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研究生英语应用教程课后翻译

研究生英语应用教程课后翻译
研究生英语应用教程课后翻译

Translation

第一单元

英译中

A.Western teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed ,and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised.

While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play , it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority-precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S school.

Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano ,art and s ports lessons , their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years.

Yet , regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese.

对于校纪实施的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处罚方式,在中国幼儿园工作的西方教师表示震惊。

如此高度的纪律性虽然会产生令孩子们不愿意玩耍的消极影响,但也会教会他们自控和尊重权威,而这些品质恰恰是美国学生所缺少的。

我在北美的家人和朋友常常告诉我,他们的孩子要上钢琴课,美术课和体育课,日程已经排得满满的承受着超过年龄的沉重压力。

不过,虽然课外活动很多,和中国小孩相比,西方小孩过的是优哉游哉的生活。B.The differences between methods of learning in the East and the West are thus based on profound cultural differences that will be glacially slow to shift.

Yet , while only limited change can be expected from domestic education reforms , a global educational environment is emerging which offers an ever-widening variety of choice.

In china , more and more parents are sending their toddlers to private American-style preschools that – despite their exorbitant fees – are doing a booming business in the most prosperous cities , such as shanghai.

因此,东西方学习方法有别,根源还在于巨大的文化差异,改变将是极其缓慢的。

尽管可以预见,国内的教育改革只会带来有限的变化,然而一个全球化的教育环境正在形成,提供了越来越多的选择。

在中国,越来越多的家长会把刚会走路的小孩送到美式私立幼儿园,这类幼儿园尽管费用高昂但在上海等中国最发达的城市却发展迅猛。

中译英

以前流行一句话:”学好数理化,走遍天下都不怕。”如今无论是已在工作岗位上磨练多年的中年人,还是初出茅庐的大学毕业生,都有一个共识,那就是:在信息爆炸的时代,知识以飞快的速度更新,“一纸文凭定终身”的日子一去不复返,我们要不断地“充电”。这样一来,终身教育便成为历史的必然。

It was once frequently told that “you have the guts to make a living anywhere with a mastery of math , physics and chemistry .”However , people nowadays , whether the

middle-aged working stagers or those green horn college grads , have reached a consensus- gone are the days when “a diploma determines you life-time fate”. With the awesome update of knowledge in the era of information explosion , we need to reskill ourselves continuously.

第二单元

A.It will be helpful to your search if you understand the structure of the U.S. educational system , which may be very different from that of your home country. Admission to undergraduate and graduate programs in particular will require you to have completed a particular level of education at the time of admission. It is important that you realize that not all U.S. programs are the same. Some programs are extremely demanding and are the workload can even be difficult for American students. Other programs are more relaxed and focus on connecting students in cross-cultural learning. Before making a decision, it is important that you know how challenging your program will be.

因为美国和你本国的教育体系也许迥然不同,所以了解美国的教育体系对你搜寻会有所帮助。入学之际,你必须已经完成一定程度的教育,这对于进入大学本科和研究生课程的学习尤其如此。重要的是要认识到,美国并非所有课程的要求都一模一样。有些课程要求极高,学习量大,连美国学生可能也会觉得很吃力。另一些课程则比较轻松,看重跨文化学习中学生们的交流。做决定之前,明白自己的课程难度是很重要的。

B. Despite this, do not let the cost of an education in the U.S.A. scare you off! If you are feeling overwhelmed by the cost, consider what an education in the U.S.A. will mean to y our future. Education is one of the best investments you can make –an investment in yourself! A U.S. education and proficiency in English paves the way to more secure and higher paying jobs. In the end, your U.S education will pay for itself many times over.

尽管如此,别让美国的教育经费用把你吓跑了!假如你感到无法承担这笔费用,想想美国的教育对你的未来意味着什么。教育是你能做的一种最好的投资-一种你自己的投资!美国的教育加上娴熟的英语,为获取更稳定高薪的工作铺平了道路。你所受的美国教育最终会有多倍的回报。

中译英

我的博士生导师李永博士向我推荐了贵系。望贵系能考虑接纳我,使我有幸成为一名访问学者。我对消费心理学兴趣浓厚,在此领域已有多年研究。

我已获得中国国家留学基金的资助,包括学习生活费用和往返机票,时间为一年。

随函附上我的简历和推荐信。如需更多信息,请及时与我本人联系。静候佳音。

Your department has been recommended to me by Dr. Li Yonghua, my doctorate supervisor. I would like to be considered for acceptance as a visiting scholar in the

Department of Psychology. I am intensely interested in Consumer Psychology and have

been engaged in its research for many years.

The china scholarship council has approved my request for financial support during my one-year visit covering the tuition, round-trip ticket fare and living

expenses.

My resume and letters of recommendation are enclosed herewith. Please do not

hesitate to contact me for any additional information. I look forward to hearing from

you in the near future.

第三单元

英译中

A.(前面一部分缺失)Financial services are supposed to bring together borrowers and savers.

But as lending markets have retreated, borrowers have been stranded without credit and savers have seen their pensions and investments melt away. Financial markets are supposed to be a machine for amassing capital and determining who gets to use it and for what. How could they have been so wrong?

金融服务应该是双向的:既有人借款也有人存钱。可由于信贷市场的萎缩,借款人由于缺乏信用而无法借到钱,于此同时,储蓄者也只能眼睁睁地看着他们的养老金和投资付诸东流,化为乌有。金融市场应该是这样一台机器:它首先能够积累资金,然后决定谁可以使用及如何使用这些资金,而现在怎么错得如此离谱呢?

B.Reform is certainly needed, yet, for all the excesses and instability of finance, a complete clampdown would be a mistake. For one thing, remember the remarkable prosperity of the past 25 years. Finance deserves some of the credit for that note, too, that finance has always been plagued by crises, whether the system is open or closed, simple or sophisticated.

Attempts to regulate finance to make it safe often lead to dangerous distortions as clever financiers work around the rules. If there were a simple way to prevent crises altogether, it would already be the foundation stone of financial regulation. In fact, the aim should be neither to banish finance nor to punish it, but to create a system that supports economic growth through the best mix of state-imposed stability and private initiative.

改革势在必行,但是,尽管金融业存在诸多过分行为及不稳定性,命令禁止,严厉打击也是不明智的。一方面,我们无法忘记过去二十五年经济的辉煌繁荣,其中金融业的功绩可圈可点,值得赞颂。同时,也请注意,不管体制是开放的还是封闭的,简单的还是服复杂的,金融业发生危机总是不可避免。试图通过制定法规来规范金融业的行为,以确保其更加稳定,也是于事无补,因为精明的金融家总会利用规则大打擦边球,最终使得法律规范形同虚设。如果真有一个简便易行的方法来阻止各种危机,那它一开始就已经是金融规范的基础了。实际上,我们的目的既不是将金融“扫地出门”也不是使其受到打击惩治,而是要创建一个新体制,使其既能通过国家调控保持稳定性,又能激发私有化企业的主管能动性,而保持经济的持续增长。

第四单元

英译中:

A.We can wag fingers and self-righteously shout that the domestic car companies are reaping the unhappy fruits of the thoughtless seeds they planted. Schadenfreude is joy in hypocrisy. We bought all of those big trucks and big-engine cars. And we demanded more of them as long as we had access to the developed world’s cheapest gasoline. But we whined like babies and screamed for more fuel-efficient vehicles like infants crying for nipples when gasoline topped $4 a gallon.

Put another way, we –consumers and politicians –were complicit in the automobile

industry’s reluctance to do better in the arenas of fuel economy and emissions control. The natural tendency in a purely profit-oriented, capitalist system is to give consumers what they are demanding at a price that returns a handsome reward on investment in product development.

我们可以摇晃着手指自以为是地说,国内的汽车公司由于缺乏考虑,正在自食其果。幸灾乐祸是一种虚伪的快乐。我们一直在购买大型皮卡和大马力汽车,只要我们还能买到所有发达国家中价格最低的汽油,我们还会继续购买这样的车。然而,一旦燃油价格飙升至每加仑4美元,我们就像婴儿哭哭滴滴闹着要吃奶一样,叫嚷着要更多省油节能的汽车。

换句话说,汽车工业不愿意在节能减排方面做出更多努力,我们消费者和政客也难辞其咎。在以纯利润为导向的资本主义体制中,为消费者提供其所需的能为投资带来丰厚回报的产品,是再自然不过的事情。

B.(考的概率不大) Both the two-door and four-door versions of the 2008 jeep Wrangler do extremely well in federal government crash tests. Jeep also provides a number of accident avoidance features as standard equipment.

The two-door Wrangler and Unlimited model each receive 5-star scores for driver and passenger safety in frontal crash tests. Side crash tests have not been conducted. Both models receive 4 stars for two-wheel-drive versions in rollover test, and 3 stars for four-wheel-drive versions. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety give the 2008 Wrangler

a top rating of “Good”in frontal offset tests, but much lower ratings of “marginal”in side

impact and rear protection tests. However, note that these ratings are for Wranglers without the optional side air bags.

2008款双门和四门“牧马人”在联邦政府撞击测试中均表现优异。吉普品牌还为该系列车型提供诸多安全装置作为标准配置。

双门版和长轴四门版“牧马人”在正面撞击测试中,其“驾驶员及乘客安全”一项均获得五星的好成绩。“侧面撞击测试”还未进行。两款车型在“翻滚测试”中,两轮驱动车型均获四星,四驱车型均获三星。美国公路安全保险协会为2008款“牧马人”

正面偏置碰撞试验给出了“优秀”这一最高级别的打分,但在侧面撞击及后部撞击测试中则给出了“及格”这一低上许多的成绩。但请注意,这些测试数据是在“牧马人”未选装侧面安全气囊的前提下得出的。

第五单元

英译中:

A.Time was when work-study meant taking shifts at the campus commons, wearing a paper hat and serving mystery meat and creamed spinach as your classmates shuffled through. But with dining services mostly out sourced, and everything about college life more complex, work-study jobs have come to fill a variety of needs- beyond the obvious one of putting cash in the pockets of undergraduate and graduate students. Some want to develop a skill, or beef up a resume. Some seek an “in” with a certain professor. Ms. Rice’s goal was to make as small a dent in study time as possible.

Work-study lies somewhere between a grant and a loan in the college-aid universe- the institution promises to make a job available, at a rate of pay that is at or slightly above minimum wage, up to a maximum that depends on other ingredients of your financial aid

package. The government pays 75 percent of those wages, and the college pays 25 percent.

You don’t get the money unless you put in the hours.

在过去,半工半读就是在学校的公共食堂里轮流值班,头戴纸帽,在同班同学拖着脚步走进食堂的时候,端上叫不上名字的肉和奶油菠菜。然而随着大部分餐饮服务的外包,大生活的方方面面也越来越复杂,半工半读的目的变得更加多元化----决不仅仅是让本科生和研究生挣点钱那么简单。半工半读的学生,有得是为了学习一技之长有的是为了给自己的简历锦上添花,还有的是为了和某位教授套近乎。奈斯女士的目标是尽可能使工作少占用学习时间。

在大学助学的范畴中,半工半读介于资助和贷款之间----学校承诺向学生提供一份工作,工作报酬等于或略高于最低工资,报酬的上限取决于财政援助项目的其他因素。发个学生的工资中,75%由政府承担,25%由学校支付。你只花了时间打工才能领取工资。

B.(考的概率不大) All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption

of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the Untied States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

本宪法正式通过前订立的一切债务和承担的一切义务,对于实行本宪法的合众国仍然有效,一如联邦时期。本宪法和将依本宪法所指定的合众国法律,以及根据合众国的权力缔结或将缔结的一切条约,均为全国最高法律;每个州的法官都应受其约束,即使州宪法和法律中有与之相抵触的内容。

上述参议院和众议员,各州州议会议员,以及合众国和各州所有行政和司法官员,应宣誓或作代誓宣言表示拥护本宪法;但决不得以宗教宣誓作为担任合众国属下任何官职公职之条件。

第六单元

英译中:

A.(考的概率不大) The enactment of the water Framework Directive (WFD) in the

European Union(EU) triggers intense activity among Member States and raises some criticism.

The good status of waters may include an ecological dream that is difficult to achieve.

Moreover, criteria for derogation requires strong economic arguments. This challenge raises the debate on whether the WFD is part of an incremental process, embedded in prior debate on whether the WFD is part of an incremental process, embedded in prior European water law, with feasible goals, or whether it is a dramatic change of policy towards an ecological dream that emerged during late negotiations, and therefore was hardly achievable. I will state that although the high ecological ambition of the WFD is unprecedented within the EU’s water law, it has several precedents in other arenas, notably long enforced in the United

States of America. I will argue that the major challenge of the directive is the combination of the ecological dream with an economic ideal which has no equivalent in the United States.

《欧洲水资源框架协指令》(WFD)的实施在成员国中引起了强烈的反响并引发了一些批评。保持水体的良好状况可能是一个难以实现的生态梦想。此外,衡量水质恶化的标准需要强有力的经济论证。这一挑战引发了争。一种观点认为,这一指令是以前欧洲水资源法的延伸,具有可行性,而另一种观点认为,它是各国最近以来谈判协商的结果,是政策上的一项巨大转变,是一种几乎无法实现的生态梦想。我认为,尽管WFD 设定了很高的生态目标,在欧盟的水资源法中是史无前例的,但在其他区域却不乏先例,特别是在美国,已经实施了很长时间。我认为,这一指令的挑战,主要在于把生态梦想和经济理想结合起来,而这一点美国也没有做到。

B.(考的概率不大) Substantive ecological input for goal-setting was adopted in the European Community legislation earlier in the sector of nature conservation. For 20 naturally occurring birds in the wild state. It sets environmental objectives. It requires the assessment of the biological states of the species listed in its annexes. I argue that this directive was the first European legislation protecting the environment for its own sake. It was limited to threatened species and was based on an organismic vision of ecological communities. Then the Habitats Directive expanded the scope of protection to functional biodiversity throughout an open network of sites. I therefore conclude that an ecological dream can be traced back in the European legislation as early as 1979 with the Birds Directive. Ecologists may have influenced the content of the WFD much more than the content of former directives, yet they have promoted the dream of a better ecological status in the European Community for long.

在自然环境保护方面,欧洲共同体以前的法令已令已利用的大量信息设定了相关生态目标。制定前二十年,《鸟类保护指令》已要求保护野生鸟类。它制定了一些环境目标,要求对附录中列出的种群的生态状况进行评估。我认为,这一指令是欧洲第一次为了环境本身而制定的环境保护法令。它只局限于受到威胁的物种,并建立在生态群落的生物学视角上。随后《栖地指令》将保护的范围扩大,保护整个开放地域网络的生物功能多样性。因此,我的结论是,早在1979年《鸟类保护指令》颁布时,欧洲立法中就已体现对生态保护的追求。或许同以前的指令相比,生态学家们对WFD内容的影响要大得多,然而为了欧洲共同体能够拥有一个更好的生态环境这一梦想,他们已经努力了很久。

C.(考的概率不大) The survey, conducted on a county-by-county basis by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, indicates that farmers in Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, Kansas, and Indiana contributed the most to the increase in acres grown with environmentally friendly farming systems known as conservation tillage systems. These states accounted for 5million of the 6million acre increase in mulch-till, ridge-till, strip-till, and zone-till, rely on less tillage or less soil disturbance to plant and manage crops. Famers who use these systems have leave plant materials-stems, stalks and leaves- on surface of fields after harvest. The plant materials, also called crop residues, serve as a blanket to protect the soil from erosion.

The crop residues slowly decompose to add organic matter to the soil much like mulching or

composting add organic matter to a garden. The survey results indicate that conservation tillage systems now account for 109.8 million acres or fully 37 percent of the 294.6 million annual cropland acres in the United States. In the meantime, traditional systems that rely on the plow or intensive tillage fell to 107.6 acres this year. Farmers have focused increased attention on conservation tillage systems. These system not only replenish and build organic matter in the soil for improved future food productivity but they will also protect water quality and enhance wild life and the environment for future generations.

这一调查是由美国农业部自然资源保护局以郡为单位进行的。调查指出,采用环保方式耕作的土地面积增加,主要集中在艾奥瓦州,伊利诺伊州,南达科他州,堪萨斯州,和印第安纳州。这种保耕作方式被称为保育耕作法。今年,采用保育耕作法的土地面积增加了六百万英亩,其中五百万都来自上述各州。各种保育耕作法,例如免耕法,敷盖法,垄行耕作法,条耕,带状耕作法,都采用减少耕耘或者减少翻土的方式来进行耕种和田间管理。采用这些耕作方式的农民,在收获后把农作物的茎、杆、叶留在农田表面。

这些留下来的材料,也叫做作物残渣,可以像毯子一样保护土壤免受侵蚀。这些作物残渣缓慢分解,增加了土壤中的有机物质,这就非常像在花园中用敷盖料或堆肥来施有机肥料一样。这一调查结果表明,美国在每年两亿九千四百六十万英亩的耕作面积中,有一亿零九百八十万英亩采用了保育耕作法,占到了整整37%。同时,今年采用传统的犁耕或密集耕作方式的土地面积,下降到了一亿零七百六十万英亩。农民开始更加关注保育耕作法。这种方法不仅在土壤中补充和制造了有机物质,从而提高今后的粮食产量,还可以保护水质,增加野生动物数量,改善环境,造福子孙后代。

第七单元

英译中:

A.A lthough the current generation of students may have never known life without the Internet they are not necessarily “Net savvy. ”Exposed to huge quantities of information on the web –in text, audio, image and video formats –sorting valid information from misinformation is a constant challenge. Beyond the quantity and variety of information, students are now creating information, not just consuming it. This white paper explores the challenges of functioning in an information-rich environment where students must blend skills in finding information, using technology, and thinking critically.

虽然当今这代学生或许从未体验过没有因特网的生活,但他们未必都精通网络。面对网上大量的信息(无论是文本,音频,图像还是视频格式),如何区分有效信息与错误信息始终是他们面临的挑战。学生们在接受大量的各类信息之外,也在创造信息。该份白皮书探究信息爆炸环境中应该如何应对挑战,并指出学生们必须将信息查找,,技术运用与批判思维等各项技术能结合起来。

B.(有可能考)Abstract

To determine the understandability of individual income tax booklets, a Reading East score was calculated for the 1977 Federal income tax return form 1040 and tax forms of nine southeastern states. The instruction booklets of all states except Virginia were found to be at a reading level higher than the median educational level of the average citizen-taxpayer in those

states. The South Carolina booklet was three grade levels above the median education level for the state. The Federal instruction booklet was easiest to read, falling four grade levels below the median education level of the U.S. citizens. If an equitable state income tax system is to be maintained, actions must be taken to reduce the disparity between median education levels and the readability of state income tax instruction booklets.

摘要

为测定个人所得税申报表说明的可读性,特为1977年开始实施的联邦所得税1040号申报表说明及东南部9个州的所得税申报表说明设计了一个阅读难度度量衡。研究结果发现,除了弗吉尼亚州,其他诸州的所得税申报表说明的阅读难度均高于这些州的纳税公民平均教育水平。南卡罗来纳州的所得税申报表说明的阅读难度比该州平均教育水平高三个等级。联邦所得税申报表说明最易读懂,比美国公民的平均教育水平低四个等级。如要维持一个公正的州所得税申报体制,必须采取行动,以缩小公民平均教育水平与州所得税申报表说明的可读性之间的差距。

第八单元

英译中:

A.(前面一部分缺失)

The standard is still relatively new ,so there aren’t many ExpressCard modules on the market today; however, most current laptops include an ExpressCard slot for future use.

由于这种标准相对较新,目前市场上Express卡模块还不多见,但是大多数新上市的笔记本都装有Express卡插口,以供今后使用。

B.(考的概率不大) The K20D inherits the K10D’s body. This is no bad thing, given how much we liked the K10D’s design. It inherits a remarkably pro-level of exterior controls. This, combined with an excellent level of customization over the behavior of the dials puts almost everything you might need to change at your fingertips. This is a very sturdy-feeling camera. The dense rubber coating that cavers all the key contact points, combined with a solid, weighty-feeling plastic makes the K20Dfeel durable in exactly the way that less expensive DSLRs just don’t. One of the best things about Pentax retaining the K10D’s body is that it retains some of the best ergonomics in its class. It’s a camera that sits comfortably in the hand and puts the key photographic controls exactly where you want them, making it pleasant to use for long periods of time.

K20D沿用了k10D的机身。考虑到我们对K10D外观设计的喜爱,这并非坏事。它沿用K10D很棒的专业级操控设计。再加上拨盘的操控设计非常人性化,几乎所有功能变化只要动动指尖就可以完成。这款相机拿在手里感觉非常结实。所有关键接触部位都包裹了厚厚的橡胶,再加上坚固的,沉甸甸的塑料外壳K20D看起来确实比那些相对便宜的单反相机更结实耐用。在本级别产品中,K10D拥有一些最佳的人体工程学方面的设计,K20D沿用K10D机身的最大好处,就是保留了这些最佳设计。这款相机拿在手中非常舒服,摄影时的关键操作得心应手,长时间使用也不会难受。

C.(考的概率不大) The study concludes that on a mass emission per travel mile basis, the use of corn ethanol in the form of either E85 –blend of 85% ethanol and 15% unleaded

gasoline, or E10 – 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline, outperforms conventional and reformulated gasoline in respect of both fossil energy use and greenhouse gas production. This study clearly documents that ethanol , a domestically produced alternative to fossil fuels and imported oil, can be part of any solution to curb greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The Oxygenated Fuels Association has issued a study that says the price tag for cleaning up air pollution costs consumers far less than some of the original estimates. The five-year study compared the pump price of regular unleaded conventional fuel to the cleaner-burning fuels which include oxygenates like the anti-smog ingredient MTBE. The results show that the ecologically friendlier fuel, called reformulated gasoline, averaged only 2.89 cents more per gallon at the pump. This analysis of actual pump price data proves that the clean air benefits provided by the cleaner-burning fuels are one of the best environmental buys going.

这一研究表明,从矿物能源的使用效率和温室气体的排放量来看,无论是85%的乙醇和15%的无铅汽油混合的E85配方,还是10%的乙醇和90%的无铅汽油混合的E10配方,这两种以玉米为原料的乙醇燃料,每行驶一英里的废气排放量,都优于传统的或新配方汽油。这一研究清楚地证明,作为一种对矿物燃料和进口石油的国产替代品,乙醇能够成为限制温室气体排放,抑制全球变暖的一种途径。氧化燃料协会公布的一份调查研究显示,为减轻空气污染,消费者所需要付出的代价远远低于先前的估计。这项调查为期五年,比较了加油站中普通无铅汽油和氧化清洁燃料的价格,如含有防烟雾成分MTBE这种清洁燃料。结果表明,对生态环境更加有利的燃料,即新配方汽油,加油站现售价格每加仑平均只贵了2.89美分。对实际零售价格的数据分析表明,清洁燃料带来了清新空气这是最经济的保护环境的途径之一。

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G.詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说,“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人:其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测,”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1:无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征,人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及,是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作,”费策尔说,“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中,没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色,并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力:为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法,加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”,而不是“我”,能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是,要在你实验室内部,以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间,培养一个良好声誉:一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2:紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业,并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作,这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,生意始终在进行,那意味着一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,竞争也同样在进行,”豪特说,“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说,你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来,而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样,不仅对那些行动快速的人们,也对那些思维敏捷,并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作,而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3:风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论,”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质:那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的,组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应,因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说,伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里,你需要了解过程,但最终你会迷上答案,然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合,是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

Unit5 An Alpine Divorce 1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other. This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own. 1约翰?伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。这本来应该没什么,但可惜,他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。 2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa; but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman. The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble. 2毋庸置疑,对于任何一个男人,这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家,反之亦然。但是如果你考虑一下:每个人仅有机会结识几百个人而已,在这几百个人之中熟知的只有那么干几人甚至更少,在这十几个人之中又最多只有一两个知心朋友;别忘了,居住在这世上的人有多少个百万,因此显而易见:自地球存在以来,这合适的男人极有可能从来就没有遇到过他那个合适的女人。。从概率上来讲,这样相遇的机会微乎其微,这也正是离婚法庭存在的原因。婚姻充其量不过是一种妥协,而如果恰好两个个性上互不妥协的人结合了,那就肯定会有麻烦。 3.In the lives of these two young people there was no middle distance. The result was bound to be either love or hate, and in the case of Mr. and Mrs. Bodman it was hate of the most bitter and egotistical kind. 3对于两个这样的年轻人来说,生活没有什么中间点,其结局注定要么是爱,要么是恨,而就伯德曼夫妇而言,他们到头来有的是那种最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。 4.In some parts of the world, incompatibility of temper is considered a just cause for obtaining a divorce, but in England no such subtle distinction is made, and so until the wife became criminal, or the man became both criminal and cruel, these two were linked together by a bond that only death could sever.' Nothing can be worse than this state of things, and the matter was only made the more hopeless by the fact that Mrs. Bodman lived a blameless life, while her husband was no worse than the majority of men. Perhaps, however, that statement held only up to a certain point, for John Bodman had reached a state of mind in which he resolved to get rid of his wife at all hazards. If he had been a poor man he would probably have deserted her, but he was rich, and a man cannot freely leave a prospering business because his domestic life happens not to be happy. 4在这世界上的某些地方,夫妻性情不合就能够成为离婚的正当理由,但是在英格兰,并没有如此微妙的区分,所以除非妻子犯罪,或丈夫犯罪并且为人残暴,否则两者的婚姻关系将一直维系下去,直至死神将他们分开。没有什么比这种事情更糟糕的了,而更令人绝望的是伯德曼太太为人无可厚非,而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而,也许上面的表述只能说在某种程度上是正确的,因为约翰?伯德曼已经忍无可忍,下定决心不管付出什么代价也要摆脱他的妻子。如果他是个穷人,也许他会抛弃她,但是他很富有,而一个人不能因为家庭生活碰巧不幸就轻易放弃一份蒸蒸日上的事业。 5.When a man's mind dwells too much on one subject, no one can tell just how far he will go.

Assembly-line workers at Ford 研究生英语应用教程-翻译训练

Assembly-line workers at Ford and Chrysler no longer chat about whether they'll spend their $5,000-to-$10,000 year-end profit-sharing windfalls on a family vacation or a motorboat. This year there's little profit to share. Many also stand to lose $10,000 to $20,000 in reduced annual overtime pay. And their white-collar bosses aren't doing much better. Ford's 6,000 executives won't be getting any bonuses. The people who sell the cars and make most of their money from commissions are suffering much the same fate. All these workers are in effect paying to keep their job--and it's a trend that's accelerating far beyond the auto industry. Suddenly, everyone from $1 million-a-year investment bankers to middle managers and department-store clerks is facing a reduction of 10% to 100% in bonuses, profit sharing, stock options and commission payments. Some workers are even taking cuts in base salaries. Many employers and economists believe this newfound flexibility in pay may help keep unemployment a bit lower than it has been in previous downturns. But even as it cushions the blow, it is also spreading the pain to far more Americans. Robert Reich, Labor Secretary in the first Clinton Administration and now a professor of economics and social policy at Brandeis University, observes that "the biggest problem people will face this time around will be not the loss of jobs but the loss of income."

研究生英语一课后翻译答案

①A. 从更大的范围上讲,选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。这种判断是错误的,其后果可能是灾难性的。就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因,但本不该当选的人,如果他有整洁清秀的形象,就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。再回到政治这一话题上来,许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。然而,一个候选人可能非常善于演说,但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。我认识许多才能杰出的人物,他们只是没有培养自己在公开场合演讲的能力,但在与别人一对一的交流中却表现极为出色。这种能充分表达自己见解的能力,固然十分重要,但我们对于那些让人感觉善于辞令的人,往往产生错误的印象,因为很多情况下这种优点仅仅只是“表面现象”。不难想象,一位外表整洁清秀、讲话娓娓动听的政治家会轻而易举地战胜一位不事张扬但更为合格的对手。他之所以取胜仅仅是因为他的形象令人信服。 B. If you want a winning image with others, your first concern must be a winning self-image. The individual who has a losing self-image will never be able to project a winning image to others. He may be able to fool some people for a while, but his poor self-image will eventually make it impossible for him to relate favorably to others. Throughout the ages, great philosophers have stated, “You are what you think you are.”It is imperative for you to have good image of yourself if you want to create the same impression in others. No matter who you are, everything worthwhile will depend on your own self-image. Your happiness will be based on it. You will live only one life, and in order to enjoy it, you must have a winning self-image. Since we can all choose how we want to think ourselves, we should try to have positive, winning thoughts. In your own attempt to build a winning image you must begin with the self —otherwise, the image you strive for will be supported by nothing but a sand foundation. Any athlete will tell you that you must know you’re a winner in order to be one. To many, this kind of message will sound like double-talk, but it contains an essential truth. Although you can apply this same message to anything in life, I will use athletics as the basis for illustrating my thoughts about self-images because sports involve physical exertion by which desired results can be achieved. ②学习艺术的过程可以很方便地分为两个部分:一是精通理论;二是善于实践。如果我想学习医学,我必须首先了解人体结构和各种疾病。当我具有了这些理论知识以后,我并不能胜任医学工作。只有经过大量的实践,我才能掌握这门学科,直到最终我把所掌握的理论知识和实践收获结合起来,并融合为一体——即成为我的直觉知识,这才是掌握任何一门学科的本质。然而,除学习理论和实践以外,在任何一门学科上想成为专家还必需有第三个因素——那就是,掌握这门艺术是你最关心的事情,在这个世界上肯定没有比这门学科更为重要的东西了。这一点适用于音乐、医学、木工——也适合于爱情。这也可能正是问题的答案所在:为什么在我们的文化中人们即使已遭遇显而易见的失败,但人们很少去尝试学习爱这门艺术。虽然人们内心深藏着爱,但他们几乎把所有其他的东西如成功、名誉、金钱、权力都视为比爱更重要,几乎把所有的精力都用来学习如何实现这些目标了,几乎没有人去学习爱这门艺术。只有那些能赢得金钱和荣誉的东西才值得学习,而爱只是一件我们无权为之浪费许多精力的奢侈品,它只能使心灵获益、而毫无现代意义上的好处可言。难道果真如此吗?B. Intimacy, passion, and commitment are the warm, hot, and cold vertices of Sternberg’s love triangle. Alone and in combination they give rise to eight possible kinds of love relationships. The first is nonlove—absence of all three components. This describes the large majority of our personal relationships, which are simply causal interactions. The second kind of love is liking. “If you just have intimacy”, Sternberg explains, “that’s liking. You can talk to the person, tell about your life. And if that’s all there’s to it, that’s what we mean by liking.”It refers to the feelings experienced in true friendships. Liking includes such feelings as closeness and warmth but not the intense feelings of passion or commitment. If you just have passion, it’s called infatuated love—“love at first sight”that can arise almost instantaneously and dissipate just as quickly. It

研究生英语精读教程_课文翻译

一、你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目,涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说:“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说,“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现,在工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢?据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说:“我不善于做这种事,我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气,抱怨电话线路,甚至怪罪别人。他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时,乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话,请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时,悲观者说:“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说:“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极,都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说:如果人们感到没有希望,他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来,有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利,他立刻做出反应,寻找解决办法,制定新的行动计划,并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布,行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法,他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说,两次发病间隔的时间比较长,而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中,利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈,却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中,研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生,并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者,有的是消极思考者。20年后,悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示,悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系,即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动,无法避开生活中的打击,无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品,逃避体育锻炼,不听医生的劝告,还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上,乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之,但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说,这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长,儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感,如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感,从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯,但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中,伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中,两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗,但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究,以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此,如果你是个悲观主义者,你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法:

研究生英语阅读教程(课后翻译部分答案)

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