two possible MMPs were obtained for the high injection rate. The higher of these two MMP values considered the point of 5500 Psi as immiscible. However, considering the oil recovery was approximately 93.5%, it would be justifiable to consider the point as miscible. This led to the second, slightly lower MMP value at the same displacement pressure. Although the higher of the two MMP values obtained at the high injection rate followed our expected trend of increasing MMP with increasing injection rate, the lower value was off trend. We therefore concluded that there is no trend between the observed MMPs and the injection rates used in this study. One possible explanation for this ambiguity at high injection rate is that miscibility might not be truly achieved (considering the time it will take the gas to contact the oil) with a high injection rate since the injection gas would likely override the reservoir oil leaving behind a considerable amount of uncontacted oil.

Effects of Coil Length

The results presented in Table 5indicate that at corresponding flood pressures, oil recovery increases as the coil length increases. This is in agreement with the conclusions of Flock and Nour (1984) about oil recovery and coil length. The higher recovery obtained with increased length can be attributed to the increased stabilizing effect of increased length on the transition zone in the coil. This fact is corroborated by the material balance error (and other performance indicators not presented here) obtained for each case. It was observed that the material balance errors are lowest for the largest length (80ft) used, suggesting better performance than the other cases. The same trend was observed with the 60ft coil below the observed MMP as compared to the 40ft coil. Unfortunately, the trend changed in the miscible region; the material balance errors became more pronounced than those of 40ft coil at the same displacement pressures. There is no known reason for this change in trend because every other parameter (pressure drop across the coil, and breakthrough time, etc.) agreed with the expected trend with increasing coil length. Figure 9 exhibits the observed relationship between measured MMP and coil length. It is can be seen that the MMP is lowest with the largest length and largest with the lowest coil length. This is in agreement with the observations earlier made with the oil recovery and the proposition on the stability of the transition zone. The trend observed in Figure 9 was fitted to quadratic function which showed that beyond the investigated lengths, there exists a coil length at which MMP is lowest for the given reservoir fluid-injection gas system.

Effects of Coil Diameter

Table 6 shows a summary of the percentage cumulative oil recovery at 1.2PV and the resulting material balance error at each displacement pressure for each of the two coil diameters tested. It can be seen that the 0.18inch diameter coil gave lower material balance errors at corresponding pressures than the 0.12inch diameter coil. This implied that the performance of the larger diameter coil was better and thus the observed MMP was lower.

Simulation of PVT Experiments

In order to simulate the above PVT experiments, three sets of compositional data were entered into PVT simulation package for EOS tuning using SRK-Peneloux, as highlighted below:

?Case 1: Composition as reported from the lab (that is up to C36+);

?Case 2: Composition after adding the defined components to their respective fractions based on boiling point;

?Case 3: Compositions from case 2 with the heavier components lumped to C7+.

All the experiments could be simulated in case 1 except the MMP calculation which required a maximum of 30 components in the composition entry. Cases 2 and 3 allowed the simulation of all the experiments. Table 7 shows the results of the PVT simulation in comparison with the experimental data. For cases 1 and 2, the experimental GOR, saturation pressure, relative volume, and oil FVF at separator condition were reasonably matched without any regression. However, the Y-factor was not matched. Attempts to match the Y-function by regression failed to produce any meaningful results and were thus discarded. MMP could not be calculated for case 1 and the calculated value for case 2 before and after regression were grossly unreliable and are therefore not reported. Case 3, after regression, provided acceptable matches for GOR, saturation pressure, and FVF and also matched the Y-function reasonably in addition to providing MMP of 4918Psi with the method of characteristics and 5060Psi with the multiple mixing cell approach. However, these MMP values only compare respectively with the experimental value for the 80ft coil of ID 0.12in and that of the 60ft coil of ID 0.18in. Figures 10-12 show the results of the matched experimental data.

Conclusions and Recommendations

In order to check the uniqueness of the MMP values measured by slim-tube approach as well as to obtain the most reliable MMP for EOS tuning, series of slim tube experiments were performed. Selected parameters were varied to achieve this objective. Based on the results presented in this paper, the following observations can be made:

1.No unique trend was found between MMP and injection rate. Of the three injection rate cases tested, the low rate case

gave the lowest MMP and best performances based on the used experimental performance indicators. The deviation from the expected trend of increasing MMP with increasing injection rate was because two different values of MMP were

obtained for the high rate case. True miscibility was probably not achieved with the high rate since the gas would most likely not have enough time to interact with the oil.

2.MMP showed a decreasing trend with increasing coil length. The longest coil tested gave the lowest MMP and the best

performances. This may be attributed to the stabilizing effect of increased coil length on the transition zone in the coil.

The trend observed between MMP and the coil length was fitted to a quadratic function which suggested that beyond the coil lengths used, there exists a length at which measured MMP will be lowest for the given reservoir fluid-injection gas system.

3.MMP was also found to be lower for the larger of the two coil diameters tested. Although, the oil recoveries were found

higher for the smaller diameter case, the material balance errors were found to be smaller in the larger diameter case.

4.While the MMP calculated using the method of characteristics in PVT simulation package corresponded to the value

obtained from the longest coil tested, the multiple mixing cell approach in the same software gave a value closer to that from the larger coil diameter case.

Overall, it can be concluded that MMP measurement by the slim tube experiment is not unique. It depends grossly on the properties of the coil, and at least the choice of injection rate, all of which are sometimes at the discretion of the investigator and most times, the commercial laboratory. Overreliance on such a value in tuning an EOS at the expense of other experiments may be highly misleading.

We would recommend that to obtain a “reliable” value of MMP from a slim tube experiment, the experiment should be designed to use the longest coil with a moderately large diameter and the experiment should be performed using the lowest injection rate possible.

Nomenclature

BPR Back Pressure Regulator

CPV Cumulative Pore Volume injected, cc

EOS Equation of State

GOR Gas-Oil Ratio, Scf/Stb

ID, OD Inner, outer diameter, inch

MMP Minimum Miscibility Pressure, Psi

PVT Pressure Volume Temperature

k Pump constant

r i, r i+1Two Successive Pump Readings, cc

ρw Water Density, g/cc

T p Pump Temperature, o C

T Run (reservoir) Temperature, o C

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi and the R & D committee of the ADNOC group for financing this project, ADCO for providing the samples used in this work and ADNOC for permission to publish this paper. We would also like to thank the management of Core Laboratories, Abu Dhabi for providing an enabling environment and the technical support for this work, and Ms. Uzoamaka Audrey Nzimako (ADCO) for her effort and time in proof-reading this paper.

References

1.Ayirala S.C. and Rao D.N; “Miscibility Determination from Gas-Oil Interfacial Tension and P-R Equation of State” The Canadian

Journal of Chemical Engineering, Volume 85, Pages 302-312, June 2007.

2.Holm L.W. and Josendal V.A; “Mechanisms of Oil Displacement by Carbon Dioxide”, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Society of

Petroleum Engineers of AIME, pages 1427-1438, December 1974.

3.Yellig W. F., and Metcalfe R. S.; “Determination and Prediction of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressures”, Journal of Petroleum

Technology, Pages 160-168 (1980).

4.Elsharkawy A. M., Poettmann F. H., and Christiansen R. L.; “Measuring Minimum Miscibility Pressure: Slim-Tube or Rising-Bubble

Me thod”, SPE Paper 24114, 8th Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Tulsa, USA, April 22-24, 1992.

5.Randall T. E. and Bennion D. B.; “Recent Developments in Slim Tube Testing for Hydrocarbon-Miscible Flood (HCMF) Solvent

Design”, Journal of Canadian Petroleum T echnology, Volume 27, Pages 33-44 (1988).

6.Omole O. and Osoba J.S.; “Effect of Column Length on CO2-Crude Oil Miscibility Pressure”, Journals of Canadian Petroleum

Technology, Volume 28, No. 4, pp 97-102, July-Aug. 1989.

7.Flock, D. L., and Nouar, A.; "Parametric Analysis on the determination of Minimum Miscibility Pressure in Slim-Tube Displacement",

Journal Canadian Petroleum Technology 23, Number 5, Pages 80-88, September-October 1984.

Table 1: Fluids’ Compositions

Table 2: Validation of Recombined Sample with Field Data

Table 3: Sensistivity Analysis for the Slim Tube Experiments

Table 4: Comparison of the Recoveries and Performances for Different Injection Rates

Table 5: Comparison of the Recoveries and Performances for Different Coil Lengths

Table 6: Comparison of the Recoveries and Performances for Different Coil Diameters

Table 7: Comparison of Simulation Results with Experimental Data

Fig. 1: Slim Tube Experimental Set-up

Fig. 2: MMP Plot for Runs 1-5 (0.12in, 40ft coil at low rate) Fig. 3: MMP Plot for Runs 6-10 (0.12in, 40ft coil at base rate)

8082

84868890929496

98

1004000

45005000

5500

600065007000

C u m u l a t i v e O i l R e c o v e r y @ 1.2 P V I n j e c t e d , %

Run Pressure, Psi

MMP Plot for 40ft Coil @ Base Rate

Fig. 4: MMP Plot for Runs 11-15 (0.12in, 40ft coil at high rate) Fig. 5: MMP Plot for Runs 16-20 (0.12in, 60ft coil at base rate)

Fig. 6: MMP Plot for Runs 21-26 (0.12in, 80ft coil at base rate) Fig. 7: MMP Plot for Runs 27-30 (0.18in, 60ft coil at base rate)

Fig. 8: Effect of Injection Rate (based on 0.12inch ID) Fig. 9: Effect of Coil Length (based on 0.12inch ID)

45005000

5500

Run Pressure, Psi

Fig. 10: Plots of Relative Volumes before and after Regression to Experimental Data

Fig. 11: Plots of Y-function before and after Regression to Experimental Data

Fig. 12: MMP Determination from Multiple Mixing Cell Approach

缓解压力的十个小方法

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多种方法确定CO2驱最小混相压力

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缓解压力的四大方法

调整压力的四个方法 心理压力即精神压力，现代生活中每个人都有所体验，心理压力总的来说有社会、生活和竞争三个压力源。压力过大、过多会损害身体健康。那么，当我们出现心理压力时，应该如何去调整呢？下面就来为大家介绍几种调整压力的方法。方法/步骤 一、运动解压 运动可以让身体产生的腓肽效应，能愉悦神经。腓肽是身体的一种激素，被称作“快乐因子”。腓肽效应让人感觉到高兴和满足，甚至可以把压力和不愉快都带走。所以运动是一个很好的缓解压力，让人保持良性的、平和的心态的方法。 1、学会如何运动 运动解压也需要一定的方法，如果方法不对，不但对解压没有帮助，反而可能会导致压力更大，想通过运动缓解压力，可以先参加一些缓和的、运动量小的运动，使心情先平静下来，再逐渐过渡到大运动量的运动。这需要循循渐进，一步一步来。 如果压力来源于工作与学习，那么可以参加一些集体运动，如篮球、排球等，在这些运动过程中，可以体会到合作的愉快。 2、运动环境的选择 运动环境对于解压有关键性的影响，一个好的环境，可以让效果更加的明显。 如经常在室内运动的人，到户外去爬山，到小树林里去跑步，会感觉更加的轻松与愉快。在安静的地方，闭目养神几分钟，做几次深呼吸，可以达到最好的放松、减压的效果。 二、冥想解压 通过冥想，想像你所喜爱的地方，如大海、高山等，放松大脑;把思绪集中在想像物的“看、闻、听”上，让自己进入到想象之中，就如同自己大海、高山之中，享受着那一份心灵上的放松。

三、饮食解压 饮食解压也是一个不错的选择，很多人心理压力大时，会通过饮食来调整。如果你心理压力大，不妨多吃些以下食物： 1、吃菠萝 在菠萝中含有丰富的维他命b、c，它们都具有消除疲劳、释放压力的功效，除此之外在菠萝中还含有着酵素成分，它能帮助蛋白质进行充分的消化以及分解，从而减轻肠胃的负担。 2、嗑瓜子 瓜子同样具有很好的消除疲劳的作用，这是由于在瓜子中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸、维生素等营养物质。特别是其中的锌，还能安抚情绪、消除疲劳。同进嗑瓜子还能放松你的大脑，从不良情绪与心理压力中摆脱出来。 四、按摩解压 当你的压力过大时，可以试着做一做按摩。我们知道，身体上的紧张与压抑，也会导致心理上的紧张与压抑。当你的身体通过按摩放松后，你的心理压力也会跟着一起放松。

缓解压力的十个小方法

Most pressure, may be the highest efficiency. 压力最大的时候，效率可能最高 日渐紧张的生活节奏让我们的心脏承受着巨大的压力：心脏病几率的上升，呼吸困难（heavy breathing）、血管收缩（constricted blood vessels）。我们不再像祖先那样紧追猛禽并取其性命，与之相反的却是生气的配偶、糟糕的交通甚至令人生厌的的工作。慢性的压力（Chronic stress）可以让我们产生诸如慢性头疼（chronic headache）、高血压（hypertension）、抑郁症（depression）或者（ anxiety disorders），更有甚者，让问题更严重。 话说回来，人类是世界上最聪明的动物，我们总能找到应对各种问题的方法，给大家分享是个缓解心理压力的10个方法： ? 1、感恩（ Gratitude）自己所学到的任何东西 正如中国有句古话说的：“塞翁失马，焉知非福。”因此，任何从失败中汲取的经验都应该心怀感激。就像你经历的事情一样，总会在生命的某一个让你感受到它所带给你的帮助一样。 基于此，就应该对你所经历的事情保有感怀的心，让自己知道并对这种情况予以适应和理解，待日后遇到此类问题的时候，我们便有了应对的策略和方法，不至于手足无措，无所适从。 ? 2、养花种草（Get a Plant） 不知道您是否去过充满绿植的办公环境，充满绿色的房间让让人感觉更加舒适，不会太紧张，有氧的空间也会给人心旷神怡的舒适感。 那么，可以在自己的房间或者办公室里简单地布置一些绿色植物，以便降低自己的血压（lower your blood pressure），也会让你自己的舒缓下情绪，同样的，空气也会得到净化（purify the air），如：芦荟植物（Aloe plants）、常春藤（English ivy）、橡胶树（rubber trees）、白掌（peace lilies）、虎尾兰（snake plants）、棕竹（bamboo palms）、蔓绿绒（philodendron）、吊兰（spider plants）、红边龙血树（red edged dracaena），以及绿萝（red edged dracaena）和其他绿植都可以帮助我们清理室内的毒素，促进身体健康。 ? 3、真诚地赞扬别人（Pay Someone a Compliment, Genuinely） 真诚地赞赏别人可以让我们心情愉悦，同时也会给别人来带很亲和的作用和效果，日常生活中我们的不妨从多方面发现别人的优势和特长，并帮助他们释放出来。