语言学教程测试题及答案
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
__________
A. contact
B. communication
C. relation
D. community
2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A. tree
B. typewriter
C. crash
D. bang
3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is
__________.
A. interrogative（疑问）
B. directive
C. informative
D. performative
4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect
their lives. Which functions does it perform?
A. Interpersonal
B. Emotive
C. Performative√
D. Recreational
5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk
about anything in any situation?
A. Transferability
B. Duality
C. Displacement
D. Arbitrariness
6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of
language?
—A nice day, isn’t it?
— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive
B. Phatic
C. Performative
D. Interpersonal
7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules
of his language in utterances.
A. Performance
B. Competence
C. Langue
D. Parole
8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorro wful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design
feature of __________.
A. cultural transmission
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. duality
9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A. Psycholinguistics
B.Anthropological linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Applied linguistics
10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A. Linguistic theory
B. Practical linguistics
C. Applied linguistics
D. Comparative linguistics
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used
by the deaf-mute is not language.F
12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.T F??
13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication
systems.F T??
14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.F
15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any
language system can be genetically transmitted.F
16. Only human beings are able to communicate.F
17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th
century, was a French linguist.F Swiss
18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the
diachronic study of language.F
19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.F
20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.F
III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)
21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal_ communication.
22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be
combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed
__creativity________.
23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is
___metalingual function_______.
24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work
has been called the __yo-he-ho________ theory.
25. Linguistics is the _scientific_________ study of language.
26. Modern linguistics is _descriptive_________ in the sense that the linguist tries to
discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ___speech_______ over
writing.
28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a
_diachronic_linguistic________ study.
29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. _langue_________ refers to the abstract
linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s
__competence________.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Design feature
Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.
32. Displacement
Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
33. Competence
Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally
unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.
34. Synchronic linguistics
Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language. If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.
36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）
It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）
It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion.
I.
1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACAC
II.
11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFF
III.
21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity
23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho
25. scientific 26. descriptive
27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic
29. langue 30. competence
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. pronunciation
D. voice
2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).
A. allophone
B. phone []
C. phoneme //
D. morpheme
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues
B. tagmemes
C. morphemes
D. allophones
4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as
__________.
A. glottis 声门
B. vocal cavity
C. pharynx
D. uvula
5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.??
A. wide
B. closing
C. narrow
D. centering
6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.
A. minimal pairs
B. allomorphs
C. phones
D. allophones
7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
A. Acoustic phonetics
B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Auditory phonetics
D. None of the above
8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n]
B. [m]
C. [ b ]
D. [p]
9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A. [i:]
B. [ u ]
C. [e]
D. [ i ]
10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A. Voiceless
B. V oiced
C. Glottal stop
D. Consonant
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.T
12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.T
13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.T
14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.F
15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.F
16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.T
17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.T
18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.T
19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.F
20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.F
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. Consonant sounds can be either _voiceless_________ or ___voiced_______, while all vowel sounds are ___voiced_______.
22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _friction_________.
23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ___tongue_______ and the lips.
24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the ___height_______ to which that part of the tongue is raised.
25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __obstruction________.
26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __minimal pairs________.
27. In English there are a number of diphthongs__________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
28. Coarticulation__________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.
29. __Phonemes________ is the smallest linguistic unit.
30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __air stream________ coming from the lungs.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Sound assimilation
Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.
32. Suprasegmental feature
Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.
33. Complementary distribution
Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.
34. Distinctive features
Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）
Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.
36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）
When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）
(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop
(2) low front vowel
(3) lateral liquid
(4) velar nasal
(5) voiced interdental fricative
答案I.
1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB
II.
11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF
III.
21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction
23. tongue 24. height
25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs
27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation
29. Phonemes 30. air stream
36.
Chapter 3 Lexicon
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
A. lexical words
B. grammatical words
C. function words
D. form words
2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.
A. inflectional
B. free
C. bound
D. derivational
3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.de+nation+al+iz+ation
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. infixes
D. stems
5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.
A. derivational affix
B. inflectional affix
C. infix
D. back-formation
6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation
B. back-formation
C. insertion
D. addition
7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.
A. acronymy
B. clipping
C. initialism
D. blending
8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.
A. blending
B. clipping
C. back-formation
D. acronymy
9. The stem of disagreements is __________.
A. agreement
B. agree
C. disagree
D. disagreement
10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.
A. lexeme
B. phoneme
C. morpheme
D. allomorph
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.
13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.
14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.
15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.
16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.
17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.
18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.
19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.
20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.
22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.
23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________.
24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.
25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.
26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.
28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.
29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.
30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Blending
32. Allomorph
33. Closed-class word
34. Morphological rule
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）
36. What are the main features of the English compounds?
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）
I II
(1) acronym a. foe
(2) free morpheme b. subconscious
(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO
(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed
(5) prefix e. calculation
Key:
I.
1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB
II.
11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF
III.
21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary
23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme
25. close, open 26. back-formation
27. conversion 28. morpheme
29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound root
IV.
31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)
32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.
34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.
V.
Omit.
VI.
37.
(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b
Chapter 4 Syntax
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. subordinator
6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. all of the above.
8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.
A. the city
B. Rome
C. city
D. the city Rome
9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs t o __________ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. compound
D. complex
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.
16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.
25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.
27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.
28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.
29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.
30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Syntax
32. IC analysis
33. Hierarchical structure
34. Trace theory
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）
36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:
The student wrote a letter yesterday.
Key:
I.
1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA
II.
11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTT
III.
21. simple 22. sentence
23. subject 24. predicate
25. complex 26. embedded
27. open 28. Adjacency
29. Parameters 30. Case
IV.
31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn
analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.
33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.
34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G gr ammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.
V.
35.
An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
36.
(1) more | beautiful flowers
(2) more beautiful | flowers
Chapter 5 Meaning
[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato
B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech
D. Firth
2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This st atement represents _______.
A. the conceptualist view
B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D. behaviorism
3. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational antonyms
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms
B. polysemies
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules
B. selectional restrictions
C. semantic rules
D. semantic features
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
19. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.
20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of
a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.
22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.
25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.
26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.
30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a lan¬guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Entailment
32. Proposition
33. Componential analysis
34. Reference
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?
Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots （青岛海洋大学，1999）
36. What are the three kinds of antonymy? （武汉大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a) words and (b) words.
(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief
b. bull, rooster, drake, ram
(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, car
b. milk, alcohol, rice, soup
(3) a. book, temple, mountain, road, tractor
b. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear （青岛海洋大学，1999）
Key:
I.
1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDA
II.
11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT
III.
21. Semantics 22. direct
23. Reference 24. synonyms
25. homophones 26. Relational
27. Componential 28. selectional
29. argument 30. naming
IV.
31. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences:
a. Tom divorced Jane.
b. Jane was Tom’s wife.
In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.
32. Proposition: It is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example, the two sentences “Caesar invaded Gaul” and “Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold the same proposition. 33. Compositional analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.
34. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.
V.
35.
Hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship
36.
(Omit.)
VI.
37.
(1) The (a) words and (b) words are male.
The (a) words are human, while the (b) words are non-human.
(2) The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.
The (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible.
(3) The (a) words and (b) words are worldly or conceptual.
The (a) words are material, while the (b) words are spiritual.
Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society
[注：第六章无测试题]
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
A. Psycholinguistics
B. Sociolinguistics
C. Applied linguistics
D. General linguistics
2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.
A. use of words
B. use of structures
C. accent
D. morphemes
3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
A. Regional variation
B. Language variation
C. Social variation
D. Register variation
4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.
A. Geographical barriers
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change
D. Social barriers
5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
A. Language interference
B. Language changes
C. Language planning
D. Language transfer
6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
A. Regional variation
B. Changes in emotions
C. V ariation in connotations
D. Stylistic variation
7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
A. lingua franca
B. register
C. Creole
D. national language
8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.
A. vernacular languages
B. creoles
C. pidgins
D. sociolects
9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.
A. female; male
B. male; female
C. old; young
D. young; old
10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.
A. slang
B. euphemism
C. jargon
D. taboo
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.
12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.
13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety” can not be used to refer to
standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.
14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.
15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.
16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.
17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.
18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.
19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.
20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech __________.
22. Speech __________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.
23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a __________ variety of
a language.
24. Language standardization is also called language __________.
25. Social variation gives rise to __________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.
26. __________ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or __________ language of a country.
28. The standard language is a __________, socially prestigious dialect of language.
29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or __________ languages.
30. A pidgin typically lacks in __________ morphemes.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Lingua franca
32. Regional dialect
33. Register
34. Sociolinguistics
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not? （中国人民大学，2003）
36. If we take it as rule that language is intimately related to culture, then how do the kinship words, such as uncle and aunt, reflect the cultural differences between English and Chinese? （东
北师范大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37.Explain the differences between registers and regional/social dialects. Give examples if necessary. （东北师范大学，2005）
答案
I.
1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACAD
II.
11~15 FTFFF 16~20 TFTFF
III.
21. community 22. variety
23. dialectal 24.planning
25. sociolects 26. Stylistic
27. official 28. superposed
29. vernacular 30. inflectional
IV.
31. Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speaks different native languages or dialects.
32. Regional dialect: Regional dialect, also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by the members of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.
33. Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particular speech situations on which degrees of formality depends.
34. Sociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.
V.
35.
American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.
36.
In China, Chinese has a more strict and complex relationship system. So in Chinese there are a lot more kinship words than in English.
VI.
37.
(Omit.)
Chapter 8 Language in Use
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning
_________ is considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
4. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. i n the late 50’s of the 20the century
B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s
D. in the early 21st century
6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A performative act
7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.
A. in their illocutionary acts
B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force
D. in their effect brought about
9. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle
B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar
D. Adjacency Principle
10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational implicatures
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
14. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered
while an utterance is.
15. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.
19. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
22. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.
23. The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.
24. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
25. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
26. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
27. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
28. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.
29. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Conversational implicature
32. Performative
33. Locutionary act
34. Q-principle (Horn)
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Explain the following remarks with examples or make some comments.
“Bot h semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean? (b) What did you mean by X?” （东北师范大学，2006）
36. Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. （南开大学，2004）
A: When is the bus coming?
B: There has been an accident further up the road.
语言学概论题目及答案
语言学概论试题（一） 一、填空（每空1分，共15分） 1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。 2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。 ?3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。 ?5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。 6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 ?7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。 ?8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。 ?9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。 ?10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。 二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）?????? 1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ） ??Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学? ?Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学 ?2. 汉语属于（ B ） ?Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 ?Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语 ?3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节 ?4. 文字的前身是（ C ） ??Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ??Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事 ?5. 派生词中包含（ B ） ??Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ??Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词 ?6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位 7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ） ??Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ??Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置 8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ） ???Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 ???Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话 9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ） ???Ａ.初Ｂ.视 ???Ｃ.人Ｄ.民 10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，?具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ） ??Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ??Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系 三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分） ?1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。 2.组合关系指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。 3.语流音变语流中的某些音由于相互影响而发生临时性的变化，这种变化就叫语流音变。 4.语义场由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。 5.语法范畴把同一性质的语法意义综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别。 四、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音（每题2分，共10分） 1.优秀 2.维持 3.宏观 4.精神 5.离开 五、用义素分析法分析下列各组词（每题3分，共9分） ?1.瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]
语言学概论试题及答案
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
语言学概论试题及答案
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英语语言学试题及答案
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影响的语言学流派是 （） A. 历史比较语言学 B. 心理语言学 C. 结构主义语言学 D. 社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于 （） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A. 是聚合关系。 B. 是组合关系。 C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 （） A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 （） A. 屈折变化 B. 变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D. 异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是 （） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 （） A. 舌面前高不圆唇 B. 舌面后高不圆唇 C. 舌面前半高不圆唇 D. 舌面前半低不圆唇
语言学概论课堂试题答案整理
绪论及语言本质 1.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 2.“语言学概论”课程容在语言学学科分类中，属于理论语言学。 3.狭义的应用语言学一般是指语言教学。 4.17世纪，法国波瓦雅的修道院里有两位学者阿尔诺.兰斯洛合编了一本普遍唯理语法。 5.历史比较语言学的出现，标志着语言学走出传统语文学，成为一门独立的科学。 6.传统语文学一般主要指古代印度、古代希腊和古代中国三个地方的语文学。中国传统的语文学通常叫小学。 7.语言系统的两种基本关系是组合关系和聚合关系。它们是打开语言的两把钥匙。 8.1786年，英国的威廉琼斯在皇家亚洲学会宣读的论文《三周年演说》中指出有共同的结构特点。为了纪念这一新发现，这一年被认为是历史比较语言学诞生的一年。 9.历史比较语言学的奠基人是丹麦的拉斯克、德国的葆朴和格里木。 10.语言的分类一般从两个方面进行：第一，按照语言的（结构/形态）特点分类；第二，按照语言的（亲属/来源）关系分类。 11.著名语言学家瑞士的索绪尔的著作《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。 12.美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，他的代表著作是《语言论》。 13.转换生成语言学的代表人物是乔姆斯基，他被称为“标准理论”的著作是《句法理论问题》。 14.根据语言的结构或者形态特点，一般把语言分为孤立语（词根语）、粘着语、屈折语和多式综合语（编插语）四种。 1.人类语言和动物的交际方式有着根本区别。 2.什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合，取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。这里的“约定俗成”的容既有任意性，也有强制性。
【2018-2019】语言学概论试题及答案word版本 (23页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 语言学概论试题及答案 篇一：语言学概论试题及答案1 中央广播电视大学201X—201X学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试汉语言专业语言学概论试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词4分，共20分) 1. 语言符号的任意性---任意性是语言符号的重要特点，指音和义的结合是任 意的，没有必然的联系，由社会约定 俗成。例如汉语用[su]表示“书”，英语用[buk]表示“书”。 2．音位的自由变体---自由变体指处于同一位置中的几个音素相互可以自由替换，没有条件限制，这样的音素就是同一音位的自由变体。例如汉语南京、武 汉等地的方言的“南”，nan和lan可以自由替换，n和l在这些方言中就是同一音位的两个自由变体。 3．句法同义---指几种句子格式表示相同相近的结构意义。例如“我打破了杯子”、“我把杯子打破了”、“杯子 被我打破了”这几个句子就具有相同的意义。 4．意音文字---就是用表意和表音两种方法结合起来所造成的文字体系，一个 字中既有表意成分，又有表音成分。汉字就是意音文字，如“蚂”，左边表意，右边表音。 5．亲属语言---就是从同一种语言分化出来的几种独立的语言，彼此有同源关系。例如法语、意大利语共同来自拉丁语，就是亲属语言。 二、填空(每空1分，共10分) 1．从一个横断面描写研究语言在某一个时期的状态的语言学就是共时语言学。 2．“小猫钓鱼”这个句子中的“小猫”、“钓”、“鱼”分别可以用“小鸡”、“吃”、“虫”来替换，这三组词相互之间的关系是（聚合关系）。
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