东华大学2011纺织材料学 真题名词解释 答案

2011

1.纳米尺度和纳米纤维：纳米尺度：以纳米定义先定粗细尺度0.001~0.1μ

m，再以纤维密度取值 1.5~2.5g/cm3计算纤维的线密度范围。

纳米纤维：直径为纳米尺度而长度较大的线状材料。广义上包括纤维直径为纳米量级的超细纤维，还包括将纳米颗粒填充到普通纤维中对其进行改造的纤维。

2.吸湿平衡与吸湿滞后：吸湿平衡：纤维在单位时间内吸收的水分和放出

水分在数量上接近相等，这种现象称之为吸湿平衡。吸湿滞后：同样的纤维在一定的大气温湿度条件下，从放湿达到平衡和从吸湿达到平衡，两种平衡回潮率不相等，前者大于后者，这种现象称为吸湿滞后。

3.差别化纤维与高性能纤维：差别化纤维：指在原来纤维组成的基础上进

行物理或化学改性处理，使性状上获得一定程度改善的纤维。

高性能纤维：指高强，高模，耐高温和耐化学作用纤维，是高承载能力和高耐久性的功能纤维。

4.粘-滑现象和伪浸润现象：粘-滑现象：纤维间相对低速滑移时，会发生时

而保持不动（粘），纤维产生变形或同向移动；时而又相对快速滑移（滑），这种现象称为粘-滑现象。伪浸润现象：指由于材料的表现形态与真实形态存在差异，或材料表面不同组分的组合，使液滴的三相交汇点落在某一位置或某一组分中而引起的表现接触角不能表达或不能完全表达真实浸润性的现象。

5.比模量与断裂长度：比模量：初始模量与纤维密度的比值。

断裂长度：纤维重力等于其断裂强力时的纤维长度，单位为千米（㎞）。

6.根数加权长度与巴布长度：根数加权长度：以纤维根数加权平均的长度

简称根数（加权）平均长度，是将对应某一纤维长度的根数N l与该长度l（mm）积的和的平均值L n。即：L n= 式中N为纤维的总根数；N l为纤维频数分布函数；l max为最长纤维长度。若以n（l）表示纤维长度的频率密度函数，即n（l）=N l/N，则：L n= 巴布长度：纤维质量加权长度L m一般是由分组称重方法得到，又称重量加权长度L w，最为经典的表达是巴布长度B，即L m=L w=B= 或B= 式中W l为重量的频数函数，w（l）为重量频数密度函数。

7.紧密纺与分束纺：紧密纺：在环锭细纱机的前罗拉输出须条处加装了一对

集聚罗拉，其中，下罗拉有吸分集聚作用，使须条在气动集束区集束，须条较紧密地排列，大大减小了传统细纱机加捻三角区须条的宽度，有利于将须条中的纤维可靠地捻卷到纱条中，从而可较大幅度地减少毛羽；同时吸风也

有利于纤维在加捻卷绕时有再次伸直的机会，从而提高成纱强度。集聚方式除负压气体吸聚外，还可以有沟槽集聚、假捻集聚，或复合方式集聚。

分束纺：在传统的环锭细纱机上安装一对特制的沟槽前罗拉，可将纤维须条分劈成3-5小束，从而使纺纱的加捻和转移机理发生变化，分开的纤维小束在汇聚前会被加捻，并在汇聚处再次捻合。

8.线圈结构和加固结构：线圈结构：针织物结构的内涵是线圈及其串套方

式，统称线圈结构。加固结构：非织造布的加固结构，为辅（次）结构，是在纤维固着，纠缠中产生的，是局部附加性结构。纤维网主结构是蓬松无强度的，而添加结构赋予纤维网稳定的结构和使用性能，故称加固结构。

9.临界捻系数与强力利用系数：临界捻系数：捻系数表示纱线加捻程度的

指标之一，可用来比较同品种不同粗细纱线的加捻程度。纱线强力在一定范围内随着捻度的增加而增加，到达一定范围时随捻度增加强力减小，成抛物线形，纱线获得最大强力时的捻系数，称为临界捻系数。强力利用系数：织物某一方向的断裂强力与该方向各根纱线断裂强力之和的比值。

10.织物的易护理性及安全性：织物的易护理性：织物易洗快干，免烫或洗

可穿，抗皱防缩，机可洗，不易沾污，不易掉色和变色，不易起毛起球等性能。安全性：指织物对人体和环境的安全程度，即不因各种化学，物理处理使织物产生副作用及其他危害。

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《纺织材料学》习题集 宗亚宁编 2008年6月目录 绪论 (1) 第1章天然纤维素纤维 (1) 第2章天然蛋白质纤维 (2) 第3章化学纤维 (2) 第4章纤维形态特征 (3) 第5章纤维的结构特征 (3) 第6章纺织材料的吸湿性 (4) 第7章纤维力学性质 (4) 第8章纺织材料的热学、光学及电学性能 (5) 第9章纱线的分类与基本特征参数 (6) 第10章纱线的力学性质 (7) 第11章织物的分类及基本结构 (7) 第12章织物基本力学性质 (8) 第13章织物的保形性 (8) 第14章织物的舒适性 (9) 第15章织物的风格与评价.................................................

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2000 年 41.Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people___. A. do B. hear C. do them D. hearing it 答案： A【参考译文】敏锐的听觉使多数动物能远在人之前感觉到雷雨的来临。 【试题分析】本题为语法题，考句子成份的省略与替代。【详细解答】“ Acute hearing helps”是主句和before 引导的从句具有相同的主语和谓语，从句中省略了该相同部分， 用助动词do 代替了与主句重复的信息“sense the approach of thunderstorms ．”故答案为选项 A。 42.This is an illness that can result in total blindness ___ left untreated. A. after B. if C. since D. unless 答案： B【参考译文】这种病如果不加以治疗，患者会完全失明。【试题分析】本题为语法题，考查连词的用法。【详细解答】after 和 since 都是引导时间 状语从句， since 还可作“因为”讲，引导原因状语从句。if“如果”和unless“除非”都可以引导条件状语从句。但if 后接过去分词短语，省略的成分为主语+系动词，该主语只有与主句的主语相同才可省略。根据句意和句子结构，选项 B 为正确答案。43.The central provinces have floods in some years, and ___. A. drought in others B. droughts are others C. while other droughts D. others in drought 答案： A【参考译文】中部省份在有些年份会遭水灾，在另一些年份会遭旱 灾。【试题分析】本题为语法结构题。【详细解答】这是一个并列句，句中and 是并列连词，它后面连接的内容与前面的“floods in some years ”是并列成份，要求结构相同。 drought in others 中 others 指代 years。故选项 A 为正确答案。 44. Do help yourself to some fruit,___ you?

纺织材料学复习题库

《纺织材料学》简答论述 姓名班级学号成绩 名词解释（15分） 羊毛缩绒性：在湿热或化学试剂条件下，羊毛纤维或织物鳞片会张开，如同时加以反复摩擦挤压，由于定向摩擦效应，使纤维保持指根性运动，纤维纠缠按一定方向慢慢蠕动。羊毛纤维啮合成毡，羊毛织物收缩紧密， 这一性质成为羊毛的缩绒性。 差别化纤维：一般经过化学改性或物理变形，使纤维的形态结构、物理化学性能与常规纤维有显著不同，取得仿生的效果或改善提高化纤的性能。这类对常规纤维有所创新或具有某一特性的化学纤维称为差别化纤 维。 超细纤维：单丝线密度较小的纤维，又称微细纤维。根据线密度范围可分为细特纤维和超细特纤维。细特纤维抗弯刚度小，制得的织物细腻、柔软、悬垂性好，纤维比表面积大，吸湿好，染色时有减浅效应，光泽柔 和。 高收缩纤维：沸水收缩率高于15%的化学纤维。根据其热收缩程度的不同，可以得到不同风格及性能的产品。如热收缩率在15%-25%的高收缩涤纶，可用于织制各种绉类、凸凹、提花织物。 吸湿滞后性：在相同大气条件下，放湿的回潮率-时间曲线和吸湿的回潮率-时间曲线最后不重叠而有滞后性，从放湿得到的平衡回潮率总高于吸湿得到的平衡回潮率。纤维这种性质称为吸湿滞后性或吸湿保守性。 纱线：由纺织纤维制成的细而柔软的、并具有一定的力学性质的长条。 纺织纤维：直径一般为几微米到几十微米，而长度比直径大百倍、千倍以上的物质，并且可用来制造纺织制品。这类纤维称为纺织纤维。 断裂长度：是相对强度指标。随着纤维或纱线长度增加，自重增加。当纤维或纱线自重等于其断裂强度时的长度，为断裂长度（km）.数值越大，表示纤维或纱线的相对强度越高。 临界捻系数：捻系数表示纱线加捻程度的指标之一，可用来比较同品种不同粗细纱线的加捻程度。纱线强力在一定范围内随着捻度的增加而增加，纱线获得最大强力时的捻系数，称为临界捻系数。 纤维：直径一般为几微米到几十微米，而长度比直径大百倍、千倍以上的物质。 含水率：纺织材料中所占水分重量对纺织材料湿量的百分比。 丝光：棉纤维在一定浓度的氢氧化钠溶液或液氨中处理，纤维横向膨化，截面变圆，天然转曲消失，使纤维呈现丝一般的光泽。如果膨化的同时再给予拉伸，则在一定程度上可改变纤维的内部结构，从而提高纤维强力。这一处理称为丝光。 公定回潮率：为了计重和核价的需要，必须对各种纺织材料的回潮率作统一规定，这称为公定回潮率。公定回潮率较接近实际回潮率。 回潮率：是指纺织材料中所含的水分重量对纺织材料的干量的百分比。 吸湿保守性：在相同大气条件下，放湿的回潮率-时间曲线和吸湿的回潮率-时间曲线最后不重叠而有滞后性，从放湿得到的平衡回潮率总高于吸湿得到的平衡回潮率。纤维这种性质称为吸湿滞后性或吸湿保守性。 特克斯：是指1000米长的纤维在公定回潮率时的重量克数。 极限氧指数：是指材料点燃后在氧氮大气里持续燃烧所需要的最低氧气浓度，一般用氧占氧氮混合气体的体积比（百分比）表示。极限氧指数（LOI）值越大材料耐燃性越好。

2019真题东华大学纺织材料学五邑小文整理11页

东华大学 2000年硕士研究生招生考试试题 考试科目： 833 纺织材料学 东华大学2001年硕士学位研究生招生考试试题 科目：纺织材料学 （考生注意：答案须写在答题纸上。写在本试题上，一律不给分） 一、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分） （注：凡专业课考“纺纱原理”或“织造学”或“针织学”的考生做1～10题，凡专业课“非织造学”的考生做6～15题） 1.织物舒适性 9.蠕变与应力松弛 2.变形纱 10.高聚物热机械性能曲线 3.织物悬垂性 11.ES纤维 4.机织物紧度与针织物未充满系数 12.毛型化纤 5.捻系数 13纤维的结晶度和取向度 6.羊毛品质支数 14.极限氧指数 7.玻璃化温度 15.纤维初始模量 8.吸湿滞后性 二、问答与计算题（共70分）： （注：凡专业课考“纺纱原理”或“织造学”或“针织学”的考生做1～5题，凡专业课考“非织造学”的考生做4～9题） 1、(15分)简述蚕丝纤维的特性及设计仿真丝织物的思路（包括纤维、纱 线、织物组织、后整理等） 2、（16分）简述纱线细度不匀形成的原因？纱线细度不匀对织造工艺和产 品质量的影响？评述纱线细度不匀的测试方法？ 3、（12分）有一批名义特数为18tex的涤65/棉35混纺纱，测得平均每 缕纱干重为⒈75g，每缕纱长为100m。求： （1）该混纺纱的公定回潮率（%）和实际特数(tex); （2）该混纺纱的重量偏差（%）; （3）该混纺纱的英制支数。 （已知：棉的特制公定回潮率为8.5%，英制公定回潮率为9.89%,涤纶的公定回潮率为0.4%）

4、（15分）纺织材料在加工和使用中的静电是如何产生的？试述消除静电 的常用方法及其原理。 5、（12分）今在标准大气条件下，对3旦、51mm的锦纶纤维进行强伸性能测试，夹持距离为20mm，测得平均单强为14.1gf,平均断裂伸长为0.8mm。试求： （1）该纤维的相对强度(cN/dtex)、断裂应力(N/mm2)和断裂伸长率（%）； （已知：锦纶纤维的密度为1.14g/cm3） （2）当测试温度不变，而湿度增大时，则该纤维的强度和伸长将有什麽变化？说明其原因。 6、（10分）试分析纤维的手感主要与哪些因素有关？ 7、（10分）下列纤维中（棉纤维、羊毛纤维、粘胶纤维、涤纶纤维、丙纶 纤维），哪些可用超声波粘合法加固成非织造布？说明其原因。 8、（15分）试述丙纶纤维的结构特点、主要性质及其在服用和产业领域的 应用。 9、（8分）今有一批粘胶纤维重1000kg，取50g试样，烘干后称得其干重 为45.2g。求： （１）该批粘胶纤维的回潮率（%）； （２）该批粘胶纤维的标准重量（kg）。 （已知：粘胶纤维的公定回潮率为13%） 东华大学2002年硕士学位研究生招生考试试题 科目：纺织材料 (考生注意：答案须写在答题纸上。写在本试题上，一律不给分)一、名词解释(每题3分，共30分) 1．棉纤维成熟度 6．转移指数 2．吸湿滞后性 7．随机不匀 3．取向度 8．变形纱 4．蠕变与应力松弛 9．紧度与未充满系数 5．热定型 l0．织物免烫性 二、问答题(共48分)： (注：统考生做1，2，3，4题，单考生从1，2，3，4，5题中任选4题) 1．（12分）何谓羊毛的缩绒性，分析说明缩绒性在羊毛加工和使用中的利弊及其克服弊端的方法。 2．（12分）描述苎麻、羊毛、粘胶和涤纶纤维的燃烧特征，试述纤维燃

纺织材料学试题库_计算题

中专染整专业《纺织材料学》试题库 ——计算题模块 1、某种纤维的线密度为1.45dtex，如用公制支数和特数表示，各为多少？ 解：N dtex ÷N t =10 ? N t = N dtex ÷10 =1.45÷10=0.145 (特) N t ×N m =1000 ? N m = 1000÷N t =1000÷0.145=6896.55（公支） 2、一批粘胶重2000kg，取100g试样烘干后称得其干重为89.29g，求该批粘胶的实际回潮率和公定重量。 解：W 实= 29 . 89 29 . 89 100- =12% G 公=G 实 ? 实 公 W W + + 100 100 =2000? 12 100 13 100 + + =2017.86(kg) 3、计算70/30涤/粘混纺纱在公定回潮率时的混纺比。 解：涤/粘混纺纱混纺比=70?(1+0.004):30?(1+0.13) = 70.28:33.9 =67.5:32.5 4、有一批棉纱，在相对湿度为80%，温度300C时，称得其实际重量为100吨，测得其回潮率为15%。试计算这批棉纱的标准重量和它的含水率（公定回潮为8.5%）。 解：G 公=G 实 ? 实 公 W W + + 100 100 =100? 15 100 5.8 100 + + =94.35

W 含= W W + 100 100 = 5.8 100 5.8 100 + ?=7.83% 5、一批粘胶重1000kg，取50g试样烘干后称得其干重为44 .5g，求该批粘胶的回潮率和公定重量。（已知粘胶的公定回潮率为13.0%） 解：W= 5. 445. 44 50- =12.36% G 公=G 实 ? 实 公 W W + + 100 100 =1000? 36 . 12 100 13 100 + + =1005.7kg 6、计算50/50腈纶/粘胶混纺纱的公定回潮率为多少。（已知腈纶的公定回潮率为2 .0%） 解：W= 10013 50 2 50? + ? =7.5% 7、计算70/30涤/棉混纺纱的公定回潮率及公定回潮率下的混纺百分比（已知涤纶的公定回潮率为0.4%，棉的公定回潮率为8.5%）。 解：W 公 =(0.7?0.4%+0.3?8.5%)?100% =2.83% 方法一：公定回潮率下涤纶的百分比=0.7?(1+0.4%)/(1+2.83%) =68.35% 公定回潮率下棉的百分比=100%-68.35% =31.65% 方法二：涤/棉混纺纱的混纺百分比=70?（1+0.004）：30?(1+0.085) =68.35:31.65 9、将锦纶长丝绞成每周长为1.125米，共100圈的丝绞，称重后求得丝绞的平均重量为1.02克，烘干后平均重量为0.97克，求该批锦纶长丝的线密度。(公

2011年英语专业四级真题及答案

“Congratulations, Mr. Cooper. It?s a girl.” Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and (31) a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel (32) when they receive the news, (33) others worry, wondering whether they will be good father. (34) there are some men who like children and may have had (35) experience with them, others do not particularly (36) children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. (37) other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have (38) willingly or unwillingly. Whatever the (39) to the birth of a child, it is obvious the shift from the role of husband to (40) of a father is a difficult task. (41) , unfortunately, few attempts have been made to (42) fathers in this resocialization (43) . Although numerous books have been written about mothers, (44) recently has literature focused on the (45) of a father. It is argued that the transition to the father's role, although difficult, is not (46) as great as the transition the wife must (47) to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete (48) in daily routine. (49) , the father?s role is less demanding and (50) . 31. A. bring down B. bring forth C. bring off D. bring in 32. A. emotional B. sentimental C. bewildered D. proud 33. A. while B. when C. if D. as 34. A. When B. If C. Although D. Yet 35. A. considerate B. considerable C. considering D. considered 36. A. care about B. care of C. care with D. care for 37. A. For B. Of C. From D. Upon 38. A. received B. taken C. accepted D. obtained 39. A. reply B. reaction C. readiness D. reality 40. A. what B. this C. one D. that 41. A. As a result B. For example C. Yet D. Also 42. A. educate B. cultivate C. inform D. convert 43. A. step B. process C. point D. time 44. A. / B. just C. quite D. only 45. A. role B. work C. career D. position 46. A. a little B. just C. nearly D. almost 47. A. take B. make C. carry D. accept 48. A. transformation B. realization C. socialization D. reception 49. A. In addition B. Above all C. Generally D. However 50. A. current B. immediate C. present D. quick TEXT A We have a crisis on our hands. You mean global warning? The world economy? No, the decline of reading. People are just not doing it anymore, especially the young. Who?s responsible? Actually, it?s more like, What is responsible? The Internet, of course, and everything that comes with it —Facebook, Twitter (微博). You can write your own list. There?s been a warning about the imminent death of literate civilization for a long time. In the 20th century, first it was the movies, then radio, then television that seemed to spell doom for the written world. None did. Reading survived; in fact it not only survived, it has flourished. The world is more literate than ever before —there are more and more readers, and more and more books. The fact that we often get our reading material online today is not something we should worry over. The electronic and digital revolution of the last two decades has arguably shown the way forward for reading and for writing. Take the arrival of e-book readers as an example. Devices like Kindle make reading more convenient and are a lot more environmentally friendly than the traditional paper book.