2016年职称英语综合BC级教材word已排版

第二部分阅读判断

第一篇Taking Pictures of the World 镜头中的世界

第二遍“Own” Your Children’s Education拥有孩子的教育

第三篇Across the Desert 错误！未定义书签。穿越沙漠

第四篇Smoking 3吸烟

第五篇Plants and Mankind植物与人类3

第六篇Brands 3品牌

第七篇Moderate Earthquake Strikes England 3中度地震袭击英格兰

第八篇Easy Learning 4轻松学习

第九篇What Is a Dream?—2014新增什么是梦4

第十篇The Workers' Role in Management 5工人在管理中的作用

第三部分概括大意与完成句子6

第一篇The Making of a Success Story 6发迹史

第二篇The Paper Chase 6文件管理

第三篇English and English Community 6英语和英语群体

第四篇Alaska 7阿拉斯加

第五篇US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 7美国签订了全球烟草协议

第六篇How We Form First Impression 8对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的？

第七篇How to Argue with Your Boss 8怎样与老板争论？

第八篇Screen Test—2014新增错误！未定义书签。透视检查

第九篇Transport and Trade 8交通与贸易

第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language W学会了美国手语

第四部分阅读理解10

第一篇Telling Tales about People 讲述关于人的故事

第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 课外学习带来很大不同

第三篇Shark attack! 10小心鲨鱼

第四篇Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝神福第五篇The Travels of Ibn Battuta 11IBN B 游记

第六篇Native American Pottery 12美国本土陶器

第七篇Modern Sun Worshippers 12现代日光浴崇拜者

第八篇The Changing Middle Class--2012已经考过13变化中的中产阶级

第九篇Single-parent Kids Do Best 13单亲幼儿最出色

第十篇A Letter from Alan 14艾伦的来信

第十一篇The Development of Ballet—2013已考14芭蕾舞的发展

第十二篇Smuggling 14走私

第十三篇The Barbie Dolls 15芭比娃娃

第十四篇Sleep 15睡眠

第十五篇Orbital Space Plane 16轨道航天飞机

第十六篇The Sahara 错误！未定义书签。撤哈拉沙漠

第十七篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful 16引人注目的埃非尔铁塔

第十八篇Goal of American Education 17美国教育的目标

第十九篇The Family 17家庭

第二十篇Tales of the Terrible Past 18讲述可怕的过去

第二十一篇Spacing in Animals 18动物的空间距离

第二十二篇Some Things We Know about Language 18我们知道的关于语言的一些事情

第二十三篇The Only Way Is Up 19只好向上

第二十四篇The Romance of Arthur 19亚瑟传奇

第二十五篇Income 20收入

第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago 20看许久以前的世界

第二十七篇Importance of Services 21服务业的重要性第二十八篇The National Park Service 21国家公园的服务机构

第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach—2014新22我也能成为BACH

第三十篇“Lucky”Lord Lucan --- Alive or Dead—2013已考22幸运儿子鲁肯伯爵是死是活第三十一篇Pool Watch 23泳池监护

第三十二篇The Cherokee Nation 23彻罗基部落

第三十三篇Oseola McCarty---已考过24老妇人OSEOLA MCCARY

第五部分补全短文25

第一篇What We Take from and Give to the Sea 论我们给予大海及向大海索取的

第二篇Teamwork in Tourism 25旅游业中的团队合作

第三篇The Value of Tears 25眼泪的价值

第四篇The First Four Minutes 25最初四分钟

第五篇Financial Risks 26金融风险

第六篇Mobile Phones 26移动电话

第七篇The World's Longest Bridge 世界上最长的桥

第八篇Public Relations 27公关

第九篇style not fashion 27风格，不公是时尚

第十篇Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change 28生态变化的气压计蚂蚁

第六部分完形填空29

第一篇A Life with Birds 29有鸟陪伴的生活

第二篇A Lucky Break 29幸运的骨折

第三篇Global Warming—2013已考过29全球变暖

第四篇A Success Story 29一个成功的故事

第五篇Traffic in Our Cities--2012已经考过30城市的交通

第六篇Teaching and learning—2013已考过30教与学

第七篇The Difference between Man and Computer 30人与计算机的区别

第八篇Look on The Bright Side---2013已经考过31看光明的一面

第九篇Style,Not Fashion 31第一辆自行车

第十篇Working Mothers 31职业母亲

第二部分阅读判断

第一篇Taking Pictures of the World

Meet Annie Griffiths Belt, a National Geographic photographer. Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978, and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world. In fact, Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn’t seen yet.

Belt’s photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality. They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world. Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan, as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England. Recently, her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America.

Everywhere that Belt goes, she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language. “T he greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people’s lives,” she has said: “the camera is like a passport, and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me!”

Knowing how to break the ice has helped to make Belt a successful photographer, but experts say that anyone can learn to connect with new people. When people speak the same language, greetings and small talk can make strangers feel more comfortable with each other. When people don’t speak the same language, a smile is very helpful. Having something in common can also help break the ice. For example, Belt has traveled with her two children, so when she takes pictures of children or their parents, they all have that family connection in common. Even bad weather can help people to connect when they are experiencing it together.

Belt has some advice if you are thinking about a career in photography. You can volunteer to take pictures for a local organization that can’t afford to hire a professional photographer. You can also take a good, honest look at your best photographs. If you’re a real photographer, your photos are good because of your personal and technical skills. Belt also recommends studying and learning form photos taken by professional photographers.

Remember, the next time you look at a beautiful photograph, you might be looking at the work of Annie Griffiths Belt. And the next time you meet a new person, don’t be afraid to break the ice. The connection you make could be very rewarding. 练习：

1.Belt has never traveled to England. BAC,ABAA

2.Belt has never traveled to Antarctica.

3. Belt has worked for a number of magazines.

4. Petra is a very old city in Jordan.

6. People can connect with each other in bad weather.

7. V olunteering is one way to begin a photography career.

参考译文：第一篇镜头中的世界

让我们来认识摄影师艾妮.格里菲斯.贝尔特。贝尔特从1978年以来就一直在为《国家地理》杂志拍摄照片，她的拍摄足迹几乎遍布世界上的所有大洲。事实上，南极洲是贝尔特唯一没亲眼见过的大洲。

贝尔特的拍摄作品因美轮美奂和质量上乘而广为人知，它们也反映了世界上不同的文化和地区。贝尔特曾经为约旦古城佩特拉和英格兰湖区的美景拍过照片。最近，在一本介绍北美未开发的自然区域的书中出现了她的摄影作品。

无论去哪里，贝尔特都在所到之处拍下人物照片。贝尔特已经找到在语言不通的情况下和不同年龄、不同民族的人进行沟通的方法。“我的工作的最大优势就是可以走进人们的生活，”她说，“照相机就像通行证一样，而且我常常由于人们迅速地接纳我而被搞得手足无措!”

知道如何打开话题帮助贝尔特成为了一名成功的摄影师，但是专家们声称任何人都能学会如何同陌生人打交道。当语言相通时，打招呼和相互寒暄能使陌生人之间感到更舒适。当语言不通时，微笑就会变得很有用。彼此的共同点也有助于打开话题。比如，贝尔特常和她的两个孩子一起旅行，所以当她为孩子们或孩子们的父母拍照时，他们就有了相同之处：家庭联系。甚至一起体验坏天气也可以帮助人们增进相互间的交流。

如果你正在考虑从事摄影行业，贝尔特对此有一些建议。你可以当个志愿者为没钱请专业摄影师的地方机构拍摄照片。你也可以用诚实的态度仔细端详自己最好的摄影作品。如果你是一位真正的摄影师，你的作品会因为你的个人特色和精湛的技艺而变得出类拔萃。贝尔特也推荐向专业摄影师的作品学习。

记住，当你下一次看到漂亮的照片时，也许你看的正是艾妮.格里菲斯.贝尔特的作品。当你下一次遇见陌生人时，不要害怕打开话题。你为沟通所做的一切都是非常值得的。

第二遍“Own” Your Children’s Education

“Helping them isn’t about showing your kids how to do the work. It’s about being genuinely interested and having regular conversations about what they’re learning.” says J. Gary Knowles, a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, part of the University of Toronto.

Rozon has a slew of suggestions for how to get more involved. “G et to know the teacher. Discuss ways to tailor the assignments to your child’s learning style. Spend time in the classroom. Ask for outlines of unit studies so you can find supplementary materials at the library or through videos. Read your child’s textbooks: If you work a few pages ahead, you’ll be able to help them with problems they encounter.”

Reading is another must, says Rozon. “Even after your children can read themselves, hearing somebody else read aloud is important. We nearly always have a book on the go; we read for at least a half hour before bedtime.”

The more engaged a parent is, the more the child benefits, adds Bruce Aria. “The evidence is clear: Parental involvement is one of the most important factors in school success.” Aria cites the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, sponsored by Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), which is measuring all aspects of child development. “The hours children spend in class are but one element of their education”, states HRDC, which says parental support, along with teacher support and a positive attitude towards school, all contribute to academic success.

“I see every moment of every day as a learning experience.” says Goforth. “The most satisfying part of it is seeing the love of learning continued. I’m not squelching my children’s desire to learn by insisting they learn. They learn because they want to.”

Adds Jeanne Lambert, mother of Carey Graham: “M ake the time, take the time, guide, lead, and encourage. If nothing else, your children learn you care, and that’s the most important lesson you can give them.”

CBCAACC

1．According to the passage，parents should help their，children with their homework．

2．You should read your child's textbooks so that、you can teach them．

3．Children should always take a book with them 0111 the way back from school and read it aloud．

4．If parents show a lot of interest in their children's study, the children will do better at schoo1．

5．It is very important that you let your children know you feel love and concern them

6．Parents must observe classes regally．

7．Governmental support also plays a role in achieving academic success.

译文：“拥有”孩子的教育

多伦多大学安大略教育学院的教授J.Gary Knowles说：“帮助孩子不是告诉孩子怎样做。你要对他们所学的东西真正感兴趣，并和他们经常进行对话。”

怎样才能更多地参与，Rozcm给了许多建议。“与老师相识，并讨论怎样量体裁衣地布置一些适合你孩子学习风格的作业。花些时间在教室里。索要每个单元的提纲，这样的话，你可以在图书馆或者电视里找到补充材料。阅读孩子的教科书：如果你能提前读几页，你就能帮他们解决遇到的问题了。”

Rozcm认为朗读是另外一件必须做的事情。“即使你的孩子已经能自己阅读了，听别人大声朗读也是重要的。我们几乎总是有一本书在读，每天睡前我们至少阅读半个小时。”

Bruce Ami说，父母投入越多，孩子获益越多。“有证据清楚地表明：父母的参与是孩子在学校的学习得以成功的重要因素之一。”Ar祐引甩了加拿大人力资源发展部（HRDC)发起的一项对孩子发展的各个领域进行测量的全国青少年纵向调查。HRDC表明，“孩子在课堂的时间只是他们所受教育的一部分”，父母的支持、老师的帮劢和对待学习的积极态度都会促进学业的成功。

Goforth说：“我把每一天的每一刻都看做是学习的经历。”“最满意的部分就是看到对学习的热爱得以延续。我不会一味地压制我的孩子对学习的渴望。他们学是因为他们想学。”

Carey Graham的妈妈Jeanne Lambert补充说：“抽出时间，花点心思，去指引、引导和鼓励。即使没有别的收获，你的孩子也会知道你在乎他们，这是你能够给孩子上的最重要一课。”

6.People li

第三篇Across the Deserts

The Sahara Desert isthe largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal toEgypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's veryhot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find w aterin the Sahara.

In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided todo something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the SaharaDesert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted totry. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.

On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charliestarted their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00.At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was thesame thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, andthey ran and ran.

Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food duringtheir trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray,and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot offood! They also needed to drink a lot of water.

The three men had some problems on their trip, and manytimes they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C)during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt.Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. Butthey didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finishedtheir trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their handsin the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower. abaaabc

1. It’s not always hot m the Sahara Desert.

2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.

3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.

4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.

5. Sometimes they couldn't see the road because it was windy.

6. Luckily, they never got lost.

7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.译文

译文，，穿越沙漠

撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。它从内加尔到埃及横跨了非洲。撒哈拉沙漠

环境很不友好。白天很热，晚上有时候很冷。在沙漠里也很难找到水。

2006年，Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab和Charlie Engle决定做一件难度很大的事情。他们作出一个穿越4300英里（6920

公里）撒哈拉沙漠的决定。这似乎是不可能的事，但他们想尝试去做。对于喜欢挑战自己的这三个人来说这将是一次严峻的考验。

11月2日上午，Kevin，Ray, 和Charlie开始了穿越撒哈拉之旅。他们每天早上从5点开始前进（run本意是跑步，在文中的环境翻译为跑不合适）。上午11点开始停下来休息到下午5点。然后他们再次出发直到晚上9点半。每一天他们大约前行40英里（64公里）。每一天都做着同样的事情。起床，上路。用Ipods听音乐，然后走啊走。

Kevin，Ray, 和Charlie在旅程中需要吃大量食物。大多数人每天需要大约2000卡路里食物。Kevin，Ray, 和Charlie 每天需要6000至9000卡路里。真是一大堆食物。他们还需要大量的水。

这三个人在旅途中也碰到一些问题，他们很多次想退出回家。白天经常很热（140华氏度/60摄氏度），热浪让他们很不舒服。他们的腿和脚受伤了。有时风很大，大到看不到东西。有一次甚至迷路了。但是他们没有放弃。经过了111天，Kevin，Ray, 和Charlie成功的完成穿越撒哈拉之旅。他们互相拥抱，把手放到红海的水里。然后跑到酒店洗了一个酣畅淋漓的澡。

第四篇Smoking

Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.

Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.

Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.

Filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards. BAACBAB

练习：

1. It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.

2. Smoking reduces one's life expectancy.

3. Smoking may induce lung cancer.

4. There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer.

5. Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers.

6. Nicotine is poisonous.

7. Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe；

译文：吸烟

自1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定吸烟是否危害健康。证据的趋向是一致的，并且显示出吸烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究超出了所有合理的怀疑，表明吸烟与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。

这个领域的大部分研究人员都认为吸烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重荽原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。吸烟的男性因心脏病的死亡率禽于不吸烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。

除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的作用也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被玻入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物。集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这一点。

滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低危害而不是消除危害。第五篇Plants and Mankind

Botany（植物学）, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. We don’t know what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrialial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, Medicines, shelter, and many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of “knowledge”at all.

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants. And the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away. aabbbab

1．It is logical that a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.

2．People cannot survive without plants.

3.Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon teach botany to their children at school.

4.Our direct contact with plants grows with the process of industrialization.

5.Today people usually acquire a large amount of botanical knowledge from textbooks.

ving in the Middle East first learned to grow plants for food about 10,000years ago.

7.Once mankind began farming, they no longer had to get food from many varieties that grew wild.

译文：植物与人类

植物学，即对植物研究的科学，在人类文明发展的历史长河中占据着特殊地位。我们不知道旧石器时代的祖先们对植物究竟了解多少，但根据我们对现存的前n:业社会的研究,可以肯定对植物及其特点的详细了解一定非常久远。这种分析是合乎逻辑的。植物不仅是其他-切生物所需食物的根基，甚至也是其他类型植物的食物来源。它们对于人类的幸福始终是相当重要的，它们不仅仅为人们提供食物，还提供衣服、武器、工具、染料、药品、住所和许多其他东西。生活在亚马逊河的丛中的原始部落，能识别成百上千种不词植物，知道每丨种植物的属性。他们没有植物学这个概念，甚至可能没有意识到它是知识界的一个分支：

不幸的是，我们的工业化程度越髙,人类与植物间的直接联系就越少，而且对植物学知识的了解也就变得越来越模糊。然而每个人都会在无意识中获得大量的植物知识，很少会有人分辨不出玫瑰、苹果或兰花。大约」万年前，当居住在中东的新石器时代的老袓先们发现某些草可以用来种植，而且到了来年再把种子种在地里可以得到吏好的收成时,人们与植物之间的联系迈出了崭新伟大的一步。谷物的发现创造了人类农业发展史上的奇迹，即耕种庄稼。从那时起，人类就越来越多地从可控制的几种植物的生产丰族取生计纟而不是从野生的众多种类中东采一点，西摘一点。在数万年的经验中积累起来的知识以及与大自然中各种植物的紧密联系也就开始消失。

第六篇Brands

The word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses other narrower terms. A brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers. A brand differentiates one seller’s products from those of competitors. A brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. It is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.

A trademark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller. Thus trademark is essentially a legal term. All trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. They may also include a pictorial design. Some people erroneously believe that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand.

One major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who owns them—producers or middlemen. Sunbeam, Florsheim, Spalding (athletic products), and Sara Lee are producers’brands, while Allstate, Shurfine, Sysco, Craftsman, and Penncrest are middlemen's brands.

The terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership, respectively. However, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology. To say that the brand of poultry feed marketed in three states by a small Birmingham, Alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of Penney’s or Sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms national and private.

练习ABBAABA

1. “Brand”is a general term which covers narrower terms such as “brand name”, “brand mark”, and “trademark”.

2. A brand name is intended to impress customers with an attractive and original design while a trademark is intended to do so with a peculiar sound.

3. Trademarks are protected by law while brand names are not.

4. Some people identify the brand mark with the trademark.

5. Among various methods of classifying brands, the one based on ownership is widely accepted.

6. Penncrest is a national brand.

7. When classifying brands, marketing people tend to employ the categories of “producer-owned”and “middleman owned”

译文：品牌

品牌是一个综合性的术语，它包括其他范围更小的术语。一种品牌可以是一个名字、一个术语、一个符号或是一个特殊的标志，用以区别不同卖主或卖主群体的货物或劳务。品牌可以把一个卖主的商品同其他竞争者的商品区分开来。一个品觯的名字由可以清晰读出的单词、字母及数字组成。商标是品牌的一个组成部分，其形式为一个符号、一种图案、一种与众不同的色彩或字母书写。它可以从视觉上确认，但在读品牌的名学时不一定能表达出来。

商标是受法律保护的品牌，因为依据法律，它已被卖主占有了。因此，商标实质上是一个法律术语。所有的商标都是品牌，它也就包括可以被读出的单词、字母及数字。商标上也可能有图案设计。有些人错误地认为，商标仅是品觯中的图案部分。

品牌分类的一种主要方法是依据其所有人——制造商和中间商来划分。山比母、弗拉什姆、斯巴尔丁（体育用品）和萨拉李等是制造商的品牌，而奥斯泰特、舒费因、赛斯克、克拉夫茨曼和Penncrest则是中间商的品牌。’国有和私有这两个术语分别用于描述制造商与中间商的品牌所有权。不过，销售人员更偏爱生产者——中间商这个术语。我们说阿拉巴马州伯明翰市一家小广生产的、在三个州都有出售的家禽饲料为国有品牌，而Penney's或Sears 为私有品牌，就把国有和私有这两个术语的意思引申了。

第七篇Moderate Earthquake Strikes England

A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County2. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.

“It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fim-fair ride, 3”said the woman. The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel5, about 8.5 miles south of

Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7.

Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.

“I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me,”said Hendrick van Eck, 27, of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London. “I then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier9. It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down. ”

There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10.

The country’s strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geologicisd Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However, people should not be scared too much by this prediction, Musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum. BCACBAA

练习：

1．During the April 28 earthquake, the whole England was left without power.

2．The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.

3．It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured, but not seriously.

4．France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors.

5．The country’s strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.

6．Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later.

7．It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes.

中度地震袭击英国

2007年4月28日英格兰东南部地区发生中度地震，一些房屋烟囱倒塌，许多居民半夜从睡梦中惊醒。肯特郡几千人遭遇断电，一名女子头部和颈部受了轻伤。

“我感觉整个房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动。”该女子说。

英国地质调查局说，本次里氏4.3级的地震发生于上午8点19分，震中在英吉利海峡底部，位于多佛尔以前约8.5英里处的海峡隧道入口附近。

一些目击者看到郡中墙壁现裂缝，并有烟囱倒塌。当地居民说震动大约持续了10～15秒。

“我当时躺在床上，觉得好像旁边有人从床上站起来。”住在伦敦东南部60英里处的27岁的Hendrick van Eck 说，“然后我听到有东西裂开的声音，而且越来越响。就好像有人在我床尾不停地并着脚跳。”

这种规模的中度地震世界上每年都会发生几千次，但在英国仍非常少见。4月28日的地震是英国自2002 年中部城市伯明翰里氏4.8级地震以来最强的一次。

英国的地震最高曾达到里氏6.1级，1931年发生在北海。英国地质勘测所的科学家罗杰·马森说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。马森预言了英格兰的这个地区早晚还会发生地震，但他说人们不必对此产生太大恐惧，因为英国的现代地震预警系统应该能够侦测即将发生的地震，并在震前数小时内通知大家。这将使人们有时间撤离震区，并把损失降到最低。

第八篇Easy Learning

Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they’ve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.

By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.

To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds—one that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee”and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. EEG recordings of the infant’s brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.

Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.

When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who’d heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.

Cheour doesn’t know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, bunt she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don’t “turn off”their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds—so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.

练习：ACCBABB

1. Babies can learn language even in their sleep.

2. An infant can recognize a lot of vowels by the time he or she is a year old.

3. Finnish vowels are easy to distinguish.

4. The three vowels mentioned in this article are all Finnish sounds.

5. The study shows that the infant’s cerebral cortex is working while he is asleep.

6. If an adult wants to learn a language faster, he can put a language tape under his pillow.

7. Cheour’s finding is worthless.

译文：容易的学习

学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。婴儿到了一周岁时，他们可以识别出很多音，甚至一些简单的单词。芬兰Turku大学的Marie Cheour怀疑他们进步这么快的原因可能是他们不仅在醒着时学语言，而且在睡觉时也在学语言。

为了检验这个理论，Cheour和她的同事们在45个新生儿生命最初的几天里对他们进行了研究。他们让所有的婴儿听一个小时的芬兰元音"一其中一个类似“00”，另一个类似“ee”，还有一个芬兰语和类似语言特有的边界音，听起来像两者之间的声音。在此之If和之后的婴儿大脑的脑电图记录显示新生儿不能辨别这几个声音。

然后，其中15个婴儿随他们的母亲回去了，而另外的婴儿被分成两个睡觉时学习小组。一个组的婴儿夜间睡觉的时候还放着同样三个元音的录音，而其他的婴儿只听其他的较容易区分的元音。

在早晚各进行了测试之后，那些整晚都在听难识别的边界音的婴儿显示出的脑波活动说明他们现在能够识别这个新声音了。甚至当这个音的音调变化时他们仍能够识别出来，而其的婴儿没有一个能识别这个边界音的。

Cheour不知道婴儿是如何完成这个夜间学习的,但是她怀疑这种特殊能力说明跟大人不一样，婴儿睡觉时没有把大脑皮层“关掉”。她接着说，这种技能可能在生命的最初过程中渐渐消失，因应忘掉这样一个想法，即你作为一个成年人只需要把一盘语言录音带塞在枕头下面就可以学会法语中一些麻烦的音。伹是，虽然这并不能帮助成年人，Chedtir希望这些睡眠时间可用来帮助那些从基因上来说会发生语言障碍的婴儿。

第九篇What Is a Dream?—2014新增

For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.

Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior.

A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.

Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.

Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. AABCAAB

练习：

1．Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.

2．According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.

3．Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.

4．In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.

5．According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.

6．Men and women dream about different things.

7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.

译文：梦是什么

几百年来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异的事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义，另一些人则认为，梦是生命重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。

近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。

奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作《梦的解析》(1900) 中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。

瑞士精神病学家卡尔·荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同，他认为，梦的作用是给做梦的人传递一种信息，而人们通过自己的梦，可以对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果一个人梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是自视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。

现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。

多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人那么多梦。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也随着年龄增长而发展。

多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究. 他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫研究了全世界来自11种不同文化的古今案例，得出了上述结论。

梦能帮助我们更好地了解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦确实有含义，但也不意味着你梦到的事真的会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。

第十篇The Workers' Role in Management

Traditionally, it has been the workers' role to work and management's role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm's operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers' opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the companyand may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?

Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 days' notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.

It should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.

1.Traditional workers showed no interest in management. CABBACB

2.In recent years many management specialists have been arguing for the workers' role in management with two major reasons.

3.Since policy decisions are business secrets of a firm, workers should not be informed of them.

4.Before closing, a plant should put up a notice and keep it for 90 days.

5.The workers' participation in management might save a plant from closing down.

6.One of the advantages of involving workers in making a decision is that the interpersonal relationship between workers and managers can be improved.

7.An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares of a plant.

译文：工人在管理中的作用

传统上，工人的作用是生产，管理者的作用是管理。管理者计划和指导公司的运作，而很少想到去征求劳动者的意见。管理者们很少觉得应听取工人的意见或向他们的雇员解释公司的决定。公司最多提供些“意见箱”，工人们至多将改善生产流程的意见投入意见箱。然而，近几年来，许多管理专家一直在争论工人们不仅仅出卖劳动力，而且对公司有很大的利害关系，或许还能对公司的管理做出重大贡献。此外，公司的重大决定往往对工人及其家属影响极大。如果工厂倒闭，这一点就更加确定无疑了。它可能会把成百上千的人推到实业的边缘。那么，工人们应该在企业管理中发挥举足轻重的作用吗？

工人们应该在管理中扮演自己的角色。至少，劳动者应该被告知公司的政策决定（普通工人最普遍的抱怨就是对公司的政策和行动缺少了解）。在1980年和1985年之间，有500万工人在没有事先被告知的情况下，成了工厂倒闭和永久性停工的牺牲品。在这种情况下，应至少提前90天通知工人们，这样工人们才能有时间调整。管理者在关闭工厂之前，应该征求工人们的意见，因为工人们也许会提出一些建议来提高生产率，降低成本，或许他们还愿意为了帮助工厂运转而做出让步。

工人参与制订管理决策应得到普遍实施。公司的董事会或其他重大决策制订组里也应该有工人代表。如果普通工人对流水线生产的计划和管理有发言权的话，他们会帮助改善状况，而且他们的士气也会提升，生产效率也会提高。作为进一步地刺激，公司应给他们一份利润分成。这可以通过工人股票持有权方案、红利或者发效益奖获得以实现。最后，当一个工厂不能再获利经营的时候，工人们应该被赋予购买和经营本工厂的机会。

第三部分概括大意与完成句子

第一篇The Making of a Success Story

1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.

2 IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not a furniture company in the beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings .

3 IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging , so Kamprad expanded the product line . Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.

4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in the early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .

5 In 195

6 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.

6 Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries .Amazingly ,Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-help company .In 2004 he was named the world's richest man , He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself , though ,just keeps on growing.

练习CDBECAEB

1.Paragraph 2 _ C.The origin of IKEA ___.

2.Paragraph 3 ____. D.Specialization in selling furniture

3.Paragraph 4 __ B.Success brought by the introduction of showrooms

4.Paragraph 5 __ E.Flat packaging –a feature of IKEA

5. Even when he was only a child, __ C.Ingvar Kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business.

6. __ A.IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things __, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.

7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA’s showrooms because _ E.here they can see and try the furniture they are going to

buy. 8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, __ B.it is highly welcomed by both

译文：发迹史

宜家（IKEA)是世界上最大的家具零售商。它的幕后经营者是Ingvar Kampmd,可谓世界上最成功的企业家之一。Kampmd 1926年生于瑞典，天生就有做商人的资质。还是个孩子时，他就喜好卖东西，并在社区中通过售卖火柴、种子和铅笔赚了些小钱。Kampmd 17岁时，他父亲给了他一些钱作为考试成绩优秀的奖励。当然了，他用这笔钱做了生意，成立了宜家。

宜家这个名字取自Kampmd全名的首字母（I.K.)和他成长地名称的缩写（“E”“A”）。如今宜家以其现代、风格简约的家具而闻名，然而发家时它却不是一个家具公司。那时，它出售的商品五花八门。Kampmd销售任何可以打折低价出售并盈利的物件，包括手表、钢笔和长袜。宜家最初在1947年通过邮寄产品目录来出售家具。这些家具都是由Kampmd家附近的生产商

设计和制造的。起初的销售额非常喜人，所以Kamprad扩大了生产线。因为家具销售成为宜家非常重要的一个生意份额，宜家于1951年成为了专营家具公司。

1953年，宜家在瑞典的Almhult开立了第一家展示厅。今天宜家因其店面的大空间和家具的引人摆设而闻名，但在20世纪50年代初的时候，人们只是通过产品目录订购。所以宜家的首间展厅备受瞩目，因为人们十分乐意能够在购买之前亲眼看到并试用这些家具。这样的销售模式促进了销售额的增长，使得公司继续茁壮成长。截至1955.年，宜家已开始独立地设计其所有的家具。

1956年,Kamprad看到有一个人通过拆解桌子来方便装运，从而受到启发。这个人让他灵光一闪，想出了平板包装的点子。平板包装对宜家意味着更低的货运费以及对客户而言更低的售价。宜家如此示范，销售额因此一路飙升。虽然顾客自己拼装家具有些麻烦，但是时间一长，这样的亲手操作倒成了宜家的强项。现今，宜家被视为有独立自行的风格。这样的形象为公司在销售额和经营规模上带来了奇迹般的效果。

今天宜家在32个国家开有超过200家分店。令人惊叹的是，Ingvar Kamprad设法将宜家保持为一家私有企业。2004年，他被冠名为世界上最富有的人。他如今住在瑞士，已脱离了宜家的日常经营。而宜家将继续成长。

第二篇The Paper Chase

1. "Running a house is lot like running a business." says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:

2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work. whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room.

3. When in doubt, throw it out, the first step to implementing a workable filling system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read.

4. Set aside two days a month to pay bills, if a monthly due date doesn't fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date, keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills —one to correspond with each bill-paying day —and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaces.

5. Think of your filling system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filling system is both mentally and physically flexible, everyone's needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this?" Create main headings for your filling system, such as investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.

练习：AEFCBCAD

1. Paragraph 2 _ A. Find a Place to Work on

2. Paragraph 3 ___ E. Get Rid of Unimportant Things

3. Paragraph 4 ____ F. Dealing With Bills

4. Paragraph 5 __ C. What Is a Good Filing System

5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____ B. in paper chase ____

6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition __C. that it is easily reached __

7. Coupons should be thrown away because _ A. they are useless _____

8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact _D. that different people have different requirement______

译文：文件整理

Stephanie Denton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和记录工作。他说，“打理房子更像做生意”。如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供了如下建议：创造一个可以一直做文书工作的空间。这或许是一个成功机制的最重要的部分。如果你没有整张桌子的话，至少要有一个可以移动的小车来储存那些经常使用的文书，还要有一个带两个抽屉的柜子来存放家庭记录。把这个可移动的小车放在你工作最方便、最舒适的地方，无论是厨房、办公室还是家庭游艺室。

当有怀疑的时候，就把它扔出来。建立一个可行的档案系统，首先要把那些你不用、不需要或者你可以在其他地方轻易得到的文件扔掉。扔掉那些复件、旧索引和所有你永远不会有机会使用甚至阅读的优待券、邮件和礼券。

每个月留出两天时间付账单。如果每个月的结账日期不适合你，打电话给你的债权人并建议换一个更方便的日期。建立一个与每个结账日相对应的账单系统，在你当前的账单系统前放两个马尼拉折叠夹来整理所有进来的账单。在每个需要付账的文件夹前列一个清单以防发票没到或者放错了地方。

你的档案系统不是一个严格的工具，而是一个活生生的、能够呼吸的、能适应你不断变化需要的系统。一个好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性。Denton说，每个人的需要都是不同的，但是在设计档案系统前问问自己，“我要到哪儿去找它呢?”为你的档案系统加上主要的标题，比如投资、税务、孩子等，然后将文件夹分类放在标题下。不要把你的文件夹塞得过满。

第三篇English and English Community

1 There is no denying that1 English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity

2 to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.

2 A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the conimunity share a common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in aneighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.

3 We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience3, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.

4 English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language.4 English has been adoptedas the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. Moreover, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.

5 Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture;5 a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.

注释：

1.There is no denying that…：毫无疑问……

2.uniformity：一致性。uniformity是uniform的名词形式。全句译为：最终，这种语言具有足够的统一性，致使所有在英格兰居住的人都能使用。

3.for convenience：意为“为了……方便起见”

4.English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which

employ it as an international second language．对世界上许多在国际交往中把英语作为第二语言的国家来说，英语是在公共活动的几个领域中可供选用的语言之一。

5.The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture．第二语言记载的历史和文学记述了一个民族真实和虚构的生活和文化。句中history和real lives相对应，literature和fictional lives 相对应。FDACBADE

练习：

1.Paragraph 2__ F The Definition of a Speech Community _______

2.Paragraph 3__ D The Composition of the English Community _______

3.Paragraph 4__ A The Wide Use of English

4.Paragraph 5___ C The Advantages of Learning a Second Language ______

5.Only through the shared language__ B can a speech community be formed

6 The idea of the national boundaries is often different from__ A that of a speech community ___.

7.Speakers are classified into two groups_ D for the sake of simplicity

8.An understanding of English__ E has played an important role in the field of education ___

译文：英语和英语群体

毫无疑问英语是一种有用的语言。现在说英语的人构成类除了汉语者之外最大的语言群体。最初他们是从北欧定居英格兰的一些小部落。他们的语言变得越来越相似。最终，这种语言具有类足够的统一性，致使所有在英格兰居住的人都能使用。人们由于共享同一种语言而组成了一个语言群体。

一个语言群体和其他类型的群体相似。构成这个群体的人共同使用一种语言。通常他们彼此相邻，就像四邻、一个村庄或城市那样。通常他们组成一个国家。然而国界并不一定是一种语言群体的分界线。一个语言群体是讲同一种语言的人群，无论他们住在哪里。

我们可以说讲英语的人都属于英语语言群体。为了方便起见，我们可以把说英语的人分为两类：第一类中讲话者把英语作为他的母语，另一类中讲话者因为教育、商业等目的把英语作为第二语言来学。

对世界上许多国际交往中把英语作为第二语言的国家来说，英语是在公共活动的几个领域中可供选用的语言之一。英语被用作空中交通、商业和国际外交的语言。而且，英语是世界上大部分出版物所用的语言，因此教育开始严重地依赖对英语的理解。

学习第二语言能开阔人的眼界和拓宽人的思维。第二语言记载的历史和文学记述类一个民族真实和虚构的生活和文化；了解它们能够提高我们的理解力，并且像他们那样去感受。把英语作为第二外语来学口语提供另一种交流途径，通过这个途径整个英语语言群体的窗口就成为我们的文化遗产的一部分。

第四篇Alaska

In 1858 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state，symbolizing a change of attitude that hold in 1867，when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then，most Americans had little interest in 1，500，000 square kilometers “of icebergs and polar bear”-beyond Canada s western borders，far from the settled areas of the United States.

In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle，Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bear. Ice buried in the earth，which is permanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters，From early May until early August，the midnight sun never sets on this flat，treeless region，but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.

Alaska is America s largest state，but only about 325，000 people live there. According to estimates，800，000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640，000 hectares are being cultivated.

Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia，probably crossing Bering Strait，named for Vitus Bering，the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741. The Eskimos are the state s earliest known inhabitants. Russian fur traders established settlements but，by the time Alaska was sold to the United States，most of the traders had departed.

In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousand of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike；some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again，although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the U.S mainland，and within the state，every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers，mail and freight to the most distant villages.

The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended，and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature，the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaska waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $ 90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams，and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing，the state s chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years，Alaska s single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal，copper，gold and other minerals.

练习：FDCADECA

1. Paragraph 3__ F）Land and population ______

2. Paragraph 4___ D）The natives of the land ______

3. Paragraph 5__ C）Transportation problem _______

4. Paragraph 6___ A）Rich resources of the state ______

5. For as long as three months of a year，the sun ___ D. shines day and night _____ on the ice-covered land of Alaska.

6. According to statistics，_ E. only a very small percentage ____of the total area of Alaska has been used for farming.

7. Alaska was originally part of Russia，but was b ought ___ C. by the United States in the 19th century ____.

8. Gold did not bring to Alaska as much wealth____ A. as fish does ___ 答案与题解：

译文：阿拉斯加

1959年美国人欢迎阿拉斯加成为美国的第49个州，这表明美国人的态度与1867年刚把这个半岛从俄罗斯手中买来时的态度相比有了转变。那个时候，大多数美国人对这块150万平方公里冰山和北极熊的土地不感兴趣。它在加拿大的那一头，远离美国有人居住的地区。

阿拉斯加州在北极圈里的部分仍旧是冰山和北极熊出没的地方。巨大的冰块被埋在地下，这里永久的冻土层有90米或者更深。从5月初到8月初，午夜的太阳从不离开这个平坦、连一棵树都没有的地带。然而这时的太阳只能晒化2/3米深的冻土层。

阿拉斯加是美国最大的州，而居民却只有32. 5万人。据估计，这里只有80万公顷土地适合耕种，然而正在开发的却只有64万公顷。

阿拉斯加处于北极地区的部分千百年来就是爱斯基摩人的家园。据说最早的爱斯基摩人是从蒙古或西伯利亚穿过白令海峡到这里来的。白令海峡因丹麦船长威塔斯?白令而得名。白令船长在1741年为俄罗斯所做的一次航行中发现了阿拉斯加。爱斯基摩人是已知的阿拉斯加最早的居民。俄罗斯皮毛商在这里建立了居民区。然而，当阿拉斯加被卖给美国人的时候，他们大多离开了这里。

18年在靠近阿拉斯加的加拿大边境的克朗代克河附近发现了金子。成千上万的美国人在奔赴克朗代克河的路上到了这个地区，有些人就再也没返回。阿拉斯加与其他地方完全隔离的情况结束了，可是即使是在今天，运输仍然是主要问题。只有两条公路通往美国本土，而州内各市都有自己的机场。飞机将乘客、邮件和货物送到最偏远的村落。

给阿拉斯加的生活带来突变的金子很快就被采光了。虽然那些关于矿区营地的故事被写进文学作品，然而阿拉斯加的金子对经济发展的贡献远不如阿拉斯加水中的鱼。那里一年捕到的鱼能卖8 000万到9 000方美元。皮毛类动物在溪流和森林里多的是，水里有皮毛昂贵的海豹。仅次于捕鱼业的是木材业和木浆生产。近几年来阿拉斯加最重要的资源是石油。阿拉斯加还有丰富的煤、铜、金以及其他矿物。

第五篇US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty

1The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.

2The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.

3For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.

4The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.

5The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.

练习：BDAEBDEA

1. Paragraph 1_ B. US signing of the FCTC _____

2. Paragraph 2__ D. How the FCTC came into being ____

3. Paragraph 3__ A. What the FCTC demands __

4.Paragraph 4__ E. What the FCTC will bring about

5.Signing the FCTC is only the first step toward___ B approving it _____

6.Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to, among other things, _ D restrict smoking in public places ____

7.It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help to reduce deaths_ E caused by tobacco use

8.Much more countries have signed the FCTC than those that____ A have ratified it 。

参考译文美国签订了全球烟草协议

美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步。该协议有望在世界范围内控制使用烟草所产生的致命性影响。卫生和人类服务大臣托米.汤普森本周在联合国签署了烟草控制框架性协议（FCTC)。在美国能够实施其条款之前参议院还必须要批准这个协议。

FCTC是由世界卫生组织制定的，并且是由世界卫生大会的成员们去年批准的，其中包括美国。批准该协议的国家将被要求制定严格的烟草控制政策。

例如，在那些国家出售的香烟将必须在每包烟的正反面至少30%的地方注明吸烟有害健康的警告。这个协议呼吁对烟草收取更多的税，限制在公共场所吸烟和进一步推动禁止烟草的计划。它还要求禁止烟草广告，但是对像美国这样的国家有例外，这些国家的宪法禁止这么直率的禁令。

这个协议的影响可能是巨大的。世界卫生组织估计世界上每年有500万人因为吸烟而死亡。仅在美国，每年大约有44万人死于与烟草相关的疾病；美国所有的癌症中约有1/3是因为吸烟导致的。如果目前的趋势持续的话，世界卫生组织估计，到2025年烟草将每年夺取一千万人的生命。

这个协议至少被40个国家批准才能生效。到目前为止，109个国家已经签订了这个协议，12个国家已经批准了

它。

第六篇How We Form First Impression

1We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her —aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

2The answer is related to how your brain, allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person’s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different1. In fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information —the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming “signals”are compared against2 a host of “memories”stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals “mean.”

3If you see someone you know and like at school3, your brain says “familiar and safe. ‘‘If you see someone new, it says, “new —potentially threatening.”Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other “known”memories；The height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, “This is new. I don’t like this person.”Or else, “I’m intrigued. “Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures —like your other friends；so your brain says: “I like this person.”But these preliminary “impressions”can be dead wrong4.

4When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking（not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child）that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than leam about the depth and breadth of people —their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character —we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.

5However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person’s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking —and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

练习：DCBAEDCB

1．Paragraph 2 D Comparing Incoming Sensory Information against Memories ________

2．Paragraph 3 _ C Illustration of First Impression

3．Paragraph 4 _ B Comment on First Impression

4．Paragraph 5 __ A Ways of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions

5．Sensory information is one that is perceived through ___ E the sights and sounds of the world _____.

6．You interpret by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain _D the meaning of incoming sensory information ____7．The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking, which is similar to __ C the immature form of thinking of a very young child ___8．We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to __ B the most complex areas of our cortex ______.

译文：对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的

对刚刚遇到的人我们都会留下第一印象，为什么？为什么我们会对一无所知的人形成自己的印象——除去一些描述或显而易见的特征？

这与你的大脑如何感知世界是息息相关的。大脑对面部特征十分敏感，即使是每个人在眼睛、耳朵或嘴部的细小差异也会使大脑察觉到其不同之处。实际上，大脑一直在不断地对接收到的感官信息进行处理——包括影像和声音。大脑将这些“信号”与储存在脑皮层系统的大量“记忆”相比较以便确定这些新收到的信号的“意思”。

如果你在学校看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人，你的大脑会做出“熟悉安全”的判断；如果你看见了一个陌生的人，你的大脑会告诉你“陌生，有潜在的威胁”，紧接着你的大脑会开始将这个陌生人的特征与“已知”的记忆进行比较，包指身高、体重、穿着、种族、手势以及音调等等。特征越不相符，大脑越会告诫你，“这是陌生人，我不喜欢这个人”，或“我很好奇”。大脑也可能观察到一张新面孔，但却有着熟悉的穿着、种族特征和手势——像你的朋友，这时大脑会告诉你“我喜欢这个人”。但这些第一印象却可能是完全错误的。

当区分人时，我们使用一种欠成熟的思维方式（与小孩子不成熟的想法一样）去对别人做出简单并且范畴化的判断。（这佯的后果是）我们将人区分为骗子、反常的人或怪人，而不是对人的深度和广度，即历史、兴趣、价值、力量或真正的性格有所了解。

但是，如果对模式化的第一印象加以抑制，我们就会有机会对一个人有真正的了解。如果我们花一些时间与一个人在一起，倾听他或她的生活、希望和梦想，了解了这个人的性格，我们才会用一种不同的、更成熟的方式去思考——即用脑皮层中最复杂的区域进行思考，而这会使我们更富有人情味。

第七篇How to Argue with Your Boss

1 Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss's secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast1, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss's secretary, there are keys to timing2: don't approach the boss when he's on deadline3; don't go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed4; don't go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.

2 If you're mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don't let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration5. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then, maybe he will dismiss you.

3 Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it6.

4 Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more7. If you can't put forward an immnediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can't get past the secretary8.

5 To deal effectively with a boss, it's important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work with you to achieve your goals9.

词汇：DECBBDEC

练习：

1.Paragraph 2__ D Don't Go in When You Are Angry ____

2.Paragraph 3_ E Make the Issue Clear ________

3.Paragraph 4__ C Propose Your Solution _______

4.Paragraph 5_ B Put Yourself in the Boss's Position ____

5.If you want to ask the boss for anything, it is important to find out first_______

译文：透视检查

每年上百万的女性都做X射线透视，检查是否有乳腺癌迹象。如果检查得足够早，疾病就可以被成功地治疗。根据去年公布的一项调查，21个国家有透视计划。其中9个国家，包括澳大利亚、加拿大、美国和西班牙为50岁以下女性进行透视。

但是，用X射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。

Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了11个社区诊所用X射线检查16万以上女性的结果。估测了女性的辐射累积剂量之后，他们用两种模型计算由此导致额外癌症数量。

英国国家辐射保护委员会推荐的数学模型预言，透视计划会导致每10万个女性中有36人患上癌症，18人致死。联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会首选的模型得出了一个较低的数字^20人患上癌症。

研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。他们说，V alencia计划在每10万接受透视的妇女中发现300到450个乳腺癌病例。

但是他们指出如果X射线检查从50岁而不是45岁时开始，会使妇女由于辐射而患癌的危险减少40%到80% ,因为她们可以接受更少的辐射。他们暗示说，他们研究的结果有助于使乳腺癌透视的技术更加完善。

英国国家辐射保护委员会的Michael Clark承认“在胸透的诊断益处和危险之间有一个平衡”。但是他警告说应该谨慎地解释此项研究。“基于目前的数据，每成功地发现10例癌症就有可能导致今后出现一例癌症。这就是为什么在所有的透视计划中，辐射应该减少到最小的原因。”

第九篇Transport and Trade

Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce，transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer，the better for trade. When there were no railways，no good roads，no canals，and only small sailing ships，trade was on a small scale.

The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand，for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business，drawing supplies from，and selling goods to，all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.

Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.

By moving fuel，raw materials，and even power，as，for example，through electric cables，transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes，the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.

Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication，like telephones，cables and radio，send information about prices，supplies，and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way，advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.

练习：BADECDBE

1. Paragraph 2 __ B. Importance of transport in trade ____

2. Paragraph 3 __ A. Higher living standard __

3. Paragraph 4 D. Birth of transport-related industries and trade

4. Paragraph 5 __ E. Role of information in trade ___

5. The development of modern means of transport __ C. has greatly promoted trade __

6. Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly _ D. is it possible to produce on a large scale ___

7. Transport has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want __ B. at any time during the year _______.

8. In the trade of modern society the transmission of information plays as important a role as E. the transport of goods _

译文：交通与贸易

交通是贸易的辅助手段之一。把货物从它们比较丰富的地区运到这种货物稀少的地区，交通增加了它们的价值。把货物从生产者那里运送到一定距离之外的消费者那里越容易，对贸易就越有利。过去没有铁路，没有很好的公路，也没有运河，只有小帆船，所以贸易的规模很小。

在过去的两百年中，运输业取得了巨大的进展，伴之而来的是贸易的迅猛增长。例如，更大更快的轮船使英国和新西兰之间发展了肉食贸易。快捷的运输使大批量的生产和大的企业成为可能。它们从全球各地购买原料，又把

产品销售到全球各地。如果没有方便的交通把他们所需的大批工人从家乡带来或送回，大的工厂就不可能存在。除非顾客们能很快从郊区赶到城里并且货物能迅速地被送到家里，否则，城市里的大商场也不可能发展起来。除非食物能从远处运来，否则，大城市也无法生存。

交通能够防止浪费。如果大量的鱼被运到了港口却不能很快送往内陆城镇，那么很多就要被浪费。交通使我们的食品和货物丰富起来，因为我们再也无须以当地所产的东西为主要食品了。过去一年内某一时间才能得到的食物现在一年四季都可以得到。交通提高了人们的生活水平。

通过运输燃料、原料，甚至电力（例如，可通过电缆），交通使工业和贸易在原来不可能的地区发展起来，地区和国家可以集中生产那些比别的地区成本低、质量又好的产品，然后互相交换。交通运输越便宜越快捷，那么货物的产地和目的地之间的距离就越远，同时又能贏利。交通落后的国家生活水平也较低。

商业的发展不仅需要有货物和人口的迁移，而且要求信息的传递。一些联系手段，如电话、电报和无线电广播可以给人们带来世界各地的价格、供应的信息，让人们了解变化的情况。先进的通信系统可以以这种方式帮助发展贸易。

第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language

1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 4

2 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Wash0e had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate

3 about primates and their ability to understand language.

2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.

3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.

4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.

5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.

练习：CBEACADE

1. Paragraph 1▁C General Information about Washoe

2. Paragraph 2▁B Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language

3. Paragraph 3▁▁E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence

4. Paragraph 4▁A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays

5. Washoe could make signs to communicate C when she wanted to eat

6. Some scientists doubted A if the Gardeners' argument was sound

7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg

8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits

译文：Washoe学会了美国手语

一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月月底在美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心自然死亡,死时42岁。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，是因为它能够使用美国手语。它是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。它的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和它们所能理解的语言的争议。

科学家Alien和Beatrix Gardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。1969年，Gardners在科学的报告中描述了Washoe 的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250个单词。例如，Washoe能用手语表达“该吃饭了”！它能要苹果和番蕉这样的食品。它也问诸如“谁要来玩”之类的问题。Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。

然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看它的教师的手语重复动作。他们说Washoe从来没有发展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类动物学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质刺激的结果。可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。Roger Fouts以前是Gainer夫妇的学生。Roger Fouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里，Washoe教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。

像Jane Goodall这样的独立的科学家认为，Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。

对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的~"Washoe改变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。

第四部分阅读理解

第一篇Telling Tales about People

One of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people's lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography.

An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person's earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjarmin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 1Other writers, such as James Joyce，have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies，but they are very close to it.

Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. 2Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently，though，the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeab1e with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.

Biographies are factual accounts of someone else's life. In many senses，these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person，not one that is overly positive or too critical. A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write.

练习：

1. This passage is mostly about A .

A. the characteristics of autobiographies，memoirs，and biographies

B. famous autobiographies

C. why biography can be difficult to write

D. differences between autobiographies and memoirs

2. Helen Keller wrote B .

A. a memoir

B. an autobiography

C. a work of fiction

D. a biography

3. Autobiography writers are not always objective because they C .

A. feel they have to make up details to make their books sell

B. constantly compete with biography writers

C. want to present themselves in a good light

D. have trouble remembering the good times

4. The writer introduces each category in the passage by A .

A. defining it

B. giving an example

C. explaining why it is hard to write

D. telling when people first began writing it

5. Diverse means C .

A. able to swim in deep water

B. similar or alike

C. varied or different

D. enjoying poetry

译文：讲述关于人们的故事

最普遍的非小说类文学作品类型之一就是一些描述人们生活的故事，并且很多人喜欢阅读这类作品。这些故事大致分为三类：自传、回忆录和传记。

自传是作者记录自己故事的文章。通常自传会、以作者最早期的回忆开始并以对现在情况的总结作为结束。自传的作者也许不会完全客观地介绍自己。然而，他们给读者提供了一个途径来了解自己比较好的行事风格和为何成就这样的&己。就像本杰明?富兰克林和海伦?凯勒一样，各种各样的人们已经写了自传。其他的作者就像詹姆斯?乔伊斯一样仅仅写了关于自己生活的虚构小说。这些不是自传，但是它们和自传非常相近。

严格意义上来讲，回忆录是既注重作者本身的生活经历，也注重其所处的时代所发生的事件的自传性的描述。回忆录作者通常把这些事件作为他们生活的背景。他们详细地描述这些事件并论述这些事件的重要性。虽然近些年，回忆录这个词似乎开始变得可以和自传互换，但是目前回忆录也许还没有因外界评论而有所改变。

传记事实上是记录（作者以外).其他人的生活。在很多方面，传记也许是这三种非小说类文学作品中最难写的了。自传作者知悉他们所写的事件因为他们就生活在其中。但是传记作者不得不尽量从很多不同的渠道来收集信息。然后他们不得不决定包含哪种事实。他们的目标是用比较全面的图片来介绍一个人物，并不是过于萝极也不是过于批判。一个公正并详尽的传记也许要花费许多年来研究并进行书写。

第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference

Putting a bunch of college students in charge of a $300,000 Dance Marathon, fundraiser surely sounds a bit risky. When you consider the fact that the money is supposed to be given to children in need of medical care, you might call the idea crazy.

Most student leaders don't want to spend a large amount of time on something they care little about, said 22-year-old University of Florida student Darren Heitner. He was the Dance Marathon's operations officer for two years.

Yvonne Fangmeyer, director of the student organization office at the University of Wisconsin, conducted' a survey in February of students involved in campus organizations. She said the desire for friendship was

the most frequently cited reason for joining.

At large universities like Fangmeyer's, which has more than 40,000 students, the students first of

all want to find a way to ,belong in their own comer of campus".

Katie Rowley, a Wisconsin senior, confirms the survey's findings. "I wanted to make the campus feel smaller by joining an organization where I could not only get involved on campus but also find a group

of friends."

All of this talk of friendship, however, does not mean that students aren't thinking about their resumes.

"I think that a lot of people do join to 'fatten up their resume'," said Heitner. "At the beginning of

my college career, I joined a few of these organizations, hoping to get a start in my leadership roles."

But without passion student leaders can have a difficult time trying to weather the storms that come.

For example, in April, several student organizations at Wisconsin teamed up for an event designed to educate students about homelessness and poverty. Student leaders had to face the problem of solving disagreements, moving the event because of rainy weather, and dealing with the university's complicated bureaucracy.

"Outside-of the classroom learning really makes a big difference," Fangmeyer said.

练习：

1. An extracurricular activity like raising a fund of ＄300,000 is risky because most student leaders

D .

A) are lazy B) are stupid

C) are not rich enough D) will not take an interest in it

2. American students join campus organizations mostly for C .

A) making a difference B) gaining experience

C) building friendship D) improving their resumes

3. Who is Katie Rowley? B .

A) She’s a senior professor B) She’s a senior student

C) She’s a senior official D) She’s a senior citizen

4. What do student leaders need to carry an activity through to a successful end?A

A) Passion B) Money C) Power D) Fame

5. The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph 6 could be best replaced by C .

A) invent B) rewrite C) polish D) complete

译文：课外学习带来很大不同

让一群大学生去负责募集30万美元的马拉松式的跳舞活动，这种募捐听起来肯定有点儿冒险。当你知道这笔募

捐款是提供给需要医疗护理的儿童，你可能会觉得这个想法很疯狂。

佛罗里达大学一个22岁的学生Darren Heitner说大多学生领导者不想在他们不太关注的事情上花太多时间。他任

马拉松式跳舞经营部经理两年了。

Yvornne Fangmeyer是威斯康星大学学生组织办公室主任，在二月组织了一次学生参加校园组织的调查。她说增进

友谊是大家提到最多的参加校园组织的原因。

像Fangmeyer的大学那样规模很大的学校，有4万多学生，学生首先想要找到属于们的校园一角。

威斯康星大四的学生Katie Rowley肯定了调查结果。“我加入校园组织希望让校园感觉上变得小一些，这样不仅

可以投入到校园生活中还可以交到很多朋友”。

这些关于友谊的看法并不意味着学生不考虑他们的经历。Heitner说：“我认为很多人加入校园组织来丰富经历，，

刚上大学的时候，我加入了一些校园组织，希望培养自己的领导能力。”

但是如果没有热情，学生领导者很难经受风雨考验。例如，在四月份，威斯康星大学几个学生组织展开了一项活

动，向学生讲述无家可归和贫困。学生领导必须面对一些问题，比如解决争论，受雨天影响而更改活动日期，同学校

复杂的机构打交道。

Fangmeyer说：“课外的这种学习确实带来很大不同。”

第三篇Shark attack!

Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard, scanning the distance for his next wave，when his board suddenly stopped moving. He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his board. “I could ha ve touched its

eye with my elbow,” says Craig. The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadn't heard a thing.

In his horror and confusion，he waved his arms and accidentally cut two of his fingers on the shark's teeth. He then slid

off the opposite side of his surfboard into the water. Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers，the

five-meter-long shark simply swam away, disappearing into the water below.

Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate. Sharks very rarely kill humans. A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark. Only 74 people have been reported killed by great whites in the last century. But great white sharks can reach six meters in length and weigh 2,200 kilograms or more. With frightening jaws that can hold up to 3,000 teeth arranged in several rows，they could very easily kill and eat a helpless human in the water. Why is it, then, that most people survive attacks by great whites? Shark researchers are trying to comprehend the reasons that allow people to escape without being eaten.

The most common explanation is that great whites don't see well. It has been thought that they mistake people for the seals or sea lions which make up a large part of their diet. There is reason to doubt this，however. Recent information shows

that great whites can actually see very well. Also，when attacking seals, great whites shoot up to the surface and bite with

great force. When approaching humans, however, they most often move in slowly and bite less hard. They soon discover that humans are not a high — fat meal. “They spit us out because we're too bony,”says Aidan Martin，director of Reef Quest Center for Shark Research.

Shark researchers like Martin hypothesize that great whites are actually curious animals that like to investigate things. It's possible that they use their bite not only to kill and eat, but also to gather information. Although such an experience is unlucky for people like Craig Rogers, when sharks bite surfboards or other objects or people，they are likely just trying to learn what they are.

练习：

1. After Craig Rogers fell into the water, the shark_____C____.

A) bit his surfboard B) bit his fingers

C) swam away D) attacked him

2. It is difficult for the author to understand why great whites_____A____.

A) often let humans escape B) kill humans

C) have so many teeth D) grow to six meters or more

3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to make up in line 2 of paragraph 4? B

A) create. B) are. C) increase. D) depend upon.

4. The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4 means___B______.

A) people's B) great whites' C) sea lions' D) seals'

5. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph? C

A) Great whites eat low-fat, bony meals more slowly.

B) Great whites see well enough to include seals, sea lions, and humans in their diet.

C) We now know great whites don't mistake humans for other animals.

D) There is reason to doubt that great whites see well enough to attack humans.

参考译文：小心鲨鱼！

克雷格.罗杰斯正坐在他的冲浪板上估算着下一波浪离他还有多远，就在这时冲浪板不动了。他低头向水下看，惊悚的一幕出现了：一条大白鲨正在撕咬冲浪板的前端。“我的肘部可能都已经碰到了它的眼睛”，克雷格谈道。原来，这条鲨鱼悄悄地浮上了水面，完全没让克雷格听到。

克雷格惊慌害怕，手足无措，但是偶然之间他被鲨鱼咬掉了两支手指，然后随着滑板翻了个个儿，他也掉进水里。就在那时，处于水中的克雷格两支手指鲜血直流，但这条五米长的鲨鱼却径直游开，消失在深海之中。

虽然鲨鱼常被认为是疯狂杀人的猎手，但事实上这是不准确的。鲨鱼很少猎杀人类。比起被鲨鱼杀死，人类更有可能被闪电击中或是淹死在浴缸中。在上个世纪，有报道的只有74人命丧鲨鱼之口。然而大白鲨可以长封6米长、2200公斤重或是更重。3000颗牙齿排成数排长在鲨鱼那可怕的血盆大口中，它们可以轻易杀死并吃掉无助的落水者。但为什么大多数人受到大白鲨攻击之后都能鲨口逃生呢？鲨鱼研究者们正在努力寻找使得人类鲨口脱险的原因。

最常用的解释是说大白鲨的视力不好。人们认为大白鲨会把人类错当成是海豹或是海狮，后两者是鲨鱼的主要食物来源。但是人类又找到了理由来质疑这一论断。最近的研究信息表明大白鲨视力不错。并且当大白鲨在攻击海豹时，它们会迅速窜上海面，用力撕咬。但当大白鲨在攻击人类时，它们在大多数情况下会慢慢浮上海面，撕咬的力度也轻得多。它们很快就会发现人类的肉不够肥。“它们把我们吐出来是因为我们太瘦了”，艾丹.马丁说道，他是鲨鱼研究暗礁搜索中心的领头人。

诸如马丁这样的鲨鱼研究者们提出了这样一种假设：大白鲨实际上是一种好奇心很重的动物，它们喜欢探索新鲜事物。有可能它们撕咬物体不仅仅是为了猎杀和吃掉，也是为了搜集信息。虽然这种经历对于像克雷格·罗杰斯这些人来说很不幸，但是当鲨鱼在撕咬冲浪板，或是别的物体，甚至是人类时，很可能它们只是在尽量了解那到底是个什么东西。

第四篇Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving

Four weeks ago US children dressed as monsters and asked for sweets. That was Halloween2.In a few weeks American houses will, be red and green and filled with presents ,for Christmas3.

As if all this isn't enough, on Thursday this week, America will enjoy another festival一Thanksgiving.

Children will have two days off school, shops will close and houses will be filled with families enjoying mountains of food.

Every year, in Gainesville, Florida, an entire class celebrate Thanksgiving together. The class dresses up and puts on plays for their families. After the plays the families share a feast of traditional Thanksgiving foods like turkey and pumpkin pie.

Dean Foster, an 11-year-old boy will take part in this celebration. He said:"I love Thanksgiving because it means time off school, lots of nice food and a happy family."

His brother Ben, nine, said:"The best thing about Thanksgiving ,is that when it is finished ,it is time to start Christmas."

But behind the food and the large amount of money spent there is another message. On Thursday evening, Dean and Ben's family will make a basket and put it on the table as they eat their evening meal.

Each of them will write a list of things that they are thankful for and place the paper in the basket. The family will read the pieces of paper and take time to thank God and each other for providing them with comfortable and happy lives.

Thanksgiving is a traditional festival that started in 1621, when the first pilgrims arrived in America to start a new life. After a hard year, they had a big autumn harvest. They held a feast and invited the native American Indians along to thank God for giving them enough food.

Many countries celebrate Thanksgiving. They often fall after the fields have been harvested and the crops collected for winter.

1.On Halloween, children in the United States often dress up as___A_____.

A) ghosts B) players C) pilgrimsD) visitors

2.When are turkey and pumpkin pie eaten? __C______.

A) On Halloween.B) On Thursday.

C) On Thanksgiving.D) On Christmas Day.

3.Thanksgiving is the time for the American people to thank God for___B_____.

A) looking after them

B) providing them with comfortable and happy lives

C) clothing themD) protecting them

4.Many children in the United States like Thanksgiving because____A____.

A) they can stay with their parents at home and eat a lot of nice food

B) they can dress up like monsters

C) they can put on plays

D) they can visit American Indians

5.The first pilgrims settled in America in____B____.

A) 1621B) 1620C) 1622D) 1619。

译文：火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福

四周前美国的孩子打扮成魔鬼，四处要糖吃。这就是万圣节。

几周之后就是圣诞节，美国的房子都会染成红色和绿色，里面充满了礼物。

似乎这一切还不够，这周的星期二，美国人还会庆祝另外一个节日——感恩节。

孩子们有两天不上课，商店歇业，房子里面家人喜欢的食物堆成了山。每年在Gainesville, 佛罗里达，整个一个班会一起庆祝感恩节。整个班会打扮起来，为家人表演剧目。剧目过后一家人分享一顿传统的感恩节美食，比如火鸡和南瓜饼。

Dean Foster, 一个11岁的男孩愿意加入这次庆祝。他说：“我喜欢感恩节，因为不用上学，有很多好吃的，还有快乐的家庭聚会。”

他9 岁的弟弟Ben 说，感恩节最好的地方，就是它结束时就是圣诞节开始的时候。

但是在食物和花掉的大笔的钱背后有另一层寓意。周二晚上，Dean 和Ben的家人会做一个篮子，吃晚饭的时候把它放在桌子上。

每个人会把他们要感谢的东西列在一张单子上，放在篮子里。一家人会读出每一张单子上写的内容，花时间感谢上帝，感谢彼此给予这样舒适幸福的生活。

感恩节是一具传统节日，起源于第一批朝圣者来到美洲开始新生活的时候。艰苦的第一年后，在秋天取得了大丰收。他们举行了盛宴，并邀请了当地的土著印第安人一起感谢上帝给予他们充足的食物。

很多国家庆祝感恩节，时间经常是在庄稼成熟，收割完毕准备过冬之后。

第五篇The Travels of Ibn Battuta

“I left Tangier, my birthplace, the 13th of June 1325 with the intention of making the pilgrimage [ to Mecca]... to leave all my friends both female and male, to abandon my home as birds abandon their nests. ”So begins an old manuscript in a library in Paris—the travel journal of Ibn Battuta.

Almost two centuries before Columbus, this young Moroccan set off for Mecca, returning home three decades later as one of history's great travelers. Driven by curiosity, he journeyed to remote comers of the Islamic world, traveling through 44 modem countries, three times as far as Marco Polo. Little celebrated in the West2, his name is well known among Arabs. In his hometown of Tangier, a square, a hotel, a cafe, a ferry boat, and even a hamburger are named after him.

Ibn Battuta stayed in Mecca as a student for several years, but the urge to travel soon took over. In one adventure, he traveled to India seeking profitable employment with the Sultan of Delhi.3 On the way, he described his group being attacked in the open country by 80 men on foot, and two horsemen：“we fought ... killing one of their horsemen and about twelve of the foot soldiers ….I was hit by an arrow and my horse by another, but God in his grace preserved me .... We carried the heads of the slain to the castle of Abu Bak, har ... and suspended them from the wall. ”In Delhi, the sultan gave him the position of judge, based on his prior study at Mecca. But the sultan had an unpredictable character, and Ibn Battuta looked for an opportunity to leave. When the sultan offered to finance a trip to China, he agreed. Ibn Battuta set off in three ships, but misfortune struck while he was still on the shore. A sudden storm grounded and broke up two ships, scattering treasure and drowning many people and horses. As he watched, the third ship, with all his belongings and slaves一one carrying his child—was carried out to sea and never heard from again.

After a lifetime of incredible adventures, Ibn Battuta was finally ordered by the Sultan of Morocco to return home to share his wisdom with the world. Fortunately, he consented and wrote a book that has been translated into numerous languages, allowing people everywhere to read about his unparalleled journeys.

练习：

1.What is the passage mainly about? B

A) Visitors to Mecca.B) The adventures of Ibn Battuta.

C) Ibn Battuta's character.

D) Asian countries of the 14th century.

2.Which of the following is closest in meaning to set off for in line 5? A

A) left to go to.B) discussed.C) arrived at.D) decided upon.

3.The Sultan of Delhi gave Ibn Battuta a position of judge because ? .C

A) the sultan needed a translator.

B) Ibn Battuta had been a judge before.

C) Ibn Battuta had studied in Mecca.

D) Ibn Battuta had traveled to many countries.

4.Which of the following would the writer of this passage most likely agree with? D

A) Ibn Battuta's journeys were very common for people of that time.

B) Ibn Battuta's stories are probably not true.

C) Ibn Battuta's journey was less important than Marco Polo's.

D) Ibn Battuta should be better known in the West today.

5.Why did Ibn Battuta finally return to his home? D

A) He was tired of traveling.

B) He didn't have any more money.

C) He feared the Sultan of Delhi.

D) The Sultan of Morocco asked him to return.

译文：伊本白图泰游记

“1325年6月13日，我离开了家乡丹吉尔，打算前往麦加朝圣。我告别了所有的朋友，如鸟儿离巢般，告别故土。”这便是伊本白图泰游记的序言。这份旧的手稿存放在巴黎一家图书馆里。

这个年轻的摩洛哥人所处的年代比哥伦布的年代要早了几乎两个世纪，从他出发去麦加算起，30年之后伊本白图泰才回到故乡，那时的他已经晋升到历史上伟大旅行家的行列。出于好奇，他游历了伊斯兰世界的各个角落，足迹遍布了44座现代城市，总行程是马可波罗的3倍。虽然在西方社会不怎么有名，伊本白图泰在阿拉伯国家却家喻户晓。在伊本白图泰的故乡丹吉尔，有以他命名的广场、旅店、咖啡馆、渡船，甚至汉堡。

伊本白图泰以学生的身份在麦加待了几年，但对于游历的渴望很快又让他重新出发。有一次他来到印度，在德里的苏丹王那里谋到了一份收入颇丰的工作。他写到，在去德里的路上，他的队伍在野外被80名步兵和2位马夫攻击：“我们进行了殊死搏斗……杀死他们的一位马夫和差不多12名步兵……我和马都中了箭，但是多谢真主的恩赐，最后我活了下来……我们背着亡者的头颅前往阿布巴卡尔的城堡……并把这些头颅挂在城墙上。”因为有在麦加的学习经历，德里的苏丹王给伊本白图泰安排了法官的工作。但是这位苏丹王脾气古怪，性情多变，所以伊本白图泰想借机逃走：当苏丹王提出要资助伊本白图泰去中国旅行时，他同意了。伊本白图泰将要乘着三艘船起航，但他还未离岸，不幸便降临了。一场突如其来的暴风雨摧毁了两艘船，吹走了财宝，许多船员和马匹都溺水而亡。他眼睁睁看着载着他的财物和奴隶的第三艘船被吹到了海上，从此便再无音讯。更糟的是，他的孩子也在这艘船上。

最后摩洛哥的苏丹王要求一生游历的伊本白图泰回家和世人分享他的智慧。幸运的是，他同意了此事并写了本书。这本书已被翻译成了很多种语言，可以让世人了解他那无与伦比的旅行经历。

第六篇Native American Pottery

There are several American Indian groups in the Southwest that still make beautiful pottery. Someof this pottery may be sold at fairly high prices. But the makers consider their work as more than a commercial enterprise. By using methods handed downfor generations, the potters express their pride in their cultural inheritance.

Some of the most interesting pottery is made by the Pueblo Indians. There are 21 individual pueblos in Arizona and New Mexico. Several are famous for their craftsmanship.To make a pot, these potters use a clay base and add long thin coils of clay toit in a spiral pattern. When they have reached the size they want, they use an implement such as a rock or shell to smooth the surfaces of the pot.

How a pot is decorated and fired depends on the traditions of the group making it. Traditional pottery produced by the Acoma, who have lived for centuries on a high mesa in NewMexico, is first painted with a clay slip. The resulting pots: which are prizedfor their delicacy and strength, may be left white. They may also be painted with black and white patterns or with a combination of black, orange, and brown.

Very distinctive black pottery comes from the San Ildefonso and Santa Clara pueblos. The black coloris the result of carbon being released from the animal manure in which the potis fired. Some artisans hand –rub this ware to a shiny gloss. Others cut patterns into it: resulting in a part shiny: part fiat surface. Potters at SailIldefonso make many types of wares. Potters at Santa Clara are especially known for wedding jars-jars with two necks connected by a handle.

Other groups such as the Hopi and the Cochiti also make pottery. Each group uses distinctive methods and produces distinctive forms and designs.

练习：

1.In the first paragraph the word ―commercial‖ means____B_____.

A.having to do with advertising products on TV

B.having to do with advertising products on TV

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9d12765162.html,rge- scale

D.artistic

2.The second paragraph in the passage is developed mainly through____A_____.

A.steps in a process

B.description of objects

C.the telling of a story

D.examples

3.The Sail Ildefonso pueblo is known for_____A____.

A.black pottery

B.wedding jars

C.thin and delicate shapes

D.black, brown, and orange pots

4.Traditional methods of making pottery_____B____.

A.are rarely used anymore

B.take a lot of time

C.are not of interest to pottery collectors

D.will soon be complete replaced

5.Another good title for this passage would be____D_____.

A.How to Make a Pot

B.Living on a High Mesa

C.The Indians of Arizona and New Mexico

D.An Old Art Still Practiced

译文：Native American Pottery美国本土陶器

美国的西南部仍然有许多印第安部落在制作美丽的陶器。其中一些陶器可能会以相当高钓价格卖出。但是制作者考虑到他们的作品不仅用作商业用途。通过采用世代相传的制作方法，陶器展示了它们在文化遗产中的骄傲。

有一些最有趣的陶器是普韦布洛印第安人制作的。在亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州有21个独立的普韦布洛印第安部落。他们中有一些部落以擅长工艺而闻名。这些制陶工人使用黏土制作底座，再添加又长又薄的黏土将底座按螺旋状做成罐子。

当他们做出他们想要的尺寸时，他们再用一个工具，比如一块石头或贝壳，来把罐子的表面抚平。

个罐子如何装饰和烧制取决于制作它的部落的传统。传统的陶器最早是用泥浆装饰，是由阿科马部落发明的，他们已经在新墨西哥的高平顶山上住了几个世纪了。用传统方法烧制的陶器可能只是白色，但其以精美坚固得到赞誉。它们可以被绘制成黑色或白色，或者是黑色、橙色和褐色的结合。

具有特色的黑色陶器是由圣伊尔德丰索部落和圣克拉拉部落的普韦布洛人制作的。黑色是由用于烧制罐子的动物肥料中的碳释放出来形成的。一些工匠用手揉擦罐子表面，使它光泽平滑。其他人将样式分开，使得罐子一半表面光泽，一半表面扁平。.圣伊尔德丰索部落制作的陶器有多种类型。圣克拉拉部落的陶器尤其以他的婚礼罐子闻名——罐子的两个颈部由一只把手连接。

其他部落比如霍皮和柯契地族也制作陶器。每个部落都用独特的方法制做出特别形式和样式的陶器

第七篇Modern Sun Worshippers

People travel for a lot of reasons. Some tourists go to see battlefields or religious shrines1. Others are looking for culture, or simply want to have their pictures taken2 in front of famous places. But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on3.

Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot of inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it4. Residents of cities like London, Copenhagen, and Amsterdam spend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days are so short, and much of the rest of the year in the rain5. This is the reason the Mediterranean6 has always attracted them. Every summer, more than 25 million people travel to Mediterranean resorts7 and beaches for their vacation. They all come for the same reason: sun!

The huge crowds mean lots of money for the economies of Mediterranean countries. Italy's 30,000 hotels are booked solid8 every summer. And 13 million people camp out on French beaches, parks, and roadsides. Spain's long sandy coastline attracts more people than anywhere else. 37 million tourists visit yearly, or one tourist for every person living in Spain9.

But there are signs that the area is getting more tourism than it can handle. The Mediterranean is already one of the most polluted seas on earth. And with increased tourism ,it's getting worse. The French can't figure out10 what to do with all the garbage left by campers around St. Tropez. And in many places, swimming is dangerous because of pollution.

None of this, however, is spoiling11 anyone's fun. The Mediterranean gets more popular every year with tourists. Obviously, they don't go there for clean water and solitude12. They tolerate traffic jams13 and seem to like crowded beaches. They don't even mind the pollution. No matter how dirty the water is, the coastline still looks beautiful. And as long as14 the sun shines, it's still better thanin the cold rain in Berlin, London, or Oslo.

练习：

1. The writer seems to imply that Europeans travel mostly for the reason that____D____.

A) they want to see historic remains or religious spots

B) they are interested in different cultural traditions and social customs

C) they would like to take pictures in front of famous sites

D) they wish to escape from the cold, dark and rainy days back at home

2. In paragraph 2, cities like London, Copenhagen, and Amsterdam are mentioned___A_____.

A) to show that they are not good cities in terms of geography and climate

B) to tell us how wealthy their residents are

C) to suggest that these cities lack places of historic interest and scenic beauty

D) to prove that they have got more tourism than they can handle

3.According to the passage, which of the following countries attracts more tourists than the others? B

A) Italy.B) Spain.C) France.D) Greece.

4.The latter half of the last sentence in paragraph 3, i. e.,"or one tourist for every person living in Spain" means__B______.

A) all the 37 million people living in Spain are tourists

B) every year almost as many tourists visit Spain as there are people living in that country

C) every person living in Spain has to take care of a tourist

D) every Spanish is visited by a tourist every year

5. According to the passage, which of the following factors might spoil the tourists' fun at Mediterranean resorts and beaches? D

A) Polluted water.B) Crowded buses.

C) Traffic jams.D) Rainy weather.

译文：现代日光浴崇拜者

人们外出观光旅游的原因有许多，一些旅游者去看古战场或是宗教圣殿；一些旅游者去追寻文化之源或是仅仅在名胜之地请人给他们照几张相。但大多数欧洲游客愿意寻找阳光充足的海滩晒日光浴。

北欧人心甘情愿花大笔钱，容忍诸多不便去获得阳光，因为阳光对他们来说太难得类。由于冬季白天很短，像伦敦、哥本哈根和阿姆斯特丹的居民在冬季大部分时间里，都是在昏暗中度过的，而其余的季节又都是阴雨连绵。这就是地中海地区成为人们向往之地的原因。每年夏天，有2500万旅游者来到地中海的一些旅游胜地和海滨度假。他们都是为了同一个原因而来：阳光！

众多的游客意味着为地中海地区的国家带来巨大的经济财富。每年夏季，意大利的3万多家旅馆全部客满，而且还有1300多万的游客要去法国的海滩、公园和路边宿营。西班牙那漫长的海岸线更成了众多旅游者慕名前往的地方。每年有3700多万游客，换句话说，旅游者与西班牙居民人数相当，即1：1.

但有一些迹象表明，旅游业的发展已超出该地区的承受能力。地中海已成类地球上污染最严重地海洋。而随着游客的增多，情况变得更糟。法国人想不出什么好办法来处理宿营在圣特罗佩周围的那些游客所丢掉的废物垃圾。而且在许多地方因为海水受到污染，游泳已成为一种危险的活动。

然而，这些都没有破坏人们的兴致。每年到地中海观光的游客越来越多。很显然，他们不是为类清洁的海水和清净自在而前往的额。他们忍受着交通堵塞的煎熬，而且似乎很喜欢拥挤的海滩。他们甚至不在乎污染。不管海水是怎样的污浊不堪，海岸线看起来仍是那么美。只要有阳光照耀，总比坐在伦敦、柏林或奥斯陆的凄风冷雨中好得多。第八篇The Changing Middle Class--2012已经考过

The United States perceives itself to be a middle-class nation. However, middle class is not a real designation, nor does it carry privileges.1 It is more of a perception, which probably was as true as it ever could be right after World WarⅡ. The economy was growing, more and more people owned their own homes, workers had solid contracts with the companies that employed them, and nearly everyone who wanted a higher education could have one. Successful people enjoyed upward social mobility. They may have started out poor, but they could become rich. Successful people also found that they had greater geographic mobility. In other words, they found themselves moving to and living in a variety of places.

The middle class collectively holds several values and principles. One strong value is the need to earn enough money to feel that one can determine one's own economic fate. In addition, middle-class morality embraces principles of individual responsibility, importance of family, obligations to others, and believing in something outside oneself.2 But in the 1990s those in the middle class found that there was a price for success. A U. S. News & World Report survey in 1994 indicated that 75 percent of Americans believed that middle-class families could no longer make ends meet.3 Both spouses now worked, as did some of the children, long commutes became routine; the need for child care put strains on the family; and public schools were not as good as they once were. Members of the middle class were no longer financing their lifestyles through earnings but were using credit to stay afloat. The understanding of just what middle class meant was changing.

练习：

1.The information in this passage deals with __B____.

A) an individualB) a social and economic group

C) a political organization D) government

2.A common middle class value is that __D____.

A) people should always have fun

B) children should be seen and not heard

C) debt is nothing to worry about

D) the family is very important

3.In the years after World War Ⅱ, the middle class could be defined as ___C___.

A) overburdened and in debt B) hard working and suspicious

C) prosperous and optimistic D) young and foolish

4.The phrase "In other words" in the first paragraph means that the following statement is ___C___.

A) an exception to the previous idea

B) a denial of the previous idea

C) a restatement of the previous idea

D) a contrasting idea

5.The word collectively means __A___.

A) as a group B) hesitatinglyC) unknowingly D) weakly

译文：变化中的中产阶级

美国把自己看成是一个中产阶级的国家。然而，中产阶级既不是一个真实的称号，也不会带来特别待遇。它更是一个观念，一个也许在第二次世界大战之后会变得更加正确的观念。那时，美国经济不断增长，越来越多的人拥有了自己的家庭，工人们和雇佣自己的公司签订了可靠的合同，并且几乎所有想受到高等教育的人能够接受教育。成功的人士享受这种上升的社会流动性。他们也许之前很穷，但是他们能够变得富有。成功人士同样发现他们有更好的地理流动性。换句话说，他们发现自己正移居并生活在各种各样的地方。

这些中产阶级都持有几种相同的价值观和原则。认为赚取足够金钱就可以决定自己经济命运的想法，是其中一种比较强烈的价值观。另外，中产阶级的道德观包括个人的责任感、家庭的重要性、对他人的使命感以及相信自我以外的事物。

但是在20世纪90年代，这些中产阶级的人们发现了成功的代价。1994年，《美国新闻与世界报道》的一篇调查称，75%的美国人认为中产阶级家庭无法收支相抵。现在夫妻双方以及他们的一些孩子都在工作；遥远的上下班路程变成了常态，儿童看护给家庭带来了很大压力，并且公立学校已经不如以前那样好了。中产阶级的成员不再通过薪水来支付他们的生活所需，而是通过使用信用卡来维持生活。对于中产阶级的理解正在发生变化。

第九篇Single-parent Kids Do Best

Single mums are better at raising their kids than two parents 一at least in the bird world. Mother zebra finches1 have to work harder and raise fewer chicks on their own，but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.

The finding shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors2 such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around, there's always a conflict of interests3，which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.

In evolutionary terms4，the best strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for their offspring，so they can concentrate on breeding again. So it's normal for parents to try to pass the buck5 to each other. But Ian Hartley from the University of Lancaster and his team wondered how families solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.

To find oiit6，they measured hoW much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies. They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks，and each single mum had two —supposedly the same amount of work.

But single mums, they found, put in about 25 per cent more effort than females rearing with their mate. To avoid being exploited, mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy, and it's the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer some of the cost of this conflict, ”says Hartley.

The cost does not show in any obvious decrease in size or weight, but in how attractive they are to the opposite sex. When the chicks were mature, the researchers tested the ”fitness" of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner. Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.

Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the quality of care,given to offspring, says zoologist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge University, who works on conflict of parents in birds. ”But the experimental evidence is not great. The breakthrough here is showing it empirically. ”

More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley's statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour, clutch size and even appearance. “People have not really made that link," says Hartley. A female's reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.

练习：

1.With which of the following statements would the author probably agree? C

A Single mums produce stronger sons.

B Single mums do not produce daughters.

C Two-parent families produce less attractive children.

D Two-parent families produce more beautiful offspring.

2.According to the passage, in what way does family conflict affect the quality of the offspring? A

A The young males get less care.

B The young females will decrease in weight.

C The offspring will become lazy fathers or mothers in the future.

D The offspring will not get mature easily.

3.What is the relationship between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5? B

A Cause and effect.

B Experiment and result.

C Problem and solution.

D Topic and comment.

4.According to Hartley, which of the following is NOT influenced by sexual conflict? D

A The evolution of the offspring's behaviour.

B The look of the offspring's faces. "

C The number of eggs produced by one offspring at a time.

D The offspring's body size. 、

5. According to the passage, people believe that a female's reproductive strategy is influenced by C

A an evolutionary driving force.

B a conflict of interests.

C ecological factors.

D the quality of the offspring.

译文：单亲幼儿最出色

单身母亲在抚养孩子方面比双亲要好——至少在鸟的世界是这样的。母斑胸草雀必须要非常努力地亲自抚养较少的小鸟，但是她们抚养的雄性后代更有吸引力,更容易得到配偶。

这个发现显示家庭冲突是与捕食和食物提供这样的生态因素同样重要的进化推动力。身边有双亲就总会有利益

冲突，这会对后代的质量产生有害的影响。

从进化的角度讲，在动物界，任何一个父亲或母亲的最佳策略是让他人来照顾后代，这样，他们.就可以集中精力再次繁殖后代了。所以父母之间很自然就出现了相互推卸责任的现象。但是兰卡斯特大学的Ian Hartley及他的工作组想知道家庭是如何解决这个冲突的，以及冲突本身是如何影响后代的。

为了找到答案，他们衡量斑胸草雀抚养它们的子女花了多少力气。他们监控每个母亲或父亲采集的食物量,移动或增加小鸟，因此每对草雀养4只小鸟，每只单身母雀养两只——假定这是相同的工作量。通过这些方法他们对单身母雀和成对草雀作了比较。

但是他们发现单身母雀比与配偶共同抚养后代的母雀多付出25%。如果公雀太懒的话，为了避免筋疲力尽，有配偶的母雀并不十分努力工作。这样做的后果就是后代付出代价。Hartley说: “后代要为这种冲突付出一些代价。”

这种代价不是表现在身材和体重的明显减少，而是表现在它们对异性的吸引力上。当小鸟长大后，研究者通过提供给雌性它们所能选择的伴侣的方法检验雄性后代的健康状况。那些由单身母亲抚养大的雄性比由父母抚养大的雄性更多地被选中。

研究鸟类父母冲突的剑桥大学动物学家Rebecca Kilner说，很久以来人们就认为两性之间的冲突会影响对后代的照顾。“但是试验证据并不充分。这个突破主要是以经验来显示这种影响的。”

Kilner说，更令人惊讶的是Hartley说这种冲突可能会严重影响行为的进化、窝卵数目，甚至外表。Hartley说:“人们并没真正确定这种联系。”人们通常认为雌性的繁殖策略受捕食和食物提供的影响。Kilner说父母之间的冲突现在也应该被考虑在内了。

第十篇 A Letter from Alan

I have learnt of a plan to build three hundred houses on the land called Parson's Place by the football ground. Few people know about this new plan to increase the size of our town. For me, Parson's Place is special because it is a beautiful natural area where local people can relax —the small wood has many unusual trees and the stream is popular with fishermen and bird-watchers.1 It's very quiet because there are few houses or roads nearby. I think that losing this area will be terrible because we have no other similar facilities in the neighbourhood.

I am also against this plan because it will cause traffic problems. How will the people from the new houses travel to work? The motorway and the railway station are on the other side of town. Therefore, these people will have to drive through the town centre every time they go anywhere. The roads will always be full of traffic, there will be nowhere to park and the tourists who come to see our lovely old buildings will leave.2 Shops and hotels will lose business. If the town really needs more homes, the empty ground beside the railway station is a more suitable place.

No doubt the builders will make a lot of money by selling these houses. But, in my opinion, the average person will quickly be made poorer by this plan. As well as this, we will lose a very special place and our town will be much less pleasant.3

I am going to the local government offices on Monday morning to protest about this plan and I hope that your readers will join me there. We must make them stop this plan before it is too late.

1. Why has Alan written this letter? D

A) To persuade the government to build new houses.

B) To protest about a new motorway near the town.

C) To encourage more people in the town to use Parson's Place.

D) To inform other people about the builders' plans. C

2. Why is Parson's Place particularly important, in Alan's opinion?

A) Because it is near the football ground.

B) Because lots of people live near it.

C) Because it is a place near the town where people can enjoy nature.

D) Because local people can get there easily by car from the town.

3.What will cause traffic jams? A

A) A building on Parson's Place.

B) Building near the railway station.

C) Tourists in the narrow streets.

D) People going to the shops and hotels.

4.Alan says that ordinary people who live in the town will probably soon .D

A) open new shops and hotels

B) choose to live near the station

C) be able to buy new homes

D) have less money

5. Which of these posters has Alan made? B

A) SA VE OUR SPORTS GROUND

B) SAY NO TO HOUSES ON PARSON'S PLACE

C) WE NEED HOMES NOT HOTELS

D) USE THE TRAIN NOT THE ROAD

译文：艾伦的来信

网听说了一个要在Parson公园上建造三百所房子的计划。没有几个人知道这个打算将我们城镇扩大的计划。对我来说，Parson公园是非常特别的，因为它是一个美丽的天然公园，当地人可以在此放松休息。这篇小树林里有许多独特的树木并且这里的小溪受到了渔夫和野鸟观察者的欢迎。这里很安静因为附近只有几所房子和几条公路。网认为失去这片公园会很糟糕，因为在这附近我们没有其他与其相似的公园了。

我发对这项计划也是因为它将会引起交通问题。住在新房子的人们将如何去工作呢？高速公路和地铁站在城镇的另一端。因此，这些人每次出行的时候将不得不驱车穿越城镇中心。公路上将总是有很多车辆，没有地方停车，并且来餐馆我们这个可爱的老式建筑物的观光者将会离开这里。商店和旅馆将赔钱。如果这个城镇真的需要好更多的房子，那片在地铁站附近的空地是一个更合适的地方。

毫无疑问，通过出售这些房子建筑商们会赚很多钱。但是，在我看来，每个人将会因这个计划的实施而快速地变穷。不但如此，我们将失去一个非常特别的地方，并且我们的城镇将会失去很多快乐。

我将在周一早上到当地政府办公室抗议这项计划，并且我希望你们这些读者将会和我一起去那里。我们必须让他们停止这项计划，否则就来不及了。

第十一篇The Development of Ballet—2013已考

Ballet is a dance form that has a long history. The fact that it survives to this day shows that it has adjusted as times have changed.

Ballet began in the royal courts during the Renaissance. At that time it became common for kings and queens，as well as other nobility，to participate in pageants that included music，poetry，and dance. As these entertainments moved from the Italian courts to the French ones，court ladies began participating in them. Though their long dresses prevented much movement，they were able to perform elaborate walking patterns. It was not until the 1600s that women dancers shortened their skirts，changed to flat shoes，and began doing some of the leaps and turns performed by men.

It was also in the 1600s that professional ballet began. King Louis XIV of France，himself a devoted dancer，founded the Royal Academy of Dance. The five basic feet positions from which all ballet steps begin were finalized. In the late 1700s another important change occurred. Ballet began to tell a story on its own. It was no longer simply dance to be performed between acts of plays. Elaborate wigs and costumes were eliminated. By the early 1800s dancers learned to rise on their toes to make it appear that they were floating.

Classical ballet as we know it today was influenced primarily by Russian dancing. The Russians remained interested in ballet when it declined in other European countries in the mid -1800s. One of the most influential figures of the early 20th century was Sergei Diaghilev. His dance company，the Ballets Russes，brought a new energy and excitement to ballet. One of his chief assistants，George Balanchine，went on to found the New York City Ballet in 1948 and to influence new generations of dancers.

1. This passage deals mainly with ___C__.

A) famous names in ballet

B) French versus Russian ballet

C) the way ballet developed

D) why ballet is no longer popular

2. An important influence in early ballet was__D___.

A) Balanchine B) Marie Antoinette

C) DiaghilevD) Louis XIV

3. You can conclude from this passage that ballet__B___.

A) is a dying art

B) will continue to change as new people and ideas influence it

C) is only currently performed in Russia and the United States

D) is often performed by dancers with little training

4. The information in this passage is presented____D_.

A) through the story of one dancer

B) by describing various positions and steps

C) by listing reasons why ballet has succeeded

D) in chronological order

5. The word pageants means__D___.

A) dancesB) instructors C) kingsD) elaborate shows

译文：芭蕾舞的发展

芭蕾舞是一种历史悠久的舞蹈形式。事实上芭蕾舞延续至今说明了其随着时代的变化而有所调整。

在文艺复兴时期，芭蕾舞开始于皇家宫廷。在那时，芭蕾舞在国王、王后以及贵族之间变得普遍，并且与音乐、诗歌以及舞蹈一起参与盛会的表演。当这些娱乐形式从意大利宫廷流传到法国宫廷的时候，宫女们开始参与进来。虽然她们的长裙子阻碍了很多的动作，但是她们能够表演复杂的步伐。直到17世纪女舞者缩短了她们的裙子，改穿平底鞋，并且开始做一些男舞者表演的跳跃和转圈动作。

而且也是在17世纪，专业的芭蕾舞舞蹈团应运而生。法国国王路易十四建立了皇家舞蹈学院，而他本身就是一个芭蕾舞爱好者。由此正式确定了脚的5个基本位置，这5个外开的位置成为发展色蕾舞技术的基础。18世纪末，发生了另一个重要的改变。芭蕾舞幵始通过自己的表演来讲述故事。它再也不仅仅是幕间表演的插舞〗精致的假发和服装被淘汰。在19世纪初，舞者学会了用脚尖站立使其看起来像是在漂浮。

正如我们所知，现如今古典芭蕾主要受到了俄罗斯舞蹈的影响。在19世纪中叶，当欧洲其他国家对于芭蕾舞的兴趣有所减少时，俄罗斯人始终保持着对芭蕾舞的兴趣。在20世纪初，最有影响力的人物之一便是谢尔盖?基列夫。他的舞蹈公司俄罗斯芭蕾舞团，为芭蕾带来了新的动力与活力。他的主要助手之一，乔治?巴兰钦，在1948年建立了纽约市芭蕾舞舞蹈团并影响了新一代的舞者。

第十二篇Smuggling

It is not unusual for a pet to be sent by air cargo from Colombia to New York, but last December's shipment of a 4-year-old sheep dog caught a New York Kennedy Airport Customs inspector's eye. The dog looked to be on its last legs, and

there was an unusual lump on the side of its body. An X-ray and emergency surgery revealed the presence of 10 condoms tightly packed with five pounds of cocaine that had been surgically implanted in the dog's abdomen - yet another first for Customs in the war on drugs.

When it comes to transporting drugs, the methods used are only as limited as a smuggler's imagination. Kilo bricks of cocaine are routinely concealed beneath false bottoms of containers that hold poisonous snakes. "You've got snakes that are 12feet long," says a United States Fish and Wildlife Service agent - and sometimes the drug is in the snake. "Who's going to pull it out and feel it?"

In 1994, United States Customs seized 204,391 pounds of cocaine, 559,286 pounds of marijuana and 2,577 pounds of heroin. Just how much actually flows into the country is anyone's guess. Some customs officials estimate that only 10 percent of the drugs coming into the country are ever seized. In Miami, the District Attorney won't even prosecute small fry. "It's got to be over five kilos of cocaine, above a kilo of heroin and more than 5,000 pounds of marijuana or it's not something that we're going to stop the presses on," says Tom Cash, a retired agent.

Given this deluge, one can only wonder if agents are ever confounded by some of the smuggling methods. "There are things we haven't seen before," says John McGhee, a Miami Customs special agent, "but nothing really surprises us."

练习：

1. The dog was different from others in that D

A) it could stand only on its hind legs.

B) it had only two legs C) it was very attractive

D) it had a very big abdomen

2. How many methods are used to transport drugs? A

A) As many as a smuggler can think of.

B) Beyond the smuggler's imagination.

C) Only a limited number.D) Only a few.

3. How many pounds of heroin were estimated to be smuggled into the United States in 1994? C

A) 204,391

B) 2,577

C) 25,770

D) 559,286

4. Which of the following could best replace the expression "small fry" in the third paragraph? C

A) Small dogs.B) Small sheep dogs.C) Small smugglers D) Small ringleaders.

5. What is this article about? C

A) Drug transportation from Columbia to New York.

B) A new method for drug smuggling.

C) Varied drug transportation methods

D) Types of drug.

译文：走私

用空运邮件把宠物从哥伦比亚送到纽约并非什么新鲜事，但去年12月，一只空运而来的4岁牧羊犬引起了纽约肯尼迪海关一位检查员的注意。这只狗看上去已奄奄一息，而在它身体的一侧有一个可疑的肿块。通过X射线检查和外科手术，发现狗的腹内被植入了10个避孕套，里面塞满了总计5英磅的可卡因——这是反毒战争中该海关创下的又一个第一。

说到运输毒品，走私者用尽了各种可以想象得到的办法，大块的可卡因常被隐藏在装运毒蛇箱子的假底板下面。“有时你面对的是12英尺长的蛇，”一位美国海关的鱼类及野生动物检查员说——毒品有时就藏在蛇腹中——“谁会把它弄出来检查检查呢？”

1994年，美国海关共查获204391磅可卡因，559289磅大麻以及2577磅海洛因，实际流入这个国家的毒品数量不得而知。一些海关官员估计，大约只有10%偷运进来的毒品被查获。在迈阿密，地方检察官对那持少量毒品的人甚至不予起诉。“只有数量超过5公斤可卡因、1公斤海洛因、5000磅以上的大座，或是事情已引起新闻界的关注，我们无法阻止时才会予以起诉。”退休官员汤姆?卡什说。

面对如此庞大的毒品走私数量，人们只能怀疑海关究竟是否被走私者采用的花招搞糊涂了。“只有我们没见过的方法，”迈阿密海关特别官员约翰?麦克希说，“但从没有什么令我们真正吃惊。”

第十三篇The Barbie Dolls

In the mid 1940’s, the young ambitions duo Ruth and Ellison Handler, owned a company that made wooden pictures frames. It was in 1945 that Ruth and Elliot Handler joined with their close friend Harold Mattson to form a company that would be known for the most famous and successful doll ever created. This company would be named Mattel, MATT for Mattson and EL for Elliot!

In the mid 1950's, while visiting Switzerland, Ruth Handler purchased a German Lilly doll. Lilly was a shapely, pretty fashion doll first made in 1955. She was originally fashioned after a famous cartoon character in the West German Newsletter, Build.

Lilly is the doll that would inspire Ruth Handler to design the Barbie doll. With the help of her technicians and engineers at Mattel, Barbie was born. Ruth then hired Charlotte Johnson, a fashion designer, to create Barbie's wardrobe. It was in 1958 that the patent for Barbie was obtained. This would be a fashion doll unlike any of her time. She would be long limbed, shapely, beautiful, and only 11.5 inches tall. Ruth and Elliot would name their new fashion doll after their own daughter, Barbie.

In 1959, the Barbie doll would make her way to the New York Toy Show and receive a cool reception from the toy buyers.

Barbie has undergone a lot of changes over the years and has managed to keep up with current trends in hairstyles, makeup and clothing. She is a reflection of the history of fashion since her introduction to the toy market.

Barbie has a universal appeal and collectors both young and old enjoy time spent and memories made with their dolls.

1. When Ruth and Elliot Handler was young, they had a strong desire D

A. to go to school.

B. to take photos.

C. to make frames.

D. to be highly successful.

2. Who owned Mattel? D

A. Mattson.

B. Elliot.

C. Harold Mattson and Elliot Handler.

D. Harold Mattson, Ruth and Elliot Handler.

3. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that Lilly was fashioned after A

A. Build.

B. a German doll.

C. a pretty girl.

D. a shapely woman.

4. Where did Ruth Handler's inspiration for the design of the Barbie doll come from? B

A. Barbie.

B. Lilly.

C. Charlotte Johnson.

D. A fashion designer.

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Barbie doll? A

A. She does not attract young men.

B. She has undergone many changes over the years.

C. She is 11. 5 inches tall.

D. She has managed to keep up with fashion.

译文：芭比娃娃

20世纪40年代中期，雄心壮志的年轻夫妇露丝，埃利奥特?汉德勒就有了一家生产木制图画框架的公司。1945年，露丝，埃利奥特?汉德勒夫妇与他们的好友麦特森合开了一家公司。公司由于制造了最有名最成功的娃娃而人人知晓。公司起名叫“MATTEL”（麦特尔）。“MATT”代表麦特森（MATTSON）“EL”代表埃利奥特（ELLIOT）。

20世纪50年代中期，露丝和埃利奥特?汉德勒游览瑞士时买了一个德国“莉莉”娃。“莉莉”是一个线条优美，漂亮又很时尚的娃娃。1955年第一次制作。她最早是根据《西德时事通讯》中的一个著名漫画人物——碧尔德塑造的。

莉莉这个娃娃唤起了露丝?汉德勒设计芭比娃的灵感。在工艺和工程师的帮助下，芭比娃诞生了。而后，露丝雇用了一名时装设计师洛特?约翰逊设计芭比娃的全部衣物。并于1958年获得了芭比娃的专利。她是一个时髦的娃娃，不同于这一时代的其他娃娃。她的腿长，线条优美，面庞娇美，只有11.5英寸高。露丝和埃利奥特就以自己女儿的名字芭比为新型的娃娃命名。

1959年，芭比娃参加了纽约玩具展览，买者的反应很冷淡。

这些年来，芭比娃经历了很多变化，在发式、装束、衣着方面都设法与时代潮流保持同步。自从她进入了玩具市场，就成了时尚史的反映。

芭比娃对所有的人都有吸引力，无论年老的年少的收集者都喜欢和芭比共度时光，享受对她的回忆。

第十四篇Sleep

We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity1 is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness2. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.

The question is no mere academic one.3 The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness，sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately，it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week；a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 am one week, 8 am to 4 pm the next, and 4 pm to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another4，so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend5 and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.

The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers6 whose nocturnal wakefulness7 may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts，but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.

disruption 混乱，分裂，崩演abnormal 反常的，变态的

练习：

1. The question raised in Paragraph 1 is "no mere academic one" D

A because Bonjer's findings are different from Brown's.

B because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

C because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.

D because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.

2.According to the passage, the main problem about night work is that B

A people hate the inconvenience of working on night shifts.

B your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and back.

C not all industries work at the same hours.

D it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers.

3.According to the passage, the best solution to the problem seems to be C

A not to change shifts from one week to the next.

B to make periods on each shift longer.

C to employ people who will always work at night.

D to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly.

4.In the second paragraph, “the third" means A

A the third week.

B the third shift.

C a third of the time.

D the third routine.

5.In the last sentence of the second paragraph, ”another" means A

A another routine.

B another shift.

C another week.

D another person.

译文：睡眠

我们都知道人们每天正常活动的周期是大约7～8小时的睡眠与大约16 ~17小时的清醒状态相交替。而且，一般说来，睡眠通常与黑夜的长短相一致。我们目前关心的是要改变这一周期可以有多简单，并且可以改变到何种程度。

这不仅仅是一个简单的学术问题。例如,在需要机器24小时连续工作的自动化操作的工业生产中，使人们从白天工作变为晚上工作变得越来越重要了。通常一个人需要五天至一周的时间来适应与常规生活颠倒的睡眠时间和清醒时间，即白天睡觉，晚上工作。不幸的是,在工业生产中，工作班次每星期都变换的事经常发生：如一个人第一星期要从午夜12点工作到上午8点，下一个星期从上午8点工作到下午4点，第三个星期又从下午4点工作到午夜12点等等。这就意味着，他刚刚习惯了一种方式又不得不改为另一种。因此，他的很多工作和休息时间都不能得到高效率的利用。

让每一班次都维持较长一段时间，一个月，甚至三个月，这似乎是一种解决方法。然而，荷兰人邦杰近来的研究结果表明，按照这些体制工作的人在周末会恢复他们通常的睡眠和清醒的习惯。而这已足够破坏其一周以来培养起来的对夜晚工作的适应性。

唯一真正的解决方法看来是将晚班交给一组在所有周末和假日里都能保持夜间不困的长期上晚班的人。布朗曾做过一个关于上晚班的工人的家庭生活和健康状况的有趣的研究。她发现在那些早晚班换来换去的人群中，失眠、消化系统紊乱和家庭分裂有较高的发生率，但是在那些长期上晚班的人中这种反常征兆却没有。

第十五篇Orbital Space Plane

While scientists are searching the cause of the Columbia disaster，NASA is moving ahead with plans to develop a new craft that would replace shuttles on space station missions by 2012 and respond quickly to space station emergencies.

The space agency released the first set of mission needs and requirements several days ago for the orbital space plane，which would be designed to transport a crew of four to and from the International Space Station.

Although it includes few specifics，the plan stipulates the orbiter will be safer，cheaper and require less preparation time than the shuttle. It would be able to transport four crew members by 2012 –though it would be available for rescue missions by 2010. NASA says the craft should be able to transport injured or ill space station crew members to “definitive medical care”within 24 hours.

The release of the requirements showed NASA remains focused on the long-term priorities of space exploration，even as questions linger concerning the loss of Columbia and its seven-member crew on February 1，2003.

Experts at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville，Alabama，have been working for years on a successor to the shuttle. The project，known as the Space Launch Initiative，was divided last year into two parts –one focusing on a future launch vehicle，the other on a space station orbiter. The orbiter is expected to be ready sooner.

The program’s managers say NASA officials have told them not to alter Space Launch Initiative in light of the Columbia disaster.

U.S. President George W. Bush asked Congress for about US$1 billion for Space Launch Initiative in 2004，funds that would be almost equally split between the Orbital Space Plane and Next Generation Launch Technology.

练习：

1. The orbital space craft has been designed for B

A. controlling the International Space Station.

B. carrying astronauts to the International Space Station.

C. transporting equipment to the International Space Station.

D. training astronauts in space flights.

2. From the passage we know that the design of the orbiter indicates A

A. NASA’s determination to continue its space exploration projects.

B. the U.S. space technology superiorities.

C. a victory in space exploration.

D. the birth of an absolutely safe space craft.

3. When did the scientists start working on a successor to the shuttle? C

A. Immediately after the Columbia disaster.

B. One year after the Columbia disaster.

C. Years before the explosion of Columbia.

D. Not mentioned in the passage.

4. Besides the main mission stipulated by NASA，the orbiter would also be used as D

A. a space hospital.

B. a medical research center.

C. a medicine-transporting vehicle.

D. a space ambulance. 译文：撒哈拉沙漠

撒哈拉这个名字起源于阿拉伯谱单词“沙漠”或“干草原”。位于北非的撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠，占地350万平方英里，大概相当于美国的大小。它横跨大西洋与红海间的大陆。日间气温可高达华氏130度。湿度有时会在13% ~ 19% ,但也可低达2. 5% ,为世界最低湿度。撒哈拉沙漠的绝大多数地区每年的降雨量低于&英寸，但多年来大面积地区根本没下过雨。

位于哈拉沙漠中心的是北非的内陆国尼日尔。这里的沙丘可高达100英尺，长至几英里。在这里，被沙漠覆盖的地区没有水和城镇，其面积大于德国。然而有一个叫做比尔马的镇子坐落于环绕的沙漠中间。忽然间可看见好多个清澈的水潭。令人惊奇的是，那里还有椰枣林。在干河床和洼地处可找到充足的地下水资源或者绿洲来支持灌溉农业。灌溉沟渠通过一条小溪到达水田中。在这些田地里种植着玉米、木薯、茶叶、花生、辣椒、橘子树、酸橙树和柚子树。青草上放养着驴和山羊。

在尼日尔的撒哈拉地区，你仍然可以看到500只被系起来的骆驼排成一条宽松的队伍，组成一个长达1英里的驼队，朝这样的绿洲城镇走去。在那里，驼队会收集从潮湿的盆地中开采出来用于维持生命的盐，然后运回到位于400英里开外的、沙漠边缘的居住地。这种穿过广阔沙漠的往返行程需要一个月的时间。

第十七篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful

Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble. Japanese,Brazilians, Americans —they graffiti their names,loves and politics on the cold iron —transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.

With Paris laid out in miniature below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view. But the graffiti also raises a question ：Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?

The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces a structure some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness. Regularly maintained, it should never rust away. Graffiti is regularly painted over,but the tower lives on.

"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic”，says Hugues Richard,a 31- year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor 一747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet. "It's iron lady，It inspires us ”，he says.

But to what? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose. It ceased to be the world’s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building went up in New York. Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.

But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will. To the technically minded, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.

"The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.

练习：BACBC

1. Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move?

A) Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.

B ) Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.

C) The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.

D ) The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.

2. What seems strange to the author?

A) Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.

B ) Visitors spends much time watching other people scribbling.

C ) Only Japanese,Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.

D ) Scribbling spread from country to country.

3. Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard?

A ) He is a cyclist.

B ) He is a record holder.

C ) He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.

D ) He cycled up to the tower's second floor.

4. What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for?

A) Sending radio and television signals all over the world.

B ) Conducting research in various fields.

C) Giving people inspiration.

D ) Demonstrating French culture.

5. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “（The Eiffel Tower is like)a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will ______？

A ) Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.

B ) Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.

C ) Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.

D) Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.

译文：引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔

世箅各地的人们都来到大约300米高，接近埃菲尔铁塔顶端的地方涂鸦。日本人、巴西人、美国人都在冰冷的铁上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治观点，使这最具有法兰西色彩的纪念碑成为动感世界的象

征。

从塔上可以看到巴黎市的远景，但奇怪的是观光者们宁愿花时间留下到此一游的痕迹，而不去观赏风景。但这

些涂鸦者也引起了一个问题：为什么在建成114年后，埃菲尔铁塔仍然这么受欢迎?尽管它在几十年前减已经不是世界上最高的建筑物了。

这个问题的答案就像那构成90层的铁塔的工程一样复杂。一部分的理由是，毫无疑问，铁塔是永不过时的。周期性的维护使得它永远不会被腐蚀掉。埃菲尔铁塔定期油漆，覆盖那些涂鸦, 但是它仍将继续存在下去。

“埃菲尔是巴黎的象征，而巴黎又代表了法国。所以，埃菲尔十分具有象征性。”Hugues Richard说道。这位31岁的法国人保持着在19分零4秒的时间内骑自行车经过747级台阶登上铁塔二层的纪录。“这是铁娘子，能让人产生灵感，”他说。

但是它能使人们产生怎样的灵感呢？毕竟，铁塔并没有任何&的。1930年纽约的克莱斯勒大厦取代它成为世界上最高的建筑。但是电视和广播信号仍然从塔顶发送出来，而古斯塔夫?埃菲尔，这个狂热的建造者利用它的高度进行气象学、空气动力学和无线电通讯的研究。他在12月27 日逝世，终年91岁。

本质上来说，铁塔伫立在那儿本身就是一个灵感——它就像一张空白的画布，任游客自由遐想。对于那些善于从技术角度考虑伺题的人来说，它是一个工程上的胜利;而对于恋人们来说，它则象征着浪漫。

“这座塔将在我们所有的人离去后长久存在。”埃菲尔铁塔管理公司的伊莎贝尔说。

第十八篇Goal of American Education

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.

Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone —not just for a privileged elite. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability, and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.

Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and “Americanizing”the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns.

The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities. Students spend much time, learning how to use resource materials, libraries, statistics and computers. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.

This is America's answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time: “How can one prepare today's child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?”

练习：CDCCD

1. Which of the following best states the goal of American education?

A. To teach every learner some practical skills.

B. To provide every learner with rich knowledge.

C. To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.

D. To train every student to be a responsible citizen.

2. It is implied in the passage that

A. all high-school students take the same courses.

B. every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses.

C. every public school offers the same academic subjects.

D. the subject every student takes may vary.

3. American schools place great emphasis on the learner's

A. enrichment of knowledge.

B. accumulation of facts.

C. acquisition of the ability to be creative.

D. acquisition of the ability to work with his hands.

4. According to the passage, American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT

A. the brightest students.

B. the slow students.

C. the students from foreign countries.

D. the immigrants.

5. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries?

A. The large number of its schools.

B. The variety of the courses offered in its schools.

C. Its special consideration given to immigrants.

D. Its underlying goal to develop every child's abilities to the fullest extent.

译文：美国教育的目标

教育是美国人的生活中很重要的一部分，花销也大。其规模宏大，种类多样。

与其他大多数国家相比，美国教育的不同在于美国教育是为每一个人设置的~"不只是为享有特权的优等生。学校是要满足每个孩子的需要，不论其能力如何，同时也要满足社会本身的需求。这意味着公立学校提供的教育不只限于学术方面的课程。很多人来到美国之后会吃惊地发现，高中除了提供传统课程，例如：数学、历史和语言之外，他们还提供一些课程如打字、缝纫、无线电修理、计算机课程或驾驶训练课程。学生选择课程是根据个人喜好、目标以及能力水平。美国教育的潜在目标是将每一个孩子的能力最充分地发挥出来，培养每一个孩子的公民和社区觉悟感。

成千上万的移民者涌入这个国家，他们的出身背景不同。传统上,学校在建立民族团结以及使移民者美国化两方面起着重大作用。在社区中，尤其在小城镇，学校仍然起着重要作用。

大家对美国的教学方法彳以乎也很陌生。因为这种教学方法不仅不正式，而且不把重点放在学习具体知识上。相反，美国人教孩子独立思考，教他们自己去开发自己的智慧以及创造能力。学生花很多时间学习怎样使用参考资料、图书馆、数据以及计算机。美国人认为只要孩子具有好的推理能力，好的研究方法，他们就能在以后找到自己所需的具体知识。他们还认为懂得怎样解决问题比积累事实更重要。

在这个变化万千的时代里，全世界细心的父母都在思考一个尖锐而深刻的问题：“怎样为孩子的明天做准备呢？孩子的明天既不能预料也不能理解。”上述的教学方法正是美国对这一问题的回答。

第十九篇The Family

The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family ; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.

There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North

America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.

The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins. In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.

练习:AAACB

1. Another good title for this passage would be_____.

A) What Makes a Family?B) The Life of the Inuits.

C) Living with Hardship.D) The Failure of theNuclear Family.

2. A nuclear family is defined as_____.

A) a married couple with their minor children

B) a single father with，minor children

C) parents，grandparents，and children

D) parents，children，and aunts and uncles

3. The information in this passage would most likely be found in_____.

A) an anthropology textbook

B) a biology textbook

C) a mathematics textbook

D) a geography textbook

4. The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _____.

A) listing statistics B) telling a story

C) pointing out similaritiesD) pointing out differences

5. The word mobility means_____.

A) money B) readiness to moveC) organizationD) skill

译文：家庭

在全世界，甚至在同一个社会中，家庭结构有着不同的形式。家庭的构成形式随着不断变化的社会和经济影响而改变。直到最近，北美洲最普遍的家庭形式为核心家庭，由一对夫妇和他们未婚的孩子构成。核心家庭是一个独立的单位。它必须能够照料自己。家庭成员紧密依赖着彼此。在紧急情况下，外界提供给家庭的帮助微乎其微。核心家庭中，只有当条件允许的时候，才会照料家中年长的亲属。在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他们‘般住在退休社区和养老机构。

在工业社会，例如北美洲，核心家庭之间有很多相似点。在居住在恶劣环境中的因纽特人的社会中，家庭间也有很多相似点。核心家庭结构良好地适应于流动性的生活。在恶劣的条件下，流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。对北美洲人来说，找工作和提高社会地位同样需要流动性。

核心家庭并不总是北美洲人的标准。在农业社会时期，小型的核心家庭经常是大家庭的一部分。其中可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨以及表兄弟姐妹。在现在的北美洲，单亲家庭的数目大幅度增加。由核心家庭构成的单亲家庭的数目是美国由于离婚、分居或者未婚导致的单亲家庭的两倍。不仅在北美洲，在世界范围内，家庭结构都会随着不断变化的条件而改变。

第二十篇Tales of the Terrible Past

It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner，storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.

Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved. The main character in this novel，a former slave called Sethe，lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War，but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories. Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences，the reader learns how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on; the fate of her husband，who also tried to escape; and finally，what happened to the child called Beloved. Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.

Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different，yet no less violent，vantage point. His main character，Rutherfprd Calhoun，is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its "cargo". Put to work after he is discovered，Calhoun witnesses firsthand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported. When they finally rebel and take over the ship，he finds himself in the middle -- and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.

Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read，but both exemplify African American writers' attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modem audience.

练习:DCBDA

1. This passage is mostly about__________.

A) the causes of slavery in America

B) black writers in the late 20th century

C) why Morrison and Johnson wrote the books they did

D) two novels that deal with slavery

2. Beloved is set__________.

A) on a slave ship

B) on a plantation before the Civil War

C) in Ohio after the Civil WarD) in an African town

3. The writer seems to feel that__________.

A) eveyone should read Morrison's and Johnson's novels

B) the books are worthwhile but challenging

C) black writers should ignore racial issues

D) we will repeat the past if we don’t learn about it

4. The writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their__________.

A) use of flashbacksB) treatment of women

C) criticism of whitesD) portrayal of violence

5. The word appalling means__________.

A) terrible B) surprising C) guilty D) unrealistic

译文：讲述可怕的过去

分析和诠释历史并不是小说家的工作。然而通过用一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家可以重现早斯时代，并引起读者的重视。在叙述历史的作家中，有一些黑人作家试图从不同的角度审视奴隶制。

诺贝尔奖获得者托妮?莫里森在她的作品《宠儿》中专门阐述了奴隶制问题。小说的主人公叫塞丝，她以前是个奴隶，内战之后住在俄亥俄，但是她无法让自己从可怕的记忆中解脱出来。通过一系列的倒序和痛苦的回忆，读者了解到赛丝为什么以及怎样逃出她赖以生存的种植园，她那同样试图逃出来的丈夫的命运，以及最后发生在叫做宠儿的孩子身上的事情。莫里森对奴隶受折磨和遭谋杀的场景描写得很生动，充分地表达出奴隶们的绝望以及奴隶主的残酷。

查尔斯?约翰逊的小说《中途》从另一个不同的角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。他的主人公叫做卢瑟福?卡尔霍恩，是一个游手好闲、身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘开往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。被发现后，他开始为之工作，并亲眼目睹了非洲人被抓起来，然后被运送到美国这种可怕的状况。当非洲人最终抵抗并占有了船只后，他发现了自己的中间性——并且被迫与他自己的身份和价值观念妥协。

不论是《宠儿》还是《中途》读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众重现重要历史的典范之作。

第二十一篇Spacing in Animals

Flight Distance

Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance”is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.

Critical Distance

Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance”includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion's critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.

Social Distance

Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group—that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.

Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short—apparently only a few yards—among some animals, and quite long among others.

Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother's voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.

练习：CABAD

1. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance?

A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing.

B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing.

C. Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.

D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing.

2. If an animal’s critical distance is penetrated, it will

A. begin to attack.

B. try to hide.

C. begin to jump.

D. run away.

3. According to the passage, social distance refers to

A. physical distance

B. psychological distance.

C. physiological distance.

D. philosophical distance.

4. Which of the following could best replace the word “band”in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group”(in Paragraph 3)?

A. Strip of land

B. Distance

C. Society

D. Community

5. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that

A. social distance is not always needed.

B. there is no social distance among small children.

C. humans are different from animals in social distance.

D. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors.

译文：动物的空间距离

逃离距离

一些善于观察的人已经注意到一只野生动物只让人或其他潜在的敌人在特定的距离内接近它，然后它便会逃走。“逃离距离”是用来描述这种物种间的空间距离的术语。一般说来，动物体积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系~^动物的体积越大，和敌人保特的距寓就越大。当敌人离羚羊500码远时，羚羊就会逃离。另一方面,壁虎的逃离距离大约6英尺。逃离是动物生存的基本手段。

关键距离

关键距离显然与逃离行为的时间和地点有关。关键距离指的是逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭窄区域。动物园的狮子会躲开接近它的人，直到它遇到不可跨过的障碍物才停步。如果那人继续朝它走去,他就很快地进入了狮子的关键距离,这时无路可走的狮子会调转方向，开始慢慢逼近那个人。

相聚距离

群居动物需要相互之间保持联系。和群体失去联系会因为各种原因（包括面临敌人）而导致不幸。相聚距离不仅仅是动物和群体失去联系时的距离——也就是说，在这个距离它不再能看到、听到或闻到群体——确切地说，它更是一种心理距离，一种当动物超越它的限度后会明显感到焦虑的距离。我们可以认为它是一条控制群体的隐形带。

相聚距离会因动物种类不同而有差别。对一些动物而言，相聚距离非常近，仅有几码远。但其他动物的相聚距离会非常远。

相聚距离不是一成不变的，而是部分地取决于环境。当无尾猿和人类的幼儿会活动，但还不受母亲言语控制时，相聚距离是她手臂够得着的长度。从动物园的狒狒，我们很容易看到这点。当小狒狒走到某个位置时，狒狒妈妈会伸出手来，抓住小狒狒的尾巴，把它拖回身边。因为危险而需要加强控制时，相聚距离就会缩小。要在人类身上证明这点，你只要观察一个有许多孩子的家庭就行了。当孩子们横过」条繁忙的街道时，他们会互相牵着手。

第二十二篇Some Things We Know about Language

Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so．But some things we do know．

First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort．There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one mother．Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language．

Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language．There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized. but the languages they speak are not primitive．In all known 1anguages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing．

This has not always been well understood；indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated．Popular ideas of the 1anguage of the American Indians will illustrate．Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very

primitive system of noises．Study has proved this to be nonsense．There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and a11 of them rum out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek．

A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate．That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language．

Finally, we know that language changes．It is natural and normal for language to change；the only languages which do not change are the dead ones．This is easy to understand if we look backward in time．Change goes on in all aspects of language．Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly．V ocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

练习：CABDC

1.In the second paragraph the author thinks that

A)some backward race doesn't have a language of its own．

B)some race in history didn't possess a language of its own．

C)any human race, whether backward or not, has a language．

D)some races on earth call communicate without language．

2.According to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have languages．

A)complicated B)uncivilizedC)primitive D)well-known

3.The author has used American Indian languages as all example to show that they are

A)just as old as some well-known languages．

B)just as sophisticated as some well-known languages．

C)more developed than some well-known languages．

D)more complex than some well-known languages．

4.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A)A language is a means of expressing a particular culture．

B)AU languages Can well express their respective cultures．

C)American Indian languages are as sophisticated as English．

D)Some languages are better than other languages．

5.According to the author, language changes are most likely to occur in

A)grammar．B)pronunciation．C)vocabulary．D)intonation．

译文：我们知道的关于语言的一些事情

许多关于语言方面的事情还是一个谜，而且将永远是一个谜。但是有些事情我们是知道的。首先，我们知道所有人类都有某种语言。世界上没有哪一种族落后到没有语言，没有人们用于交流的一套声音语言。历史上也没有哪个种族没有自己的语言。

其次，没有原始语言这种东西。许多人的文化不发达，按照我们的说法，他们是不文明的。但是，他们说的语言则不是原始的。在我们所知道的语言中，我们都可以看到它们经历了几万年发展历程的复杂性。’这并不总是那么易于理解。的确人们常常提出完全相反的观点。人们对美印第安人语言的普遍看法就很能说明问题。许多人都认为印第安人用非常原始的声音系统进行交流。研究结果已经证明那全是瞎说。美印第安人语言有几百种，且所有这些语言都被证明是很复杂和古老的。它们虽然不同于我们大多数所熟悉的语言，但是它们同英语和希腊语一样不是原始的语言。:

关于语言我们知道的第三件事是所有的语言都是完全能够满足需要的，也就是说,每一种语言都能满足说这种语言的人们表达其文化的需要。

最后，我们知道语言是变化的。语言变化是很自然的和正常的，二成不变的语言是死语言。只要我们看一看过去就会发现这是很好理解的。语言在各方面都在发生变化。语法特点就像语音一样变化。词汇方面的变化有时是非常广泛和迅速的。词汇是任何语言中最不稳定的部分。

第二十三篇The Only Way Is Up

Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities don't permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.

When people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land. Since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. That means building upwards.

The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home.

Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift-or elevator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old. Lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.

A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have always studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts.

"It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space we carry around with us -- and you just can't choose to move away," says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background. But some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.

Don't worry about them. They are probably from a university.

练习：CBDBD

1. "...these are cities concerned with the past" in the first paragraph refer to cities that

A) are worried about their past.B) have a glorious past to be proud of.

C) want to maintain their traditional image.

D) are very interested in their own history.

2. The difficulty in constructing tall buildings in the 19th century lies in

A) the shortage of money.

B) the lack of a device to carry people upward.

C) backward technology.

D) mountains taking up land space.

3. When Otis came up with the idea of a lift,

A) he sold it to the architects and builders immediately

B) the Egyptians used it to build the Pyramids.

C) it was accepted favorably by the public.

D) most people had doubt about its safety.

4 Which of the following best describes the experience of going in a lift now?

A) Fascinating.B) Uninteresting.C) Frightening.D) Exciting.

5. Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behaviour because

A) here humans behave the way animals do.

B) people in a lift are all scared.

C) here some people take notes.

D) in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks.

译文：只好向上

想到一个现代化的城市首先进入脑海的就是它的空中轮廓线。幢幢高楼如根根插入天空的手指一般。确实有些城市因不愿改变城市固有的风格而不允许建筑物超出一定的高度。但任何一个城市想要引起世界关注，第一件事就是建造摩天大楼。

当人口在城市聚集时，就产生了对土地的需求。城市是资本的聚集地，对土地的需求可以实现。而在城市利用土地赚钱最好的方法就是在最小的土地面积上居住最多的人。这就意味着要建高楼。

早在19世纪建造高楼的技术已经存在，但楼房的高度还受一个很重要的因素的制约。那就是楼房必须能让顶层的居民上下方便，人们下班回家后肯定不想像爬山那样去爬楼梯。

美国发明家艾莉莎?奥的斯为我们创造了电梯，他更喜欢叫它升降机。其实其中大部分技术都是很古老的，电梯使用的是跟埃及人修建金字塔同样的滑轮系统。奥的斯所作的贡献是将滑轮系统与一个蒸汽机连接起来制成一个刹车装置确保电梯上的链条断开时电梯不会坠落。正是这项技术赢得了人们对这项新发明的信心。事实上他在游乐场里让大家试乘了几年才把这个想法出售给建筑师和营造商。

电梯在现代社会肯定不能成为主题公园的看点了，乘电梯也成了再普通不过的事情，有时甚至会让人觉得厌烦。然而心理学家及其他研究人类行为的学者则发现了电梯的妙处。原因很简单。科学家经常在动物园里研究动物，而对于研究人类来说，最接近的方式就是在电梯里观察他们。

工作场所心理学家贾利?菲茨基波恩说：“电梯空间狭小，人们想要享受私人空间的要求在这里成了幻想，你不可能选择随意离开那里。”他还指出人被封闭在这个小空间里会产生很多不同的情绪。有些人会感到害怕，有些人则把它当作接近老板的好机会。有些人喜欢站在靠门的地方,有些人则藏在角落里。大部分的人试图混在人群里，而有些人特意表现以引起别人的注意，还有的人索性靠在角落记笔记。

不要担心，他们可能只是大学里的研究者。

第二十四篇 The Romance of Arthur Most cultures have some sort of hero whorepresents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thingabout King Arthur is that legends of his heroism have persisted for severalcenturies and spread far beyond England, the place where they began.

The earliest stories of King Arthur represent himas a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years aroundA. D. 700. This much of the Arthurian tale is probably based on fact. Whethercalled Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence ofsuch a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticityis questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel onthe stormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son ofKing Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his trueidentity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur fromthe stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere andassembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot,with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeatedin battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away tothe isle of A Valon.

This romantic tale greatly appealed to the Englishand the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities ofknighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroismof Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthur's knights werecirculated as well.

In England today, there are many sites claiming apiece of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. NearGlastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s and Guinevere'sbodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these provesthat the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.

练习：DACAC

1. King Arthur’s famer was ______

A. Lancelot

B. Avalon

C. Mordred

D. Uther Pendragon

2. The writer seems to feel that the truth aboutArthur is that he ______.

A. existed

B. was married to Guinevere

C. had many knights

D. was born at Tintagael

3. The information in the second paragraph ismostly presented in ______.

A. spatial order

B. order from latest to earliest

C. order from earliest to latest

D. order from least persuasive

4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means_____

A. dug up from the grave

B. buried

C. quarreled over

D. built a church around

5. Another good title for this passage would be ______

A. Kings in the Seventh Century

B. The Knights of the Round Table

C. Real or Legend?

D. Arthur’s Marriage to Guinevere.

译文：亚瑟传奇

很多文化都有某类能代表他们民族深信的价值观的英雄。有关亚瑟王的不同寻常的事情就是他的英雄主义传奇已经持续了几个世纪，并且影响力早已超越它所诞生的英国。

有关亚瑟王的不同寻常的事情就是他的英雄主义传奇已经持续了几个世纪，并且影响力早已超越它所诞生的英国。许多这类亚瑟王的故事大概是基于事实。无论是否叫作亚瑟，大量证据证明是有这样一个战士存在的。后来这些故事被美化修饰，使得它们的真实性受到质疑。根据这些故事，我们知道亚瑟出生在位于英国西海岸廷塔杰尔的一座城堡里，这里经常狂风暴雨。由于亚瑟是国王UtherPendragon的私生子，以他被巫师Merlin偷偷地带走，因此他不知道自己的真实身份（他的真实身份与他分离）。他娶了美丽的Guinevere，并且召集所有贵族骑士来到他的王宫，亚瑟王最终在决斗中被他的私生子Mordred打败，他的尸体被偷偷地运到阿瓦隆岛上。

这个传奇故事对中世纪的英国人和法国人很有吸引力，那个时候骑士精神的道德标准——骑士的理想的品格——是许多故事中很重要的一部分。以及其他亚瑟王的骑士的英雄主义故事也都传播开来。

在今天的英国，有许多地方都宣称是亚瑟王传奇遗址的一部分。廷塔杰尔还有一座成为废墟的城堡。格拉斯顿堡附近还有一座古代修道院的遗迹，据说亚瑟王和Guinevere的尸体在12世纪就在这里被挖掘出来。这些都不能证明传奇的真实性，但是它们却让这种神秘气氛延续下去。

第二十五篇Income

Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.

Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.

On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.

The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.

练习：BDABD

1. This passage is mainly about

A. the classification of income.

B. the difference between national income and personal income.

C. the concept of income.

D. the difference between disposable income and non-disposable income.

2. Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?

A. GNP equals national income plus indirect business taxes.

B. GNP excludes both capital consumption allowances and indirect business taxes.

C. Personal income is regarded as the total money income received by an individual after his or her taxes are paid.

D. The money that goes for capital consumption is not regarded as income.

3. It can be known from this passage that the government levy tax on

A. corporation profits.

B. every individual even though his income is very low.

C. those who work in joint ventures.

D. those who work in government departments.

4. According to this passage, the money you get as interest from government bonds is

A. money earned.

B. not money earned but money received.

C. money received because you have contributed to the economy.

D. money earned because you have furnished a service to the economy.

5. The passage implies that

A. people willingly pay taxes because they want to do something useful to the country.

B. people willingly pay taxes because they do not want to be looked down upon by others.

C. people pay taxes unwillingly because they feel they will be arrested if they do not.

D. people pay taxes somewhat unwillingly.

译文：收入

收入可以是国民收入和个人收入。国民收人被规定为所有生产要素所得收人，即所获利润、利息、房租、工资和其他的劳动报酬的总和。个人收人可以被规定为在支付个人所得税前的个人收入的总和。国民收入不等于国民生产总值，因为生产要素不能从资本消费限额支付或间接商业税中得到补偿，这两方面都包括在国民生产总值中。为资本消费而储蓄的那一部分钱用于自换设备，因此不能算作收人。间接税包括营业税、财产税和消费税，由商家直接支付给政府，因此减少了剩下来用于支付生产要素的款额。国民收入的3/4用于支付工资、薪金和其他各种形式的雇员补偿。

国民收入反映了生产要素所得收入，个人收入衡量个人和家庭收入。公司所获得的利润包括在国民收入内，因为它们是生产要素所得。无论怎样，必须从这些利润中拿出一部分向政府交纳公司收益税，剩余的一些钱必须用于扩大经营。只有利润中作为股息分红的那部分才归个人所有，所以，在公司获利中只有股利算作个人收入。生产要素所得用于社会保障金和失业保险金，但这些钱归政府（不是一种生产要素）而不是个人。所以说它是国民收人的一部分，而不是个人收入的一部分。

另一方面，个人领取社会保障金和失业保险时所得的钱，不是挣来的钱而是领取的钱。政府债券所得利息也属于这种范畴，因为从证券的买卖中获得的大部分钱用作支付军事生产，而那些产品不再为经济提供服务。

个人收入所得的钱既可以消费也可以储蓄，但无论如何花费不都是完全自愿的。我们收入中的相当一部分要用于支付个人所得税，大多数人从来没有收到他们交纳的税，因为它从他们的工资卡上被扣除了。个人在缴纳所得税后余留下来的钱是可自由支配的个人收人。可自由支配的收入可被分为个人消费支出和个人储蓄，请记住个人储蓄是消费后剩下的那部分收入，这一点很重要。

第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago

If you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as Arthur Frommer or Eugene Fodor，it will not surprise you to lean that travel writing has a long and venerable history. Almost from the earliest annals of recorded time individuals have found ready audiences for their accounts of journeys to strange and exotic locales.1 One of the earliest travel writers，a Greek geographer and historian named Strabo，lived around the time of Christ. Though Strabo is known to have traveled from east of the Black Sea west to Italy and as far south as Ethiopia，he also used details gleaned from other writers to extend and enliven his accounts. His multivolumed work Geography provides the only surviving account of the cities，peoples，customs，and geographical peculiarities of the whole known world of his time.

Two other classic travel writers，the ltalian Marco Polo and the Moroccan Ibn Battutah，lived in roughly the same time period. Marco Polo traveled to China with his father and uncle in about A.D.1275 and remained there 16 or 17 years，visiting several other countries during his travels. When Marco returned to ltaly he dictated his memoirs，including stories he had heard from others，to a scribe，with the resulting book II milione being an instant success.Though difficult to attest to the accuracy of all he says，Marco's book impelled Europeans to begin their great voyages of exploration.

lbn Battutah's interest in travel began on his required Muslim joumey to Mecca in 1325，and during his lifetime he journeyed through all the countries where Islam held sway. 3 His travel book

The Rihlah is a personalized account of desert journeys，court intrigues，and even the effect of the Back Death in the

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