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笔译论文

笔译论文
笔译论文

Brief Study of Domestication

郑霞英语5班20094031084

【摘要】:翻译已不仅仅在于语言形式的转换,也在于文化的传递。长期以来归化与异化主要争论的便是翻译中语言所包含文化内容的传递问题。异化翻译是以源语文化为导向的翻译,保留源语语调的异国情调,归化翻译旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调,为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。本文从文化,翻译目的及读者的接受程度来阐释归化,以异化做比较,深刻认识归化

【Key word】: Culture, Domestication, Foreignition

1﹑The brief unscramble of domestication

1﹑1 The definition of domestication

Domestication refers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expression to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target reader.

1.2 Theoretical basic of domestication

American deconstructionist translation theorist Lawrence Venuti (1995) put forward that domestication refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language reader. Domestication emphasizes fluency, the target readers’ response. Domestication makes the translated version more acceptable and popular in the target culture. The translator makes significant changes to the original text in the translation process in order to produce a text conforming to the stylistic and idiomatic norms of the target language for the target language reader. American famous translation theorist Eugene. A. Nida put forward functional equivalence theory, which does great contribution to translation. In “A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories of Translation” (1796 ). Nida says “the relative validity of each translation is seen in the degree to which the receptors are able to response to its messages (in the terms of both form and content)” .We can know from above that Nida’s functional theory pay much attention to the receptors and responses. The translation is no longer the process of “author (original text)—translator(translated text)”,instead it is a dynamic one of “ author(original text)—translator(translated text)—reader.

Skopos theory is used in translation. The first is skopos rules, next is coherence rule or intra —textual coherence. Coherence rule means the target texts must be comprehensible to receivers in target language culture and the communicative situation in which the target text is to be used. It addresses that the translated text should be accepted by the target reader. Every translation is directed by their readers. The last one is fidelity rule or inter—textual rule. Fidelity rule means there must be an inter-textual coherence between the source texts and the target texts, which is similar to the fidelity to the source texts.

1.3 The essence of Domestications

Nida puts forward that “the translator must be a person who can draw aside the curtains of linguistic and culture differences so that people may see clearly the relevance of the original message”. According to Nida the translation must fit the receptor language and culture in order to make the translated message intelligible and natural to the target language receptors, which are

unaccustomed to the source language and culture. So the essence of domestication translation focuses on the reader’s response, and stresses naturalness of a rendering.

1.4 Ways of achieving Domestication

(1) Replacing the source language cultural image with the established target language image. When we translate we should pay much attention to the difference between the source culture and target culture. Concerning with the reader’s receptors and avoid strangeness. For example, Everybody's business is nobody's business.

“三个和尚无水喝”。( 黄继忠, 1982: 122 )

(2) Replacing the source language form with the established target language form. As we know, the differences in cultures give rise to more differences in languages, especially between the Chinese language and the English language, which belong to two distinct language families.

1.5 The request of Domestication

When domestication is adopted in E-C translation, the translation should avoid over-domestication. If the translation text use too much of it, it easily cause cultural misunderstanding.

(1) Expression with Chinese character.

(2)Expression with name of place of China.

(3)Expression with name of person of China.

(4)Expression with unique Chinese thing

2﹑The discordance between Foreignization and Domestication.

2.1 The definition of Foreignization and Domestication

Foreignization is a source-culture-oriented translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one. Domestication refers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expression to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target reader. They are two different strategies in translating process. An influential representative of domestication is Dr. Eugene Nida focus on the communicative function of translation. However, Venuti strongly preferred foreignization because foreignization can preserve the foreignness and otherness of the foreign culture. Also it can remind readers the unbridgeable gaps between cultures.

2.2Different referents for the two pairs of concepts

Domestication translation refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent and fluent strategy is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language (TL) readers. It means making the text recognizable and familiar and thus bringing the foreign culture closer to that of the reader.

Foreignization translation practices entail the choice of a foreign text and the invention of translation discourses. Foreignization refers to faithfulness through retention of the linguistic and cultural features of the source texts. Also involves respect for the source cultures in translation. Though it keeps the flavor of foreign text, it destroys the cultural norms of the target language. The result is the translation might be of no use if the reader does not understand the translation

because of their limited knowledge.

3、The Advantages and Disadvantages of Domestication

3.1 The Advantages of Domestication

(1)Domestication does not use the original language conventions and culture on the target language and culture because such practice is regarded as both impractical and unacceptable to the readers..“To attempt to impose the value system of the source language culture on to the target language culture is dangerous ground.”(Bassnet, 1980:30) Therefore domestication adapts the original language conventions and culture to those of the target culture to overcome the problem brought about by the differences both in language and culture. For example,

①Every dog has his day.

人人都有得意的时候。

You are a lucky dog.

你是一个幸运儿。

In this idioms, if we translate “dog” to “狗”, it was unacceptable and difficult to understand. Because dog has different meaning in China and western countries. In western country, dog is the honest animal and cherished by most of them. They use metaphor to express their feeling. However, in China things are different, “dog” means bad things. Generally, when people blame some body or contempt their bad behavior, they will choose dog. In this translation, if we directly translate “dog”to “狗”, we can not achieve the effect of humanism, but make the reader misunderstand the meaning of it.

(2) Domestication erases the linguistic and cultural foreignness and strangeness of the original text or reduces them to a minimum because translation is an indispensable medium of communication. Also the translator should pay much attention to different culture and avoid over-domestication. They should think about the readers’ acceptance, not everyone has a better understanding about the original language patterns and culture.

①“Although born to the ease of plantation life, waited on hand and foot since infancy, the faces of the three on the porch were neither slack nor soft.”( Gone with the Wind)

这两位哥儿和一位姐儿,都生长在殷富舒适的大户人家,打出娘胎就有人从头到脚的服侍着,可是他们的面孔都不像娇生惯养…

②“…”,“said Pork, What you need is a wife, and a what has got plenty of house niggers.”

“俺说你得有位太太,得有一位多带几个奴才来得太太。”

In this translation, the translator adopts domestications and translates “the ease of plantation life” to“大户人家”. Most people are familiar with the rich people’s life instead of the ease of plantation life. Accordingly, the young people who brought up in rich family are called“哥儿”,“姐儿”。Translate “wife” to “太太”accustomed to the Chinese custom. In feudalism, people usually call rich family’s wife “太太”and their servant “奴才”. Also this story happened in the middle century of 19th. People are familiar with the calling in rich family and they can imagine it.

(3) Domestication can achieve the translation function and make reader easily understand the meaning of the translated text.

①John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.

约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直。(张培基译)

In this sentence, “to eat no fish” come from illusion. In the Elizabeth Age, Christian shows their loyalty to government refuse to obey the Roman Catholic custom to eat fish on Friday. So in

England people use this phrase to express a person’s loyalty. “Play the game” is a idiom, it means “规规矩矩地比赛”. If we translate this sentence directly “不吃鱼”“玩游戏”, most of us will be confused about its meaning. Also it can not covey the meaning to readers, not all of us know the western culture.

3.2 The Disadvantages of Domestication

Domestication satisfy the readers requirement, but if we use too much of it, it may lead cultural misunderstanding.

4﹑Conclusion and reflection

Domestication is a translation strategy which a transparent and fluent strategy is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text. It is target-culture-oriented translation. Domestication translation help the reader have a better understanding about the translated text and achieve the translation function. However, it also has its limits. It can not achieve the cultural exchange between different countries. Different from domestication, foreignizing translation can absorb th e expressions of foreign languages and enrich one’s mother language and culture. But it destroys the cultural norms of the target language. In a word, both this translation strategies has its disadvantage and advantages. So the best way to make our translation good is to combine both of them. Domestication can make our translation fluent and easy understand, foreignization can preserve the foreignness of foreign culture.

Bibliography

[1] 张培基. A Course in English-Chinese Translation[M], Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language

Teaching Press. 1983.

[2]Venuti, Lawrence (1995) The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and

New York: Routledge.

[3] 郭建中.翻译中的文化因素:异化与归化[J].外国语,1998(2).

[4] 孙致礼:《中国的文学翻译:从归化趋向异化》,中国翻译,2002年第一期,弟18—20页。

[5] Nida,Eugene.A.Language,Culture and Translation【M】.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 1993.

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荆楚理工学院 课程设计成果 学院:_______计算机工程学院__________ 班级: 14计算机科学与技术一班 学生姓名: 志杰学号: 2014407020137 设计地点(单位)_____B5101_________ ____________ 设计题目:克鲁斯卡尔算法求最小生成树__________________________________ 完成日期:2015年1月6日 指导教师评语: ______________ _________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________ __________ _ 成绩(五级记分制):_____ _ __________ 教师签名:__________ _______________

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论为人处事对当代大学生的影响 摘要:为人处事态度直接影响着大学生人格发展方向,对大学生的人格品质、自我评价、情绪健康、学习适应等人格方面具有广泛的影响。当代大学生为人处事态度并不是很端正、积极,而积极的态度对当代大学生各方面的发展都十分重要,因此有必要采取相应的策略。端正大学生为人处事态度的有效策略是:勇于实践,积极面对掌握为人处事的基本技能,加强自我教育,塑造良好的个性品质;学会欣赏别人,并拥有一颗宽容之心,克服社会偏差,控制好自己的情绪,发挥团体优势,并能为团队竭尽全力,有集体荣誉感,促进的学生人格健康发展。 关键词:为人处事,态度,当代大学生,人格健康 当代大学生接受了高等教育丰富了知识、提升了学历,学习、生活方式丰富多彩。然而当代大学生为人处事态度并不积极存在一些不足之处:第一,责任心不强,因此有了事不关己,高高挂起的说法,第二,礼貌、文明程度不够高,在校园内存在一些现象:当代大学生对师长视而不见,擦肩而过,体现出对师长都不够尊重,第三,以自我为中心,有些自傲,也经不起别人的一顿批评,第四,待人不过宽容,遇到一点小事容易发生纠纷,第五,自觉意识不强,主动性也较差,易受外界不良环境的影响,第六,在学习和生活过程中,目标不是很明确,表现出一定的盲目性。 随着社会的发展和文明的进步,社会对个体的一切越来越高。塑造健康的人格已成为高等学校交易的重要责任和核心的任务之一。 为人处事的好坏是一个人社会适应能力和健康人格的综合体现。健康的人格总部随着积极的为人处世态度。为人处事态度最直接的体现是人际关系。心理学家马斯洛、奥尔波特、罗杰斯都把建立适宜、良好的人家关系作为人格健康者应具备的能力。新技术分析学理论认为,心理病态主要是由于人际关系失调而来的。因此,和谐的人际关系积极的为人处事态度和健康人格的反映,同时有影响和制约着即将为人处事态度和健康人格的形成和发展。具有健康人格的让人,能积极地与他人交往,建立起良好的、建设新的软件更新和积极的为人处事态度;人格有障碍和缺陷者,往往缺乏稳定的、良好的人际关系。

SCI论文——英文写作的语言技巧总结

我觉得写文章之前要先有思路,你怎么去写怎么写的和别人不同,有新意。这里面的文章很大,我也说不透,只是参透了一二,和大家分享,望大家不要耻笑。我毕竟是个硕士研究生。 我觉得论文写很简单,主要是能够发表出去。下面我简单讲下我的思路。有相同或不同见解的留下言,共同交流,一起进步。 文章的第一步要有图,也就是说首先把图做的漂漂亮亮的,不管是SEM,TEM,Uv-vis,FTIR,还是效果图。图片放到你的文章里就是你的思路,图片放好了你的思路就出来了,这是就关键的过程,放图的过程中你要考你怎么写,你的文章新的地方在哪?;图做好了也放好了,就是写文章了,写文章也很快了,因为思路有了你的文章也构思好了。我在这里给出我写文章时的程序。对于文章主体部分,我觉得先写Results and discussion,写完了根据其内容下个Conclusion,然后根据Conclusion写Abstract(因为它们俩有些许的类似),而后补充Experimental。论文发表qq1813831290最后也是最难写的地方Introduction,这个让审稿人一看就能知道你的文章的水平,所以写好Introduction是关乎论文是否收录的关键所在。我和外国审稿人专家关于审稿交流过意见,他们也是这样认为,他们也认为Introduction是整个文章的脸面,这是他们主要审的地方,在这里能看到你的创新点,创新点不够直接refuse;Introduction写的还可以的话,就看Results and discussion,这部分其实主要看的是图,你的图的清晰度质量,以及性能图。我审过一篇Journal of Hazardous Materials上面的文章,我也是这样审的。当然是咱们国内某名牌大学的文章,做的是催化,我也是做这个的不知为什么编辑发来让我审,我也感觉很莫名。后来编辑告诉我和我的文章有些类似还称我是专家,教授…… 下面我引用了一些总结的写作经验,我觉得很有用。大家认真看看,在此先祝福大家论文高中,硕果累累不减当年勇时: 1.前言部分 1.1如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后,用However来引导不足,比如 However,little information... little attention has been devoted to… little work... little data/little research or few studies/investigations/few attempts have been don on… or none of these studies

kruskal算法求最小生成树

#include #include #include #include using namespace std; #define maxn 110 //最多点个数 int n, m; //点个数,边数 int parent[maxn]; //父亲节点,当值为-1时表示根节点 int ans; //存放最小生成树权值 struct eage //边的结构体,u、v为两端点,w为边权值

{ int u, v, w; }EG[5010]; bool cmp(eage a, eage b) //排序调用 { return a.w < b.w; } int Find(int x) //寻找根节点,判断是否在同一棵树中的依据 { if(parent[x] == -1) return x; return Find(parent[x]); } void Kruskal() //Kruskal算法,parent能够还原一棵生成树,或者森林{ memset(parent, -1, sizeof(parent)); sort(EG+1, EG+m+1, cmp); //按权值将边从小到大排序 ans = 0; for(int i = 1; i <= m; i++) //按权值从小到大选择边 { int t1 = Find(EG[i].u), t2 = Find(EG[i].v); if(t1 != t2) //若不在同一棵树种则选择该边,合并两棵树 { ans += EG[i].w; parent[t1] = t2; printf("最小生成树加入的边为:%d %d\n",EG[i].u,EG[i].v); } } } int main() { printf("输入顶点数和边数:"); while(~scanf("%d%d", &n,&m)) { for(int i = 1; i <= m; i++) scanf("%d%d%d", &EG[i].u, &EG[i].v, &EG[i].w); Kruskal(); printf("最小生成树权值之和为:%d\n", ans); } return 0; }

英汉翻译学期论文

英汉翻译学期论文 国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __ 指导教师: 学号: 姓名: 外国语学院(部)英语专业2012 届 2012年4月16日

Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business By Submitted to School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Term Paper For English-Chinese Translation at Under the Supervision of

Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory

医学论文英语翻译技巧

医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译 [摘要] 2.1 文章标题文章标题具备信息功能(提供文章的主要内容)、祈使功能(吸引读者阅读和购买)、美感功能(简单明了、新颖、醒目)和检索功能(方便读者和科技工作者检索、查阅及引用)。 2.2 语态在英语中却常常采用第三人称的被动语态。 2.3 时态:一般现在时和一般过去时,偶尔也会出现完成时。 结论”中的一句,是论文作者对研究工作进行的总结,并指出其对当前实际工作的指导意义,因此使用的是一般现在时。当然,使用何种时态不能一概而论。在翻译时,要根据原文中所要表达的意思来最后确定。 3 长、难句的翻译 不管是英语还是汉语医学文章,都有一个共同的特点,即它们的句子通常较长,结构较复杂,有时,长长的一段文字仅由一句话组成。在医学论文摘要中更是如此,要做好它们的互译还真不容易。这是因为汉语句子建构在意念主轴(thought?pivot)上'英语句子建构在形式(或主谓)主轴(form?pivot or subject? predict?pivot)上。也就是说,虽然句子是表达完整意义的语言单位,汉语强调的是意义,不太强调句子结构,许多句子没有主语,还有的句子主语不明显,但意义是明确的;而英语句子特别强调句子结构,绝大多数句子需要主语和谓语。这就要求在汉译英过程中注意句意的转换,学会抓找中心词和使用英语中的各个关联词。请看下列例子 例1:“以BPDE诱导恶性转化的人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE为模型,采用cDNA代表性差异分析方法,比较转化细胞及正常对照细胞间基因表达的差异,分离恶变细胞中差异表达的cDNA片段。”翻译:The malignant transformation of human bronchial cell line 16HBE induced by BPDE was used as a m odel for comparing gene expression between the transformed cells and controls. cDNA representational difference analysis was performed to isolate differentially expressed cDNA fragment in transformed cell s.分析:在中文原句中,出现了“以……”、“采用……”以及“比较……”、“分离……”这两个看似并列的机构'如果按照原文翻译'就会不知所云。因此,根据句意和英语的句子结构,将原文分成两层意思,按照两个句子去翻译。在第一层意思中,“上皮细胞株”在句中是中心词,但在实际翻译中,应通过所有格形式将“恶性转化”处理为中心词。翻译时,将它们的位置颠倒过来,并且为了保持和中文“以…”结构相一致,使用了被动语态。第二层意思中,“c DNA代表性差异分析方法”是中心词。其他结构按照英文习惯出现,层次分明,出落自然,毫无累赘之感。 例2:“这些感受器是神经末梢,它们嵌入血管壁,根据该血管扩张的程度发出冲动。”翻译:These r eceptors are nerve endings that discharge impulses according to the extent of stretch in the wall of the vessels in which they are imbedded.分析:原文虽然不是太长'但如果按照中文结构去译'就显得很幼稚。因此'就应使用英语中的各个关联词及关联结构。本句中采用的是定语分译法'即用一个主句带上一个定语从句'该定语从句又带上它自己的定语从句'这不仅符合英文习惯'而且逻辑性很强。整个译文层次明晰、流畅自然。以上是笔者在工作中的一些探索'希望能对进行医学论文英语摘要写作的医务工作者有所启发。 翻译的等效性和灵活性 1. 正确理解“等效翻译”

英语论文 交替传译中短时记忆的训练方法

On Training Methods of Short-term Memory in Consecutive Interpreting ABSTRACT This paper is concerned with the training methods of short-term memory in consecutive interpreting. According to Effort Model from Daniel Gile, the short-term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting. So, a good short-term memory is able to help interpreter improve the quality of interpreting. Except for the introduction in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2, there is above all an introduction about interpretation,and this can make us have a clear understanding about the short-term memory. The author holds that interpreting is a STM-centered activity own to its limitation to the time. In Chapter 3, the author describes Daniel Gile’s Effort Model in details even the four steps in it. In Chapter 4, how three types of memory systems work and what functions they have and illustration is focused on the concrete contacts between the short-term memory and interpreting, which is the main topic of the paper. In Chapter 5, based on all above, four training methods of short-term memory are elaborated such as visualizing, reasoning, chunking and outlining. Finally, some cases would be quoted to introduce the application of training methods. The author hopes that these training methods from this paper could be useful for interpreters. Key words: consecutive interpreting short-term memory training methods

思修与法基

生活方向标 ——学习《思想道德修养与法律基础》课收获和体会大学,这是多少学子努力拼搏12年的目标,又是多少父母对自己孩子的巨大期望。一代又一代的学子孜孜不倦地向着这个美丽的目标努力。都认为从大学走出来的就是人才,就会有一个前途光明的工作。可是到了我上大学后,我才发现生活并不是我想像中的那么简单,那么美好。大学与我以前想象的不一样,至少部分不一样。上了大学一段时间后,有人说大学是堕落的地方,我点头,因为我看到过宿舍中一群室友周末两天一直打游戏的画面。有人说大学是奢侈的地方,我点头,因为我看到过很多人只要有空就去聚餐的画面。有人说大学是一个塑造人才的地方,我摇摇头……直到我认真上了《思想道德修养与法律基础》这门课,我才发现我错了。大学其实是一个七彩的地方,有黑有红,关键在于你往何处去看。 刚刚开始上《思想道德修养与法律基础》课时,多年的学生心理作怪,翻了翻课本,认为这不过又是一门上课老师空讲大道理,放羊式教育的课程。可是之后随着课堂内容的逐渐展开,我逐步发现《思想道德修养与法律基础》这门课其实很有用。对我们大学生性格的养成与修正起到了巨大的作用,对于我们这样一个处于刚刚上大学,正在迷茫,还没有完全适应大学这样一个自由环境的群体来说,《思想道德修养与法律基础》课就像是一个方向标,它不会强迫你往哪个方向走,但会为你指明一个往好的道路发展的方向。同时也是帮助我们树立正确世界观、人生观、价值观,加强自我修养,提高道德素质和法律素质的课程。对于我们正确认识社会,正确认识他人,正确认识自己,促进德智体美全面发展具有重要意义。 与以前老师不同的是,大学老师教学很“宽松”,课堂气氛很融洽,老师很少会要求具体某个人回答问题,全凭自觉。这如果放在高中阶段肯定会是一个气氛异常沉闷的课堂,但奇怪的是,大学课堂从来都是活跃的,从来没有出现过一个问题无人回答的情况。这让我确确实实的知道了学习要靠自觉,从来不会有人逼着我去努力,努力与否全凭我自己的决断。不仅仅是在学习上如此,生活中亦是如此。如果我自己不去努力争取,即使机会就在眼前,我也不可能抓得住。大学中的确是有人在自顾自的玩,他可以一整天沉迷于游戏。但是那是他的选择,

研究生英语论文写作技巧

研究生英语论文写作指导 1.研究生英语论文评判标准 1)语体 论文应该采用正式语体。 相关知识链接:语体 通常,英语语体分为五个大类:超正式语体;正式语体;普通语体;随便语体,超随便语体。在科技文献(包括论文)中,一般采用正式语体。 正式语体的特点如下: a)人称特点:通常不采用第一或第二人称。 b)词汇特点:通常采用在正式场合使用的词汇,或在需要时采用专业技术用语,少用在日常用语中采用的通俗用语,尽量不用俚语。从以下例子中可以看出正式语体与普通语体在选词方面的差异。Mr. John Smith delivered an interminable address at the conference.(正式)John Smith gave a very long speech at the meeting.(非正式)将两个例句在词汇方面进行比较,可以发现,前一个句子采用的词汇(deliver, interminable, address, conference)比后一个句子采用的词汇(gave, long, speech, meeting)要正式得多。 c)结构特点:通常不用在日常用语中常见的简略表达形式,如: can’t, they’re,而应该用can not, they are。 根据意义表达的需要,通常采用比较长的句式结构,比较多的采用各种从句。而在非正式语体中,为了交流 方便,常常采用比较简短的句式。 2)文体 论文应该采用议论文这样的文体。由于缺乏文体方面的知识,或忽视了文体区别,曾经有一些同学将在论文中错误地采用了说明文或分析劝导型文体。 相关知识链接:文体 记叙文(Narration):记叙一系列的事件的发生。有时有一个主题陈述(thesis statement)。 说明文(Exposition):说明一个事物或事理,主要目的是介绍信息(providing information, or informing somebody of something)。介绍事物的说明文通常在开篇部分对所说明的事物有一个总的概括介绍。一般采用 写作中的描述手法(description)。描述总要循着某个规律,或从左到右,或由表及里,或由本质到现象,或 由一般到具体,或由整体到部分,或进行比较对比(comparison or contrast),或进行因果分析(cause analysis)。 说明事理的文章可有一个主题陈述。这个主题陈述虽然可能是有争议的,但是不能将这个文体与议论文混淆。 作者并不去试图证明或反驳某个观点,只是通过陈述一些事实或事例来解释说明主题陈述。在罗列相关事实 或事例时,作者不用遵循什么规律,只要能够达到说明主题陈述的目的就行。 议论文(Argumentation):如同中文,议论文有论点,论据,结论。一般性的论文中,论点往往涉及一个常见话题(issue)。 说服性的文章或称分析劝导型文章(Persuasion):此类文章常常可分为两大部分。第一部分介绍某事多

Kruskal算法说明及图解

1.无向网图及边集数组存储示意图 vertex[6]= 2.Kruskal 方法构造最小生成树的过程 (a)一个图 (b)最小生成树过程1 V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 下标 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 from 1 2 0 2 3 4 0 3 0 to 4 3 5 5 5 5 1 4 2 weight 12 17 19 25 25 26 34 38 46 V1 V0 V4 V5 V2 V3 V1 V0 V5 V2 V3 V4

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