大学英语Book2 Unit 6

Unit 6 Less is more

Section A Door closer, are you?

Background information

1 Xiang Yu

Xiang Yu (232 BC-202 BC) was a prominent military leader and political figure during the late Qin Dynasty. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu led the Chu rebel forces to victory at the Battle of Julu（巨鹿之战）against the Qin armies. After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu proclaimed himself “Hegemon-King of Western Chu”（西楚霸王）and ruled a vast area of land covering parts of present-day Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangsu. He engaged Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, in a long struggle for power, known as the Chu-Han Contention（楚汉之争）that concluded with his eventual defeat and suicide at the bank of the Wu River.

2 the Battle of Julu

The battle was fought in Julu (in present-day Xingtai, Hebei, 现今的河北邢台) primarily between forces of the Qin Dynasty and the insurgent（谋叛的）state of Chu. The Battle of Julu marked the decline of Qin’s military power. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu’s army advanced towards Julu and successfully crossed the Zhang River（漳河）, which separated them from Julu, to attack the Qin forces. After crossing the Zhang River, Xiang Yu ordered his men to sink all their boats and break their cooking pots, leaving only a three-day supply of food for each soldier. He warned them that there was no way to retreat; the only thing they could do to survive was to advance and fight. Xiang Yu’s boat burning strategy gave his men no choice but to do forward to fight with skill and passion. After nine long fierce battles, the Qin army was finally defeated. The battle of Julu was of crucial importance in overthrowing the Qin Dynasty, and it has been known as the battle of “Smashing the Cauldrons and Sinking the Boats”（破釜沉舟）. This idiom is now used to indicate one’s firm determination to achieve one’s goal at any cost.

3 behavioral economics

Behavioral economics is an interdisciplinary school subject of economics and psychology, which studies the effect of social, cognitive and emotional factors on the economic decisions of individuals and institutions, and the consequences for market prices, returns and resource allocation.

Detailed study of the text

1The next time you’re deciding between rival options, one which is primary and the

other which is primary and the other which is secondary, ask yourself this question: What would Xiang Yu do? (Para.1)

Meaning:The next time when you are to make a choice between two competing options , you have to distinguish which is the primary one and which is the minor one. To be enlightened, you ask yourself what option XiangYu would choose.

Meaning beyond words: It suggests that XiangYu was a wonderful decision-maker. Note:The phrase rival options means that both options seem like good choice , but one choice is somewhat better than the other. In this case, it is the one That XiangYu chose to implement.

rival:

a.(only before noun) used about a person or group that competes against s

b. or sth. else 竞争的；对抗的

Fierce fighting broke out between the rival groups. 敌对集团之间爆发了激烈的战斗。

n. [C] a person ,group, or organization that you compete with sport, business, a fight, etc. 对手；竞争者

Having good international contacts gives the company a competitive advantage over its rivals. 良好的国际社会关系使该公司具备了超过其对手的竞争优势。secondary: a. not as important as sth. else 次要的；从属的

Our father’s health is what matters, and the cost of his treatment is if secondary importance. 我们父亲的健康是最重要的，他的治疗费用是次要的。

2Xiang Yu was a Chinese imperial general in the third century BC who took his troops across the Zhang River on a raid into enemy territory. (Para.2)

Meaning: XiangYu was an ancient Chinese general in the third century BC. He led his troops across the Zhang River to attack the enemy in its territory.

imperial: a.(only before noun) relating to an empire or to the person who rules it 帝国的；皇帝的

In our World History class today, we studied Britain’s expansion in the 19th century. 在今天的世界历史课上，我们学了十九世纪英帝国的扩张。

raid:

n [C.] a short attack on place by soldiers, planes, or ships, intended to cause damage but not take control 突袭；袭击

They made (staged/carried out) a daring raid on the enemy. 他们对敌人进行了大胆的袭击。

vt. make a sudden military attack on a place (军队)突然袭击

police raided five houses in southeast London and recovered stolen goods. 警方突击搜查了伦敦东南部的五所房屋，并追回了被盗货物。

territory:[C,U] land that is owned or controlled by a particular country, ruler, or military force 领土；版图；领地

They have still refusing to withdraw troops from the occupied territories. 他们仍然拒绝从被占领土撤军。

3 To his troops’ astonishment, he ordered their cooking pots crushed and their sailing ships burned. (Para.2)

Meaning beyond words: To make sure his troops would win the battle quickly, Xiang Yu ordered the soldiers to crush their cooking pots and burn their sailing boats after he led his troops across the Zhang River to attack the enemy. This way, he closed the door for retreating from the enemy’s territory and sent out a clear message to his men that they only had two choices: to win the battle or die in the battle. However, his decision was obviously against normal practice, which greatly shocked his troops.

4 He explained that he was imposing on them a necessity for attaining victory over their opponents. (Para.3)

Meaning beyond words: By having their cooking pots crushed and their sailing ships burned, Xiang Yu put his troops in such a desperate condition that they wouldn’t have any hope to escape but fight to survive and eventually win the battle. In order words, Xiang Yu gave his troops only one option.

imposes sth. on sb.: force sb. to have the same ideas, beliefs, etc. as you 将…强加于…

To discourage people from smoking, very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes. 为了阻止人们吸烟，最近已对香烟征收了很高的税。

opponent : n. [C]

1)sb. who you try to defeat in a competition, game fight, or argument (竞争、比赛等

的)敌手，对手

He was a tough opponent in debate. 他是个很强硬的辩论对手。

2）sb. who disagrees with a plan, idea, or system and tried to stop or change it 反对者Leading opponents of proposed cuts in defense spending will meet later today. 建议削减国防开支的主要反对者会在今天的晚些时候见面。

Usage NOTE

rival, opponent

rival和opponent都可以用作名词，都可以表示“对手”，但两者有区别。

1 rival指在同一领域中为相同目标相竞争或相匹敌的对手。例如：

The United States’ biggest rival in technological advancement is Japan.在技术进步方面，美国最大的对手是日本。

2 opponent指在某次的竞赛或某个场合直接面对的对手。例如：

He’s the best opponent I’ve come across this season, a great player.他是我本赛季遇到的最出色的对手，一位了不起的运动员。

比较：

The Los Angeles Lakers’ biggest rival is the Boston Celtics.洛杉矶湖人队最大的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。（指湖人队一直与凯尔特人队在争高低，其竞争对手多年来一直是凯尔特人队。）

The Los Angeles La kers’ opponent in 2010 NBA Finals is the Boston Celtics.洛杉矶湖人队在2010年NBA总决赛中的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。（指在2010 年NBA决赛中湖人队的竞争对手是凯尔特人队。）

3 opponent不能用作动词，rival可用作动词，表示“竞争；与…相匹敌”。例如：Ships can’t rival aircraft for speed.轮船在速度方面无法与飞机匹敌。

5 What he said was surely motivating, but it wasn’t really appreciated by many of his loyal soldiers as they wanted their vessels go up in flames. (Para.3)

Meaning: Xiang Yu’s order of crushing the cooking pots and burning the sailing ships was definitely inspiring to his troops, but it was hardly valued by his faithful soldiers, who watched their boats burning.

motivate: vt. make sb. feel determined to do sth. or enthusiastic about doing it 激励；激发…的积极性

The company’s profit-sharing plan is designed to motivate its staff to work hard. 该公司的利润分红计划旨在激励员工努力工作。

loyal: a. always supporting your friends, principles, country, etc. 忠贞的；忠实的；忠诚的

When all her other friends deserted her, Steve still remained loyal. 当其他朋友都抛弃她时，史蒂夫仍对她保持忠诚。

go up in flames: suddenly begin burning in a way that is difficult to control 突然着火

The factory went up in flames last night. 昨晚工厂突然着火了

6 But the genius of General Xiang Yu’s conviction would be validated both on the battlefield and in modern social science research. (Para.3)

Meaning: However, the high level of intelligence expressed in his strong belief would prove to be correct on the battlefield as well as in modern social science research. genius: n.

1)[U] a very high level of intelligence, mental skill, or ability, which only a few

people have 天才；天赋

During his childhood, the genius of this scientist went unrecognized. 这位科学家的天赋在他童年时代并未被发现。

2）[U] sb. who has an unusually high level of intelligence, mental skill, or ability 有天才的人；天才人物

A real comic genius stimulates not only laughter but also thought. 一个真正的喜

剧天才不但能引发笑声而且会引发思考。

conviction: n.[C] a very strong belief or opinion 坚定的信仰（主张）

The foreign minister of this small country is a woman of strong political conviction这个小国家的外交部长是一位有坚定政治信仰的女性。

validate: vt. (fml.) prove that sth. is true or correct, or make a document or agreement officially and legally acceptable 证实；使生效；使合法化

Many scientists hesitate to accept the outcome and decide to wait until the results of the study are validated by future research. 许多科学家对接受这个研究结果犹豫不决，决定等待结果被今后的研究证实后再说。

Note The word battlefield is a compound word, which is the combination of two nouns: battle and field. There are more example of this kind of compound words: armchair, bedtime, birdhouse, birthplace, bookstore, etc. The meaning of many words from such a combination is easy to guess: battlefield-a place where a battle is being fought or has been fought. For example:

They carried the wounded soldiers from the battlefield. 他们把伤员从战场上抬了下来。

7 General Xiang Yu was a rare exception to the norm, a veteran leader who has highly respected for his many conquests and who achieved the summit of success. (Para.3)

Meaning: What Xiang Yu did was quite different from what was usually practiced. As an experienced leader, he was very much respected by his soldiers for his many amazing accomplishments, and his highest level of success.

Note The word norm means ”the usual or normal situation, way of doing sth., etc”. Here it refers to a situation in which other commanders would surely do: Keep more options.

exception:n. [C,U] sth. or sb. that is different in some way from other people or things and so cannot be included in a general statement 例外；除外

I like all kinds of films with the exception of horror films. 我喜欢各种电影，但恐怖片除外。

an exception to: sth. or sb. that is not included in a general statement, or does not follow a rule or pattern 对…例外

Most basketball players are very tall, but he’s an exception to that rule; he’s relatively short. 大多数篮球运动员都非常高大，但他是一个例外，他比较矮。veteran:

a. very experienced and skilled in a particular activity 经验丰富的；老练的

The veteran actor has said he is ready to direct a film for the first time in his life. 这位经验丰富的演员说，他已为他人生中首次导演影片做好了准备。

n. [C] sb. who has been a soldier, sailor, etc. in a war 老兵；退伍军人

The veterans of World WarⅡare now old and gradually dying off. 第二次世界大战的老兵现已年老，并一个个离开了这个世界。

conquest: n.

1) [C,U] the act of defeating an army taking land by fighting 击败；征服；攻占Since ancient times, Jerusalem has seen numerous conquests and occupations. 自古以来，耶路撒冷多次被征服和占领。

2) [U] the act of gaining control of or dealing successfully with sth. that is difficult or dangerous (对艰难、危险事物的)攻克，征服

The conquest of outer space is one of the greatest triumphs of modern science. 征服太空是现代科学最伟大的胜利之一。

summit: n. [C]

1) (fml.)the greatest amount or highest level of sth. 某事物的顶峰；某事物的极点

I am still young ,and I certainly haven’t reached the summit of my career.我们年轻，我当然还没有达到我事业的巅峰。

2) an important meeting or set of meetings between the leaders of several governments 首脑会议；最高级会议；峰会

World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit .世界各国领导人将在下周齐聚年度经济峰会。

8He is featured in Dan Ariely’s enlightening new publication, Predictably Irrational, a fascinating investigation of seemingly irrational human behavior, such as the tendency for keeping multiple options open. (Para.4)

Meaning: General Xiang Yu, together with his boat burning strategy, was introduced in Dan Ariely’s inspirational new publication,which examines unreasonable human behavior such as the unintentional desire to keep many options open.

Note The title of the book Predictably Irrational describes an unreasonable or illogical behavior which is predictable because of the nature of human beings. It has to do with the hidden forces that shape people’s decisions. People sometimes make decisions based on irrational thought, and that’s why we see how certain mistakes are made again and again.

be featured in: be include or shown as a special or important part of sth. ,or be included as an important part 在…中被专题介绍；被特写

The teacher gave his students the homework assignment to visit some of the websites which were featured in the article. 老师给学生的家庭作业是浏览一些在文章中被专题介绍的网站。

enlighten: vt. (fml.) give sb. information about sth. so that they understand more about it 启发；指导；教导

The object of his most recent novel is to amuse and enlighten the readers. 他最新的小说旨在娱乐和启发读者。

enlightening: a. 具启发性的

The instruction manual that came with my new computer wasn’t very enlightening about how to operate it. 附在我新电脑中的说明书对如何操作这个电脑没啥指导作用。

publication: n.

1) [C] a book, magazine, etc. 书；杂志；著作；出版物

Our latest publication is a fashion magazine for both young women and men. 我们最新的出版物是专为年轻女子和年轻男子办的时尚杂志。

2) [U] the process of printing a book, magazine, etc., and offering it for sale 出版She was in England for the publication for her new book. 她到英国是为了她新书的出版事宜。

irrational: a. not based on clear thought or reason 非理性的；不合理的；荒谬的The parents were worried by their son’s increasingly irrational behavior. 这对父母对儿子越来越不理性的行为很是担心。

investigate: vt. try to find out the truth about sth. such as crime, accident, or scientific problem 查明，调查，侦查（犯罪、事故或科学问题的真相）

After the bridge collapsed, engineers were investigating how a disaster like this could have occurred. 桥梁倒塌后，工程师们在调查怎么会发生这样的灾难。investigation: [C] an official attempt to find out the truth about or the cause of sth. such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem （对犯罪、事故或科学问题等进行的正式的）调查，侦查

An investigation has been under way for several days into the disappearance of a 13-year-old boy. 对一个13岁男孩失踪案的调查已持续了几天。

9 Most people can’t marshal the will for painful choices, not even students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where Dr. Ariely teaches behavioral economics. (Para.4)

Meaning: Most people, including the students learning behavioral economics with Dr. Ariely at MIT, can’t think logically and make rational decisions when facing painful choices.

marshal: vt. organize thoughts, ideas. etc. so that they are clear, effective, or easy to understand 整理（思路、想法等）

You should marshal your thoughts before speaking. 你说话前应当理清思路。behavioral: a. relating to the way sb. behaves 行为的；行为方式的

She studied behavioral psychology at college. 她曾在大学学习心理学。

10 In an experiment that investigated decision-making, hundreds of students couldn’t bear to let their options vanish, even though it was clear they would profit from doing so. (Para.4)

Meaning:In an experiment about decision-making, hundreds of students couldn’t tolerate the pain of seeing their options disappear, even though they knew that they would benefit in the long run if they let them go.

Meaning beyond words: This is a specific example of “predictably irrational”behavior of human beings mentioned earlier.

profit:

v. (fml.) give sb. an advantage 使…得到；有利于

I think we have reached an agreement which not only profits management but also labor. 我想我们达成的协议对劳资双方都有利。

n. [C,U] money that you gain by selling things or doing business, after your costs have been paid 利润；收益；盈利

Due to the ongoing recession, company profits are down on last year’s figures. 由于连续的经济不景气，公司利润比去年少。

profit from: get an advantage from a situation 从…中受益

I profited enormously from working with her. 我从与她一起工作中获益巨大。

11 The experiment revolved around a game that eliminated the excuses we usually have for refusing to let go. (Para.5)

Meaning:The experiment was focused on a game that rejected the excuses we normally have for not letting options go.

revolve: v. move around like a wheel, or make sth. move around like a wheel（使）旋转

The restaurant revolves slowly, giving customers an excellent view of the city. 餐厅慢慢地旋转，为顾客提供了这个城市绝妙的景观。

revolve around: have sth .as a main subject or purpose 以…为主题（目的）；围绕…Some people are very selfish and seem to think that the world revolves around them.有些人很自私，似乎认为整个世界都以他们为中心。

12 In the real world, we can always say,” It’s good to preserve our options.” (Para.5) Meaning beyond words: In the real world, it is always reasonable for people to keep options for the future, so it seemed it’s not a mist ake to keep doors open in the experiment.

preserve: vt. save sth. or sb. from being harmed or destroyed 维护；保护；保存We want to preserve the character of the town while improving its facilities. 我们要在改善设施的同时保留该镇的特点。

13 A teenager is exhausted from soccer, ballet, piano, and Chinese lessons, but her parents won’t stop any one of them because they might come in handy some day! (Para. 5)

Meaning: A teenage girl is worn out from attending classes of soccer, ballet, piano, and Chinese, but her parents won’t allow he r to stop any one of them because they might be useful one day.

Meaning beyond words: It reflects human beings’ nature: The more, the better, though it’s not necessarily true in real life.

be exhausted from: be extremely tired by 因…而筋疲力尽；因…而疲惫不堪Today, many people are exhausted from the stress in their life, their jobs, and their social activities. 如今，很多人都因生活、工作和社会活动的压力而疲惫不堪。come in handy: be useful in a particular situation 派的上用场

Don’t throw that cardboard b ox away; it may come in handy. 不要把那个纸盒丢掉，以后可能用得着。

14 In the experiment sessions, students played a computer game that provided cash behind three doors appearing on the screen. (Para.6)

Meaning: During the period of the experiment, students at MIT plated a game on the

computer, where they could see three doors appearing on the screen. With each click on a door, students were able to find some cash behind it.

session: n. [C] a period of time used for a particular activity, esp. by a group of people （一批人参加某项活动的）一段时间

The 21-year-old runner twisted his ankle in a training session last Friday. 上周五的一堂训练课上，那位21岁的跑步运动员扭伤了他的脚踝。

15 The rule was the more money you earned, the better player you were, given a total of 100 clicks. (Para.6)

Meaning: The rule for the game was that each player could totally click 100 times to get the money that was behind the doors, and at the end of the game the person who earned the most money was the best player.

Sentence structure NOTE

“The more…, the more…”句型

1“The more…, the more…”句型表示“越…，（就）越…”，是一个复合句，其中

起一个the more引出的句子是条件状语从句，后面的句子是主句。比较部分本身在从句中可以是宾语、状语、表语，也可以是主语。例如：

The more calories they burn up, the leaner they will become. 他们燃烧的卡路里越多就会越瘦。（比较部分the more calories在从句中是宾语。）

The more I observed, the more different categories I discovered. 我对鸟观察得越多，发现不同类别就越多。（比较部分the more在从句中是状语。）

Clearly, the more successful and popular the artist is, the greater demands there are from TV, radio and the press. 显然，越成功越受欢迎的艺术家，越受电视、电台和报刊的青睐。（比较部分the more successful and popular在从句中是表语。）The more air there is inside the tire, the greater pressure there is in it. 轮胎里空气越多，承受的压力就越大。（比较部分the more air在从句中是主语。）

2若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句是条件状语从句，其谓语动词要用一般

现在时表示将来。例如：

The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你越用功，进步就越大。3“The more…, the more…”句型的变化。若表示“越…，越不…”时，常用”the more…,the less”句型；若表示“越不...，就越…”时，常用”the less, the more”

句型。例如：

The more the flatters me, the less I like her. 她越奉承我，我就越不喜欢她。

The less he worried, the better he worked. 他越不担心，工作就干得越好。

16 Every time the students opened a door by clicking on it, they would use up one

click but wouldn’t get any money. However, each subsequent click on the door would earn a fluctuating sum of money, with one door always revealing more money than

the others. (Para.6)

Meaning beyond words: Even through the click on any door to open it wouldn’t earn any money, each click afterward would give a certain amount of money, with one door always having more money than the other two. To be the winner of the game, the students should quickly check all the doors first and keep clicking on the one with the higher rewards.

fluctuate: vi. change frequently 波动；起伏；涨落

Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season. 蔬菜价格会根据季节上下波动。

17 While playing the game, students noticed a modified visual element. Any door left un-clicked for a short while would shrink in size and vanish. (Para.7) Meaning:In the process of the game, students noticed something changed on the screen: If they didn’t click a door for a short while, the door would become smaller and disappear eventually.

Meaning beyond words: In the game, an un-clicked door would become smaller and finally disappear-an analogy between closed doors in the game and closed future options in life.

modify: vt. (fml.) change sth. slightly, esp. in order to improve it or to make it less extreme 改动；修改；更改

Instead of simply punishing them, the system encourage offenders to modify their behavior. 该制度鼓励罪犯改过自新，而不是一味地惩罚他们。

visual: a. (usu. before noun) relating to seeing 视觉的；视力的

Artist translate their ideas into visual images. 画家把自己的思想转换成视觉画面。

18 Since they already understood the game, they should have ignore the vanishing doors. Nevertheless, they hurried to click on the lesser doors before they vanished, trying to keep them open. (Para.7)

Meaning beyond words: Since students understood the game, they were expected to ignore the doors being closed. Nevertheless, students rushed to click these less important doors. This indicates they couldn’t bear the pain to lose any opportunities and had s strong desire to keep all the options open.

lesser: a.(fml.) (only before noun) not as large, as important, or as much as sth. else 更小的；次要的；更少的

I’ll spend important holidays with family members and ask others to join me for lesser holidays. 我会与家人一起过重要的节日，并请其他人和我一起过不甚重要的节日。

19 As a result, they wasted so many clicks rushing back to the vanishing doors that they lost money in the end. Why were the students so attached to the lesser doors? (Para.7)

Meaning: Just because students used up so many clicks trying to keep the vanishing

doors open, they lost money or the game in the end. Why were students so unable to see their future options vanish?

be attached to sth. /sb.: like sb. or sth. very much 喜欢（依恋）某物或某人

The bird got so attached to her that it would take food from between her lips. 鸟是如此依恋她，以致它会从她的双唇间获取食物。

20 They would probably protest that they were clinging to the doors to keep future

options open, but, according to Dr. Ariely, that isn’t the true factor. (Para.7) Meaning: The students would probably argue that they were trying to hold the doors to keep future options open, but, according to Dr. Ariely, that wasn’t the real reason. protest : v.

1）state very firmly that sth. is true, when other people do not believe you 坚持说；

力言

The defendant protested that he had never been near the scene of the crime. 被告坚决声称他从没靠近犯罪现场。

2）come together to publicly express disapproval or opposition to sth.公开反对；抗议

Groups of women took to the streets to protest against unequal pay based on their gender. 妇女团体走上街头，抗议由于性别而造成的不平等报酬。

Note protest在表示“公开反对；抗议”时常用作不及物动词，后接about/against/at

在美语中，protest 在表示“公开反对；抗议”时，也可用作及物动词。例如：

He protested the action in a telephone call to the president.他在打电话给总统时，抗议了该行动。

cling: vi. (clung, clung)

1) (cling to)continue to believe or do sth. even though it may not be true or useful

any more坚持，墨守（某事物）

Her husband clung to the hope that she would be cured of cancer.她丈夫一直抱着希望，认为她的癌症会被治愈。

2) hold sb. or sth. tightly, esp. because you do not feel safe （尤指感觉不安全而）

紧紧抓住（抱住）

Passengers from the sinking cruise liner cluing desperately to the lifeboats. 下沉的游轮上的乘客们拼命抓住救生艇。

factor: n.[C] one of several things that influence or cause a situation 因素；要素Heavy snow was a contributing factor for the accident. 大雪是造成事故的主要因素。

21Instead of the excuse to maintain future options open, underneath it all the students’desire was to avoid the immediate, through temporary, pain of watching options close. (Para.8)

Meaning:Keeping future options available was only an excuse. What students couldn’t bear was the immediate but momentary pain of watching options disappear.

underneath: prep.

1)used for describing what sb. or sth. is really like, despite how they may seem

在…里面；在…背后

Underneath her shy exterior, she’s actually a very warm and friendly person. 她表面很腼腆，实际上是一个非常热情和友好的人。

2）directly under another object or covered by it 在…下面；在…底下The tunnel goes right underneath the city. 隧道正好在城市的下面。temporary: a. continuing for only a limited period of time 暂时的；临时的

Most adolescent problems are temporary. 大多数的青少年问题是暂时的。

22“Closing a door on an option is experienced as a loss, and people are willing to pay a big price to avoid the emotion of loss,” Dr. Ariely says. (Para.8)

Meaning beyond words: According to Dr. Ariely, closing a door on an option is left as a loss. To avoid such an emotional loss, people would rather pay the high cost to keep all the doors of opportunity open.

pay a big price to do sth.: do sth. at high price 花很大代价做某事。

Xiang Yu paid a big price to burn his ships and belongings; but he could have paid an even bigger price if all of his men had died in the battle.

23In the experiment, the price was easily measured in lost cash. In life, the corresponding costs are often less obvious such as wasted time or missed opportunities. (Para.8)

Meaning beyond words: In the experiment, the cost of keeping options open could be easily counted in lost cash, while in life the cost cannot be easily measured.

be measured in sth.: be judged or assessed by sth. 用某事物来衡量

Energy is measured in calories. 能量是用热量来计量的。

24 “Sometimes these doors are closing too slowing for us to see them vanishing,” Dr. Ariely writes. “We may work more hours at our jobs without realizing that the childhood of our sons and daughters is slipping away.” (Para.9)

Meaning:According to Dr. Ariely, sometimes the doors in really see the future opportunities vanishing away visually. This is just like when we work long hours, we hardly notice that the childhood of our sons and daughters is disappearing.

Meaning beyond words:People are indifferent to the things which seem to be intangible and trivial to them. They keep themselves busy all the time, but they actually lose a lot in life.

25 So, what can be done to restore balance in our lives? (Para.10)

Meaning: The tendency to keep all our doors open might have damaged our life already, but what can we do to make our life balanced again?

restore: vt. make sth. return to its former state or condition 恢复

The former leader was restored to power today in the first free election in 20 years. 在20多年来的第一次自由选举中，这位前领导人于今日重新掌权。

26 One answer, Dr. Ariely says, is to implement more prohibitions on overbooking. (Para.10)

Meaning beyond words: In Dr. Ariely’s opinion, one way is to take action to limit the amount of things we schedule in our daily lives and to reduce the amount of things we plan to do in the future. We should simplify our lives.

implement: vt. make sth. such as an idea, plan, system, or law start to work and be used 实施；执行；贯彻

We have decided to implement the committee’s recommendations in full. 我们已决定全面实施委员会提出的建议。

overbook: v. sell more tickets than you have available 超额预订；超额订出Planes are crowded, airlines overbook, and departures are almost never on time. 飞机拥挤不堪，航空公司超额售票，起飞时间几乎从未准点过。

Note The word overbook is a compound verb from the combination of over and book. Prefix over-combines with verbs to form new verbs. Words formed in this way indicate an action is done to a too large extent.

27 We can work to reduce options on our own, delegating tasks to others and even giving away ideas for others to pursue. (Para.10)

Meaning: We can take the initiative to close our doors with too many options: Ask others to do our tasks and even give others our ideas to let them carry out our ideas. delegate:

vt. give part of your power or work to sb. in a lower position than you 授权，委托（权限）（给下级）；下放（权力）

The job had to be delegated to a capable assistant. 这项工作必须委派给一个能干的助理。

n. [C] sb. who had to be elected or chosen to speak, vote or take decisions for a group 代表

Around 350 delegates attended the conference. 大约有350名代表参加了大会。

28 He points to marriage as an example,” In marriage, we create a situation where we promise ourselves not to keep options open. We close doors and announce to others we’ve closed doors.” (Para.10)

Meaning beyond words:Marriage is a good example when talking about closing doors of options in order to open windows of opportunity. We tell others that we are married and close the door to new relationships. Doing so makes our marriage successful.

29 Since conducting the door experiment, Dr. Ariely says he has made a conscious effort to lessen his load. He urges the rest of us to resign from committees,prune holiday card lists, rethink hobbies and remember the lessons of door closes like Xiang Yu. (Para.11)

Meaning: Since the door experiment, Dr. Ariely has consciously reduced his load. He urges people to quit committees, cut holiday activities, reconsider hobbies and learn the lessons from door closers like General Xiang Yu.

prune: vt. get rid of sth. you don’t need or want, esp. in order to reduce the size or cost of sth.（尤指为缩减规模或降低成本）削减，裁减

Companies must continually prune costs to stay competitive. 企业必须不断削减成本以保持竞争力。

30 In other words, Dr. Ariely is encouraging us to discard those things that seem to have outward merit in favor of those things that actually enrich our lives. (Para.12) Meaning: That is to say, Dr. Ariely urges us to get rid of things that seem to have only surface value and to engage in those that can actually make our lives better. discard: vt. get rid of sth. 扔掉；弃置

Always discard old and expired medications because using them may damage your health. 要常常丢弃旧的和过期的药物，因为服用它们可能会损害你的健康。outward:a. (only before noun) relating to how a person or situation seems to be, rather than how it really is 外表的；表面的

This building is a great work of architecture, and its outward appearance has not changed for 200 years. 这栋楼是一个伟大的建筑，其外表两百年来都没有改变过。

31 We are naturally prejudiced to believe that more is better, but Dr. Ariely’s provides a dose of reality that strongly suggests otherwise. (Para.12)

Meaning: We are biased by nature to believe that is better to keep more doors open, but Dr. Ariely’s research tells us that in reality the opposite is true: More is not necessarily better.

prejudice:

vt. influence sb. so that they have an unfair or unreasonable opinion about sb. or sth. 使有偏见；使有成见

Her opponent’s comments may have prejudiced the voters against her candidacy. 她对手的评论可能已使选民对她的候选资格持有偏见。

n. [C, U] an unreasonable opinion or feeling, esp. the feeling of not liking a particular group of people 成见；偏见

Laws against racial prejudice must be strictly enforced. 必须严格执行反对种族偏见的法律。

prejudiced: a. having an unreasonable opinion or feeling about sb. or sth. 有成见的；有偏见的

Some companies are prejudiced against taking on employees are over the age of 40.

一些公司对雇用40岁以上的员工是抱有偏见的。

dose: n. [C]

1)(dose of) an amount of a particular quantity 一份；一点

She’s got a nasty dose of the flu. 她得了讨厌的轻度流感。

2）the amount of a medicine or a drug that you should take（药物的）一剂，一服；

一次服用量

The label says to take one dose three times a day to cure your flu. 标签上写着要一次一剂，一天三次来治愈流感。

32 What price do we pay for trying to have more and more in life? What pleasure and satisfaction can be derived from focusing our energy and attention in a more concentrated fashion? Surely, we will have our respective answer. (Para.13) Meaning: We have paid a big price to keep more options and more material things, but I believe we can get greater pleasure and more satisfaction by focusing our energy and attention to fewer options and things. Of course, each one of us will have a different opinion.

respective: a. (only before noun) belonging separately to each of two or more people or things previously mentioned 各自的；分别的

We all went back to our respective homes to wait for news. 我们都各自回家等待消息。

33 Consider these important questions: Will we have more by always increasing options or will we have more with fewer, carefully chosen options? What doors should we close in order to allow the right windows of opportunity or happiness to open? (Para.14)

Meaning beyond words: Closing doors in order to open windows of opportunity or keeping all the doors open remains an important question to everyone. If you are a door closer, the next question is what doors you should close in order to allow the right windows of opportunity and happiness to open.

Note The expression windows of opportunity is a high-frequency collection meaning “an opportunity to do sth. that will only be available to you for a short time”, which implies individuals must be decisive before the windows close. The text indicates that closing the doors of irrelevant options is to open the windows of opportunity for success and happiness, but leaving too many doors open results in the windows of opportunity being closed.

Section B

When enough is enough

Background information

1 Enough is enough

The topic of the text comes from a common English saying “Enough is enough”. It reflects adequacy related to the subject that can include a person, place, thing, idea, or any combination of these. It can describe quantity or quality, depending on the subject. People’s relationship to the subject often determines the perception of what is or not enough. Of course, it’s no fault in wanting more; it’s just that when enough is enough, it’s good to pause and enjoy the moment. This English expression extends the meaning of “No more will be tolerated”. For example, we will say, “Enough is enough-I don’t want to argue with you anymore.” The other related expression is” less is more” when people want to emphasize the advantages of simplicity. In other words, “Don’t overdo it”. Here is an example: ”Less is more foe me when I drink alcohol. I hate being too drunk.”

2 Lao Tzu

Lao Tzu was a philosopher of ancient China and the father of Taoism. He was best-known as the author of Dao De Jing (《道德经》). Most of his enlightening views are based on his philosophy of naturalness and non-action.

Detailed study of the text

1 Recently, I rushed into a Gap store to buy a pair of jeans. A salesperson asked if she could help. “I want a pair of jeans―32-28,” I said in haste. (Para.1)

Meaning: Not long ago, I hurried into a Gap store to buy a pair of jeans. When a shop assistant came to offer help, I quickly asked for a pair of jeans―size 32-28.

Note Instead of using salesman or saleswoman, we can use salesperson to avoid sexual discrimination. Its plural form is salespeople. Similarly, we can use businessperson and chairperson instead of chairman or chairwoman.

rush into: hurry in order to go into some place very quickly 冲进；奔进Ambulance crews rushed into the scene of the accident. 救护车上的全体人员快速冲进事故现场。

haste: n. [U] great speed in doing sth., esp. because you do not have enough time 匆忙；仓促

I soon regretted my haste. 我很快就对自己的仓促感到后悔了。

in haste: (fml.) quickly or in a hurry 匆忙的；急忙的

They left in haste, without even saying goodbye. 他们走得很匆忙，连再见都没说。

2 “Do you want slim fit, easy fit, relaxed fit, baggy, or extra baggy?” she ventured. “Do you want stone-washed, acid-washed, button-fly or regular-fly, faded or regular?”(Para.2)

Meaning beyond words: Since the salesperson didn’t get specific information about the jeans the author would like to buy, she carefully inquired about the style, material, design, and color he preferred. Apparently, the store had a full supply of jeans that are in variety.

Note Slim fit(紧身的) pants, shirts, etc. fit your body tightly. Easy fit (合身的) pants, shirts, etc. just fit your body, not too tight or too loose. Relaxed fit (休闲的) pants, shirts, etc. fit your body comfortably. Baggy (宽松的) pants, shirts, etc. are big and loose. Stone-washed(石墨水洗的) jeans are jeans which have been specially washed with small pieces of stone so that when you buy them they are fairly pale and soft. Acid-washed(漂染水洗的) jeans are jeans which are put through a chemical process that strips most of the color off, leaving marbled navy-blue streaks on a white background.

The word fly here is not used in the sense we have learned before. In this sentence, it refers to the part at the front of a pair of pants which you can open (裤门襟). There are button-fly (纽扣门襟), regular-fly (拉链门襟), etc.

Faded or regular here means “the jeans with faded color or with regular color”. venture:

vt. say or do sth. in an uncertain way because you are afraid it is wrong or will seem stupid 小心地说；谨慎地做

“You’re going there with me?” she ventured.“你会和我一起去那儿吗？”她试探地问道。

vi. go somewhere that could be dangerous 冒风险（去某处）

When darkness fell, he would venture out to explore the city’s night life. 当夜幕降临时，他会冒险走出去探索城市的夜生活。

3 I stopped. I didn’t have a hint, not the remotest idea of what she had asked, so I said,” I just want regular jeans. You know-the kind used to be the only kind.” (Para.3) Meaning:Hearing what the salesperson asked, I stopped as I did not have the slightest idea about what she asked. I responded that I only wanted the usual jeans, those which used to be the only kind in stores.

hint: n. [C] sth. that you say or do to suggest sth. to sb., without telling them directly 暗示

Did she give you any hints about where she was going? 她给了你任何暗示她要去哪里吗？

remote: a.

1) (not have the remotest idea/ interest/ intention, etc.) (esp. BrE) used to

emphasize that you do not know sth., are not interested in sth., do not intend to do sth., etc. 一无所知；毫无兴趣；毫无打算

He doesn’t have the remotest interest in sports, but his parents insist he try out for the soccer team. 他对运动毫无兴趣，但他的父母坚持要他争取成为足球队的一员。

2)far from towns or other places where people live 偏僻的；偏远的

Tourists love to visit this little village in a remote region because the local residents still practice traditions from the past. 游客喜欢参观这个偏远地区的小山村，因为当地居民还保持着过去的传统。

4 She pointed in the right direction. The trouble was, with all those options distributed in front of me, I wasn’t sure what I wanted. So, I tried on pair after pair of jeans for almost two hours-trying to decide. (Para.4)

Meaning: The salesperson pointed to the right. The problem was that there were so many options in front of me that I got confused, not knowing which one to pick up. For nearly two hours, I had to put on jeans one after another, trying to make a decision.

distribute: vt.

1)spread sth. over an area 使分布；散步

The mind, we now know, is not confined to the brain but is distributed throughout the body’s cells. 我们现在知道思想不限于大脑，而是分布在整个身体的细胞内。

2）share things among a group of people, esp. in a planned way（尤指有计划地）分发，分配，分送

Several people were arrested for distributing racist pamphlets to the audience. 有几个人因为向观众散发种族主义的小册子而被逮捕。

Usage NOTE

distribute, contribute, attribute

这一组动词容易混淆的点在于它们后面都可搭配介词to，但它们意思不同

1 distribute为及物动词，表示“分发；分配；分送”，其后介词to/among连接分

发对象。例如：

Anti-war protesters were distributing leaflets to passers-by. 反战示威者们给路人散发了传单。

2 contribute可用作及物动词或不及物动词，表示“捐献；捐助；捐赠”，介词to

连接捐赠的对象。例如：

They call on people to contribute food and clothing to the refugees in Africa. 他们呼吁人们为非洲难民捐赠粮食和衣物。

contribute to的另外一个常用词义是“促成，造成（某事发生）”。例如：

The report says design faults in both the vessels contributed to the tragedy. 该报告说，船舶的设计缺陷造成了这两条船的悲剧。

3 attribute为及物动词，表示“把…归因于…”，介词to引出原因。例如：Some women tend to attribute their success to external causes such as luck. 一些女性往往将她们的成功归因于外部的原因，如运气。

try sth. on/try on sth.: put on a piece of clothing to see if it fits you or if it suits you, esp. in a shop（尤在商店里）试穿，试戴

Meg first tried on red sandals and then silver sandals, but she finally decided not to buy them. 梅格先试穿了红色的凉鞋，然后是银色的凉鞋，但她最后还是决定不买了。

5 It wasn’t a big decision, little depended on my choice, but I was convinced that one pair had to be just right for me. (Para.4)

Meaning beyond words: In the author’s opinion, choosing a pair of jeans was not an important decision; for example, his future did not depend upon his choice of jeans. However, he was sure that there should be one pair which would be just right for him.

6 The jeans I chose were fine, but this simple transaction provoked a strong reaction in me. (Para.5)

Meaning: Though the jeans I selected were good for me, the simple act of buying the jeans made me feel very frustrated.

transaction: n. [C] a business deal or action, such as buying or selling sth. 交易；业务；买卖

We need to monitor the transactions of all deals made by our company. 我们需要对我们公司所有的交易进行监控。

provoke: vt. cause a reaction of feeling, esp. a sudden one 激起；引起

The decision to invade the rain forest to cut down its trees provoked storms of protest. 涌入热带雨林砍伐树木的决定激起了强烈的抗议。

7 Buying a new pair of pants shouldn’t render someone a wreck! Purchasing jeans was once an easy choice; now it’s become a complex decision. (Para.5)

Meaning: Buying a new pair of pants shouldn’t make so tired and worn out. Purchasing jeans was once an easy and simple transaction; now it’s become a difficult decision.

Note In American English, pants is a generic term for ”outerwear that covers the part from the waist to feet”（长裤）,while in British English it refers to “a piece of underwear that covers the area between your waist and the top of your legs”（短内裤）.British would refer to American pants as trousers.

render: vt.

1)cause sb. or sth. to be in a particular condition 使成为；使变得；使处于某种状

态

The tone of his criticism rendered his comments an insult. 他那批评的语气使他的意见变成了一种侮辱。

2)(fml.) give sth. to sb., or do sth. because it is your duty or because sb. expects you

to 给予；提供

It is unlikely that the court will render a judgment before November 5. 法院在11月5号以前不太可能做出判决。

wreck: n. [C] ( infml.) sb. who looks or feels very ill or tired 病重的人；疲惫不堪的人

Because he failed the entrance exam, he was reduced to a wreck. 入学考试的失败让他大伤元气。

8 Choices in modern life have increased tremendously. A typical store in 1900 had only a few dozen categories with one or two options per category. Modern supermarkets have 50000 to 60000 items in thousands of categories. (Para.6) Meaning: In our life today choices have increased considerably. At the beginning of the 20th century a commonplace store had only a dozen categories with one or two options for each category, whereas modern supermarkets have up to 50000 to 60000 items in thousands of categories.

Meaning beyond words: Options, now and then, provide us with a huge contrast! Do people feel happier and more satisfied than before with so many choices and options available to them today? Probably not.

category: n. [C] a group of people or things that are all of the same type 类别；种类；范畴

There are many categories of tourists: some like to travel to a pleasant hotel and simply relax; others like to travel from one country to another. 游客有很多种，有的喜欢前往令人愉快的酒店放松身心，有的喜欢从一个国家旅行到另一个国家。

9 Looking for hair-care products? There are more than 350 types of shampoo and conditioners. Need a painkiller? There are almost 100 options. Toothpaste, anyone? You have 40+ types to choose from! (Para.6)

Meaning:If you are looking for products to take care of your hair, then there are more than 350 types of shampoo and conditioners. If you are looking for pills to kill pain, then there are almost 100 choices. If you need toothpaste, then you will find more than 40 types of them to choose from.

Meaning beyond words: In modern times, people can easily get access to and enjoy the luxury of abundant materials, which was impossible back in the early 20th century. Will people take things for granted and become spoiled in the sea of materials? conditioners: n. [C, U] a liquid that you put onto your hair after washing it to make it softer 护发素

Many people take an all-in-one shampoo and conditioners, and then complain when their hair looks dry and brittle. 很多人使用洗护二合一的洗发水，然后当他们的头发看上去又干又易断时，又会抱怨。

10 It’s true that enforced restrictions with very limited or no choices make life unbearable, and having options does increase our sense of liberation and control. (Para.7)

Meaning beyond words: Life with little or no choices is unbearable, and abundant

考研英语与大学英语四六级的区别

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Albert went down into the dangerous mines and financed his brother, whose work at the academy was an almost immediate sensation. Albrecht’s etchings (版画), woodcuts (木刻画) and oils were far better than those of most of his professors, and by the time he graduated, he was beginning to earn considerable fees for his commissioned works. When Albrecht Durer returned to his village, the family held a big dinner to celebrate Albrecht’s homecoming. After the meal, Albrecht rose to drink a toast to his beloved brother for the sacrifice that had enabled Albrecht to fulfill his ambition. He said, “Albert, now it is your turn to go to Nuremberg to pursue your dream, and I will take care of you.” Albert rose and glanced down the long table at the faces he loved, and said softly, “No, brother. Look what four years in the mines have done to my hands! 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