《失乐园》,撒旦,形象
中图分类号：I106.4学号：
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
论文题目：试论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象
作者：
指导教师：副教授
学院：外国语学院
专业：英语
班级： 2012级班
二〇一四年三月
试论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象
南阳师范学院
外国语学院
英语专业
申请文学学士学位
毕业论文
作者：
指导教师：
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
A Thesis Submitted to
English Department,
School of Foreign Languages,
Nanyang Normal University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
By
Supervisor：
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
Acknowledgments
My sincere and deep appreciation should firstly go to my tutor, Professor Li Xiaohai, who read and examine the manuscript of my thesis with great care and offered me his valuable advice and suggestions. His patience helped me make the detailed revisions and improvements of my thesis. Without his constructive advice and continuous assistance, the process of writing would be boring and tough.
I also would like to express my thanks to my friends for their supporting and encouragement during my study. They have stimulated to go on writing when I felt anxious. Their friendly and generous help is significant. And my appreciation is also shown to my parents, who offered their constant and spiritual caring to me.
Finally, I owe my thanks to my mother university and all the teachers in the English Academia, who educated and cultivated me heart and soul. From them, I have learned the useful knowledge on literature and gained a better and more broadened understanding.
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
摘要
在弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为其赢得了永久的荣誉。在《失乐园》中，弥尔顿通过对撒旦反抗, 堕落过程的描写赋予了撒旦新的形象，也让我们重新认识了撒旦，并了解了当时的英国文化。撒旦作为《失乐园》中最具影响力人物，吸引了众多评论家的目光, 引起了几个世纪的争论。撒旦是《失乐园》中颇具争议的人物，他既是一位为了平等和自由敢于向最高权威进行不屈不挠斗争的反叛英雄，又是一个利益熏心，娇矜狂妄的魔鬼；同时他还是弥尔顿关于自由意志与理性原则并存的思想观念的艺术载体，即人为了自由和理想而奋斗同时又受到真理的约束。本文除剖析撒旦的形象外，还将探究十七世纪社会背景及弥尔顿个人经历和信仰，揭开弥尔顿笔下撒旦多重形象的根本原因。
关键词：《失乐园》；撒旦；英雄；恶魔
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
Abstract
All of John Milton’s great works, Paradise Lost is the most complicated and most profound one, which wins him endless honor. In Paradise Lost, through the description of the process of Satan’s rebellion and his fall, the author gives us a new image of the devil and also allows us to re-acquaint with Satan, to understand what the culture in Britain is. As the most influential character in Paradise Lost, Satan catches all the critics’eyes and leads to centuries’disputes. Satan is a controversial character acted both as a rebellious hero who dares to tenaciously challenge the supreme authority for equality and freedom and a devil who is blind by gain, pride and conceit. Meanwhile, he is also the artistic embodiment of Milton’s thoughts and ideas for free will and rational principles, which is to fight for freedom and dream under the constraint of truth. In addition to analysis Satan’s image, this thesis will also make a research into the background of 17th century, Milton’s personal experience and beliefs to find out the true reason for Satan’s multiple images.
Key Words: Paradise Lose; Satan; hero; devil
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
Contents
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... I 摘要............................................................................................................ II Abstract .................................................................................................... III Contents .................................................................................................. IV
1. Introduction (1)
2. Satan Viewed as a Hero (2)
2.1Satan’s Spirit of Revolting “Tyrannic” Authority (2)
2.2 Satan’s Heroic Eloquence (3)
2.3 Satan’s Wisdom and Emotion (5)
3. Satan Viewed as a Devil (6)
3.1 Satan Is the Author of All Devils (6)
4.3 Satan’s Devil in Terms of Milton’s Religious Beliefs (8)
3.4 Satan, a Political Devil (10)
4. A Research for Satan’s Multiple Images (12)
4.1 The Rise of Humanism (12)
4.2 Milton’s Free Will (13)
4.5 Religious Effects (15)
5. Conclusion (17)
Bibliography (18)
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
1.Introduction
John Milton is one of the most famous writers during the whole English history. For Milton’s heroic devotional practice, Zhu Weizhi praises “Milton stands alone, shining in the generation who is not worthy of his shine.” [1:382] Of all his works, Paradise Lost is definitely a great success for Milton which occupies a very high position in English literature.
Paradise Lost recounts the story of Satan’s rebellion against God, and of the disobedience and fall of Adam and Eve. It deals with revolt, with sin and fall, and with the possible salvation. It presents the author’s views in an allegoric religious form. It is also a reflection of the reactionary forces of Milton’s time and the passionate appeal for freedom.
Satan, as a major character introduced in the poem, has successfully caught a great number of critics’ attention. The issues of whether Satan is a hero or a devil have been a lasting controversial dispute over hundreds of years. However, to analyze him in a more reasonable angle and from comprehensive factors, we can easily come to a conclusion that Satan is both a hero and a devil in Paradise Lost. This thesis will be divided mainly into four parts to give a detail image of Satan and analyze the real reason for his multiple images. Part 2 and part 3 depict Satan both as a hero and a devil. Part 4 states the actual reason for Satan’s multiple images according to the background, Milton’s experiences and beliefs. The last part is conclusion which comprehensively analyzes the image of Satan discussed previously and gives constructive advices about how to make researches on literary works.
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
2.Satan Viewed as a Hero
Heroes are always courageous to fight against the uncoordinated factors of the society; they are not reconciled to being dictated to the mighty power. They make good use of their courage and wisdom to strike for the equality and freedom, which stand for a sound and positive society and they are confident that the victory belongs to them. In Paradise Lost, Satan demonstrates these personalities of a hero in his strong desire for freedom, equality and his wisdom to fight against the “tyranny” of the God.
2.1 Satan’s Spirits of Revolting “Tyrannic” Authority
The main braveness of Satan as a hero mainly lies in the fact that Satan is the ground breaker who revolts against God. Satan takes two revenges to God altogether: the first is on the Heaven with the battle against the Son of God and the second is in Eden tempting mankind going against God’s will. Although there is no evidence to show that God is really a tyrannic ruler on the Heaven but only Satan’s one-sided words, Satan is a good and brave soldier in terms of the saying that the soldier who does not want to be a genera l is not a good one. Satan dares to be the first one to eat crab, which is supportive enough to get the title of brave hero.
After the fall into the hell, Satan does not lose his resolution to fight back. His unchanging mind makes him positive and optimistic at his situations. He bids farewell to his happy fields once he lives in, and heads for the hell resolutely with strong confidence to conquer, as he talks to the followers:
...Hail, horrors! Hail,
Internal world! and thou, profoundeft Hell,
RevMv e thy new poffeffor ― one who brings
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
A mind not to be chang'd by place or time.
The mind is its own place, and in itself
Can make a Heav'n of Hell, a Hell of Heav'n.
…….. [3:378]
Satan makes the great resolution as to make a Heaven of Hell, which really reflects the heroic character of Satan. A timid man may never have such kind of mind but Satan as a great hero. We can also see his heroic characteristics through Satan’s revenge against God by destroying God’s new work of mankind in Eden. The journey of revenge is full of difficulties and obstacles, and Satan makes great efforts to overcome them on the road. All of his angel followers are dread of the journey and the plan, so they dare not to take the job to do. The courage to overcome the difficulties and dangers, without doubt, is of a hero’s character.
2.2 Satan’s Heroic Eloquence
Satan is a great master of language. He can speak beautiful and persuasive language to bring his army and followers together tightly. As Winston Churchill, the British noted statesman as well as a great orator, cheered up his army in the World War II with his powerful speeches and skillful languages. Satan makes several speeches in Paradise Lost in front of his angle-followers, which cheers up his followers to fight for him. His language of bravery shows that he is a hero, at least one with courage and bravery.
Language is powerful indeed, again proved by Satan’s wonderful speeches he has made in the hell to his allied army of the fallen-angels. His speech, which he makes in the first time when he awakes after the fall from
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
the Heaven, not only comforts himself from the deep desperation, but also convinces many readers and scholars to view him as a hero. The famous and far-reaching influential speech is stated in Book I, the most significant lines are as followings:
...What though the field be loft?
All is not loft; th' unconquerable will,
And ftudy of revenge, immortal hate,
And courage never to fubmit or yield:
And what is elfe not to be overcome [3:105]
In the hell, they are going through the unbearable suffering, however, Satan can still hold the strength and make such powerful and inspiring speech-out. It has to admit that Satan is of definitely heroic characteristics at the moment. The words as “unconquerable will”and “courage never to submit or yield”are so strong and positive that nobody would not be touched and moved for these words.
After Satan and his army make the plan to go to destroy Eden, none of the followers are brave enough to be the volunteer one to do the task. And of course Satan is the only one who takes the dangerous and challenging omission. He said，
But should ill become this throne, O Peers,
And this imperial fov'reignty, adorn'd
With fplendor, arm'd with power, if aught proposed
And judg'd of public moment in the shape
Of difficulty or danger, could deter
Me from attempting. Wherefore do’I affume
Thefe royalties, and not refufe to reign,
Refufing to accept as great a fhare
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
Of hazard as of honour, due alike
To him who reigns, and fo much to his due
Of hazard more as he above the reft
High honour'd fits? [3:445]
Satan emphasizes the responsibilities that a throne should take, that is, the throne should be brave enough to fulfill the task, or he never be deserve the throne. On the other hand, Satan makes clear that he is the throne now because he can take the responsibility. None of the angel-followers volunteers to be the one to do the dangerous job and deserves the title of the throne. Therefore, all of the followers should behave loyally to their throne Satan. Within this speech, Satan not only emphasizes the greatness of him to do the dangerous and important job to show how brave and strong he is, but what is more important, he consolidates his leadership firmly, by telling his followers the responsibilities he has taken but no one else can take such a responsibility.
This is how a great political orator works. People can easily know that Satan is a great hero, and indeed, he deserves the title.
2.3 Satan’s Wisdom and Emotion
Another aspect worthy noting is Satan’s wisdom. A good example is his tempting Adam and Eve to eat fruit from the Tree of Knowledge against God’s instructions. Satan disguises himself in the shape of snake and approaches Eve who is more sensible at the very time she works alone. He starts the conversation with praise for Eve’s beauty, which is woman’s favorite, then comes to the target topic, and makes the emotional Eve loss her last line of defense and cannot wait to eat the fruit and touch her bright future. Another evidence sparking is when the God announces, “Your head
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
I him appoint; /And by myself have sworn to him shall bow /All knees in Heaven, and shall confess him Lord”[2:66]. Satan’s brilliant feedback: “Who can in reason then or right assume /Monarchy over such as live by right /His equals, if in power and splendor less, /In freedom equal ? /our puissance is our ow n” [2:70]. This is not only a challenge to God, but also a summon for right and liberty, which is rather inspiring. What’s more, Satan is also emotional and human. For instance, when he sees Adam and Eve in love, he is moved first to admiration and love and then to pity. And at the sight of the suffering of his fellows, he bursts into tears. Sympathy is aroused immediately by such kind of sensibility. Satan also has the determination to enjoy the happiness and share the tears together with his dear followers by promising, “Joined with me once, now misery hath joine d” [2:8]. We do continue to admire him, not just for his bravura performance, but because we see ourselves in Satan. And rather than consider Satan devil, we consider him human.
3.Satan Viewed as a Devil
Although Satan shows the positive character of his image, he still has some intrinsically evil genes. A leopard cannot change his spots. As the curtain rises, he is already literally and symbolically fallen: evil exists in opposition to good. “With ambitious aim”, he is “Against the throne and monarchy of God, /Raised impious war in /Heaven and battle proud with vain attempt .” [2:4]
3.1 Satan Is the Author of All Devils.
As for the birth of Sin, When Satan and his Seraphim combine together in the assembly to discuss a “bold conspiracy” against “Heaven’s
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
King”, he give birth to Sin at this very time. The term sin is an act that violates a known moral rule in a religion, and it may also refer to the state of having committed such a violation. It is a portentous sign that the angel Satan gives the birth to the portentous Sin, because Satan has already been sinned in his mind. He gathers his Seraphim to discuss a bald conspiracy against God, and the behavior itself is sinned already, that is why Satan will give the birth to Sin from his head. Satan’s attempt to revolt against Heaven’s King is a sin, which makes Satan become to be the root of all sin and evil.
Satan is the root of evil. After he gives the birth of a daughter Sin, he sees Sin in such a beauty, and then he dates her and makes her pregnant. Since that moment, Satan has sowed the seed of sin to human beings, because when Sin gives the birth to a very ugly son Death, disasters take place one after another. Death is inflamed with lust and rage, he rapes his own mother, and Sin gives birth to a lot of yelling monsters that keep torturing Sin whenever and wherever. And that is not enough, when Satan gets back from Eden where he successfully seduces Eve to eat from the Tree, he lets Sin and Death fly to Eden to make whatever crimes they want to do. Sin and Death never let him down, and they do a lot of villain things in paradise.
To mankind, Satan is all evil, because he firstly brings the knowledge of evil to the purely good Eden by tempting Eve to eat the Forbidden fruit. Before Satan comes to Eden, Adam and Eve live in Eden quite beautiful even though they are not allowed to eat the fruits of the Forbidden Tree. God purifies mankind and Eden perfectly that Adam and Eve does not have
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
to know the knowledge of evil. Satan himself is the evil he brings into Eden. For mankind, one misfortune comes on the neck of another. After Satan brings the evil. Sin and Death are sent to Eden immediately, and it is predictable that all kinds of disasters will be brought to mankind and Eden right after Satan’s evil deeds.
“To do aught good never will be our ta sk/ but ever to do ill our fole deli ght” [3:159], this is the statement Satan makes to his angel followers after their defeat on the Heaven and the fall into the Hell. Who would take “to do ill” as the “sole delight” but the fiend? Satan is the exact fiend that would like to do ill deeds for the only delight in the world without any good reason, Satan would rather do evil deeds than good ones, yelling that “to do aught good never will be our task”, which indicates a terrible distortion of values. Satan’s value is twisted for whatever reason but his own evil side of character. In this perspective of his statement, Satan is by no means a hero or a brave rebellious leader as the pro-Satanists worship for over hundreds of years.
Satan, as the father and the root of the sin, should take full responsibility for all the evil deeds that Sin and Death do later in Eden or their hellish behavior. In a broad sense, since Satan is the father of Sin, he is also the father of all Sin’s ramification as Death as well as the yelling and torturing little monsters.
3.2 Satan’s Evil in Terms of Milton’s Religious Beliefs
In Christian doctrine, traditionally, Satan is the author of all evils, and the most common English synonym for “Satan” is “devil”. The word “Satan” originally means“enemy”of “adversary” in Hebrew.
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
Born into a family adhering to Protestantism, young Milton is a sturdy protestant. He firmly believes the Puritan credo that God helps those who help themselves. God, for the middle-class Puritan seems a better lord than any peer of the realm and the duty to obey God is greater than any traditional obligation. As a Puritan, he feels a deep need for liberty from Laudianism, and idolatry is What he detested. All the above reveals the austere unmodified Puritan tradition of Milton.
Christian doctrine in Milton’s thoughts is basic. He puts nearly all his religious thoughts into De Doctrina Christiana which is the theological foundation on which Paradise Lost rests. Since it is the world of God, everything in it must be respected. Milton’s thoughts is grounded on his deliberate and dedicated faithfulness to the text of the Bible.
Milton’s faithfulness to God, the Bible and the religious doctrine makes him unable to describe Satan. In Paradise Lost, even though Satan struggles on the battleground, he is still defeated. Milton intendeds for Satan to lose because after all, the epic is based on the Bible and is meant to justify the ways of God to man. When Sin and Death move earthwards and Satan goes back to hell to announce his good news, he finds hell a strange sight, with the gate wide and unguarded, the outskirts deserted. Then he steps through the devils assembled in the great hall, sits in full splendor on the trone, and declare his victory by his boastful speech, but when having said, he only finds his followers turn to serpents and slake their th irst on the ashen fruit. Here Milton is wise to imply that Satan’s apparent triumph is illusory. He contrast man’s single lapse with the serpents’ repeatedly tasting their own illusive fruit.
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
Satan violates the Christian doctrines so as to be an actual devil. Many pro-Satanists think highly of Satan’s pride, but they forget that the first sin among the seven sins in Christian tradition is pride, followed by the other six sins as wrath, greed, envy, lust, sloth, and gluttony. The seven sins, usually, are unforgivable in Christian culture. Pride, meaning that having a high opinion of oneself, is the first sin among the seven sins. Satan commits the crime for having the sin of pride; besides, Satan is also greedy. He has already had the highly respected position in the heaven as the Archangel, but he still does not get satisfied for what he has already possessed. He is greedy for much more power for getting the higher ruling hierarchy, and he desires to be the new King instead of the Son of God. The g reed is Satan’s second major sin. What is more, Satan envies Adam and Eve living in the beautiful Eden. Envy is another sin that Satan holds. Satan has three sins among the seven sins, which are nothing to do with the heroic characters as the pro-Satanists highly commend.
Milton’s religious belief greatly influence his characterization of Satan. Stan’s rebellion against tyranny of God appears to be right in line with Milton’s own political views that tyranny is wrong. However, Milton believes that even good acts are evil and corrupt if not done in line with God’s will, despite of his courage, bravery or justification in fighting against tyranny. Milton holds the idea that true freedom can only be obtained if it is in line the ordered, rational will of God.
3.3 Satan , a Political Devil
Besides the religious impact on Milton’s evil Satan, political factors likewise affects Satan as a devil. In the light of Christopher Hill“Milton
On the Image of Satan in Paradise Lost
does not identify with Satan and the rebel angels, who embody and criticize the defects of the military leaders of the Revolution, as well as-more obviously-of the Royalists.” [4:367]
Milton thought that English Revolution had gone wrong because the revolutionaries had relied on individuals who turned out to be avaricious and ambitious, or hypocritical. They had passively handed politics over to their leaders. But the leaders were not great enough for cause. They had betrayed the cause, had accepted cowardly compromise, had sacrificed principles to what they thought was economic expediency.
In some ways, Satan’s degeneration reveals the degeneration of the revolutionary leaders. Milton’s dissatisfaction with the political reality transforms into the description of Satan’s degeneration. On the battlefield, Satan dispatches the troops with a just cause as fighting against tyranny. He emphasize liberty and encourages free will. But what he is concerned most with is glory and his own prestige. Just as C. S. Lewis argues: “He want hierarchy and does not hierarchy. Throughout the poem he is entangled in sawing off the branch he is sitting.” [5:96]
Though hell under his lead assumes a new scene full of vitality, the glory dims when Satan’s reason gives ways to decisions based on revenge, hatred and corruption, and when Satan establishes dictatorship and tricks his followers into obeying his capricious ideas, and when Satan expresses his grievances by ruining innocent Adam and Eve. As a leader, he is no longer worthy of respect and support, which reminds us of the revolutionary leaders who lost people’s advocation by contending for power and profit.
南阳师范学院本科毕业论文
4. A Research for Satan’s Multiple Images
Satan acted both as a hero and a devil, has undoubtable attracted readers eyes for his ambivalent images. Both pro-Satanists and anti-Satanists have stated and tried to support their ideas, but obviously, we cannot prove who is right since we have no way to research the authors’s subconsciousness. Through my comprehensive analysis, Satan’s multiple images are mainly based on three aspects.
4.1 The Rise of Humanism
The general historical background of the 17th-century England provides the source as well as determines the orientation of Milton’s great Epic since “history gives a more complete understanding of a text.” [6:239] Because of historical and geographical reasons, Renaissance, the important ideological movement of that age, arrived in England a little late.When it had already faded in the continental Europe, England was still warmly bathing in the late glow of the glorious sunset.
With the liberation of education from the sole control monastery and the rise of the civilian class, people began to demand more rights fitting to their interests. But the society was largely controlled by the Church. The centralization of church power lead to deprivation of the priesthood and complaint from the public. In this time of tumult, people for the first time broke the yoke of Church and began to reexamine the nature of man, God and the proper relationship between the man and God. Man is no more passive slave of Church. People realized that they were born to be free and equal. Man’s quality, half divine and half human, made it possible for him to accomplish everything he intend to.
藏在细节中的爱_初中作文
藏在细节中的爱 本文是关于初中作文的藏在细节中的爱，感谢您的阅读！ 爱，温暖如火，深艳似血。看似平淡的生活中，却蕴含着巨大的爱，夹藏在细节中 ——题记 日月星辰，东升西落，时间在钟表的滴答声流走，岁月在昼夜的交替间逝去。生活在时间的推磨中变得繁琐无味。可就在那平淡枯燥的生活中，每个微小的细节都蕴藏着爱。 黑夜的等待 踏入中学的大门,晚自习成了我最大的心患。那条必经的阴暗小巷子，微弱的灯光孤寂的撑着黑暗，凄冷的晚风呼啸着，空无一人的街道显出死一般的寂静，让我毛骨悚然。第一次晚上放学后，我慢腾腾地骑着自行车，不知不觉，那条巷子已经离我那么的近，我身子不自觉的发软。正当我准备咬咬牙冲过去的时候，一个身影迎了上来——是奶奶！她怎么在这？我心里又高兴又疑惑。奶奶高兴地说：“你们那么晚放学的吗？我在这等你好久了。”“我们都那么晚放学的。您怎么出来了？”“你不是害怕吗？我来接你。”奶奶淡淡地说，随后又絮絮叨叨地问我冷不冷，饿不饿。我应答着，心中一下子被什么东西填满了，暖暖的。那黑夜中焦急的等待，那一双饱含担忧的眼眸，浓浓的全都是爱。 无声的陪伴 群星点缀着深沉的夜，笔尖在纸上飞舞着，留下一行行清秀的字。最近作业量逐渐增多，我一时还没有适应。当我写下最后一个句号时，我如释重负，揉揉酸痛的双眼，起身去客厅喝水。我一开门，便扑进了橙色的暖光里。我正纳闷，
就看到妈妈躺在沙发上打着盹。妈妈听到动静，直起身来看着我，迫切说：“作业做完了吗？”我微微点头，问：“你怎么还不睡觉？”妈妈笑笑，指了指电视，说：“我在这看会电视。”“为什么不回房间看呢？”“在这看，顺便陪陪你啊。好了你快去睡觉，我也要睡了。”望着妈妈远去的背影，我哽咽了一下。那无声地陪伴，那平淡的语言，溢出了不易察觉的爱。 鼓励的期盼 惨白的试卷瘫在桌面上，一个个红叉如刀子般刻着我的心。老师的期待，父母的信任，而我却辜负了他们的心血。我趴在桌面上，暗暗流泪。一只手忽然搭在我的肩上——是爸爸。爸爸淡淡地瞟了一眼试卷，说：“考差很正常，要学会战胜困难。这次考试的失败，你要总结，然后改正，在下一次考试中用光荣掩埋你这次的不堪。我相信你会考好的。”爸爸意味深长的看了我一眼，那一刻，心中豁然开朗。那短短的几句话，那信任的眼光，全都是爸爸对我的爱。 爱，温暖如火，深艳似血。爱从未在时间的推磨下变得粗糙，它也从未流逝在我们眼前。生活的细节中，总藏着爱，也许它很细微，但足以让你震撼。
Satan and Paradise Lost - 撒旦与失乐园
Satan and Paradise Lost A discussion of Milton's Paradise Lost and Satan'srole in it.Investigates the mixture of sympathy and horror evoked by Milton's portrayl of Satan in this work Ambivalence toward Satan in Paradise Lost is a difficult element to define.On the one hand Satan is our socio-religious inheritance as the embodiment of all the ills of mankind.Thus the name"Satan,"even if merely uttered,connotes horror and repulsion,even to the staunchest atheist.In Paradise Lost,however, at least in the first several books,a characterization of Satan is portrayed in which the audience feels sympathy and fraternity with Satan's character.In addition to an analysis of God's and Satan's characters,there are two perspectives on the content of Paradise Lost which show where the conflict in the reader's perception evolves. On the more superficial level,meaning the level determined by preconceived notions of the epic's characters,there is a conflict between Satan,pure evil, and God,pure good.Pure evil then continues to lay waste to anything God cherishes in a feeble attempt to exact revenge for his punishment.Our first father and mother,Adam and Eve,are seduced by Satan and made to suffer therefrom.The punishment,determined by God,seems just and merciful in light of mankind's transgression of his sole command,not to eat of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.This much is in the mind of any Judeo-Christian or informed reader before the epic is even begun.Thus the details of Satan's transgression,the war in heaven,God's commands and actions,and the characterization of all characters within the epic are subordinate to our foreknowledge.Without a careful analysis everything seems to be in place and to conform,at least generally,to our preconceptions.One cannot help,however, but to feel some ambivalence in the accepted religious convictions.Why? To answer this question one should wipe all foreknowledge and preconceptions out of the analysis.This of course leads to an inaccurate conclusion since Satan's character in Paradise Lost cannot be separated in the audiences mind nor in its reality from the socio-religious convictions about Satan.Nevertheless, this analysis will reveal the ultimate cause of the ambivalence toward Satan.To illustrate the point better by separating preconception from story,Satan's character will be referred to as Robert and God simply as the king. Robert lives in a kingdom,but it is a kingdom of general equality and mutual honesty and trust.One day the king,out of the blue,announces that he has decided that his son shall be his successor.Robert feels uneasy about this and calls a third of the kingdom to a conference.In this conference Robert argues that if this kingdom truly rests on equality,honesty,and trust,shouldn't all the
《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视
《失乐园》中撒旦形象的重新审视 发表时间：2009-03-25T08:20:13.140Z 来源：《青年文学家》2009年第2期供稿作者：杜艳红 [导读] 在这首以圣经为主题的史诗中，那个刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象——撒旦已成为数百年来争论的焦点。 弥尔顿作为文艺复兴的殿军，启蒙运动的启蒙者，生于伦敦一个信奉新教的家庭。他幼受人文主义的庭训，成年后积极投身革命，用笔为武器，同反动势力进行英勇的斗争。因为辛劳过度，终至双目失明。又值王政复辟，受到迫害。在许多文人墨客纷纷变节的情况下，在双目失明，疾病缠身，生活拮据的恶劣环境中，他以沉痛的心情将一腔孤愤，泻之于诗，以巨人的魄力和悲剧精神写下了辉映百代的不朽之作《失乐园》。这部打动了我们灵魂的艺术瑰宝，由两条线索交叉而成：一条是亚当、夏娃触犯禁忌，偷食禁果，而失去地上乐园的故事。另一条是撒旦携众天使反抗上帝，溃败而失去天上乐园的故事。在这首以圣经为主题的史诗中，那个刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象——撒旦已成为数百年来争论的焦点。 本文基于文本，结合17世纪大背景下的政治、文化及宗教因素，来说明撒旦并非弥尔顿。这个充满矛盾的恶魔形象不过是作者创作的主观意图和客观效果之间矛盾的反映，同时也是弥尔顿自己身上复杂矛盾的折射。 一、撒旦 在英国十九世纪的一些浪漫主义批评家笔下，就形成了一种唯撒旦论的观点：即弥尔顿是和撒旦一样的反叛者，撒旦是《失乐园》中真正的英雄。正如布莱克所说的：“弥尔顿写起天使和上帝来，仿佛手戴镣铐，但是写起魔鬼和地狱来，却是挥洒自如。这是因为他是一个真正的诗人，他和魔鬼是一帮的，只是他自己没意识到罢了。”[1] 当然，在浪漫主义批评家眼中，这种强烈的主观印象与当时的时代有着很大的关系。在英国历史中，当新古典主义对资产阶级理性的梦想破灭以后，浪漫主义诗人就常常以反叛者的身份自居，他们在《失乐园》中一眼瞥见反叛者撒旦的形象，就自然而然地想到了弥尔顿，并一起引为激进的同道，为之欢呼了。 的确，在《失乐园》第一章中，撒旦的形象是高大，勇武，雄壮，感人的： 打败了又有什么？ 并不是一切都完了！不屈的意志， 复仇的决心，不灭的仇恨， 决不低头认输的勇气， 都没有被压倒，还有什么比这更难战胜的呢？[2] (《失乐园》I: 第104-108行) 在这里，撒旦被刻画成了一个叱咤风云的英雄。他那宏伟的气势，坚韧不拔的毅力，宛然一位令人尊敬的革命英雄。然而在接下来的篇章里，撒旦的形象开始逐渐矮小, 首先他做了一段悔恨的独白，认识到地獄其实是在灵魂之中： 人啊，为什么开战？由于我以怨报德，真是对他不起，他把我创造得光辉，卓越，施恩于我，丝毫没有亏待过我。[3] (IV: 第45-48行) 从这里，我们可以涉猎到撒旦十分复杂充满矛盾的心理。一方面，这个恶魔的心灵窝藏着仇恨、妒嫉、渴望报复、傲慢、和恐怖。另一方面，他的心灵又充满了绝望、后悔。这种隐藏在庄严的外貌底下的感情使他变得更加生动而不可捉摸。但是随着他那暴疟而放荡的性子的阵阵发作，这个恶魔逐渐向四周撒布死亡。他要袭击人类始祖居住的乐园，他希望把他们从上帝夺走，使他们屈从于自己的叛逆势力之下。最后当他凯旋归来，向部下宣布他的冒险胜利时，等待他的却是一阵嘶嘶声，原来他们都已变成了蛇。这种变形成了撒旦在《失乐园》中最后的象征。 通观全书，撒旦的地位绝对够不上一个英雄，而弥尔顿也绝不是撒旦。这个充满了矛盾的恶魔形象仅仅是作者创作的主观意图和客观效果之间矛盾的反映，同时也是弥尔顿自己身上矛盾的折射。 二、弥尔顿 众所周知，《失尔园》是时代的产物，也是英国资产阶级革命的产物。当英国人民在上帝的名义下进行的斗争失败后，作为一名激进的战士, 弥尔顿感到难以接受这个惨痛的事实。然而作为一名虔诚的清教徒，他又觉得必须接受这个沉痛的事实。一切都是上帝安排的。诗人创作这首诗的目的，就是要“向世人昭示天理的公道”。 永不忘记 我们的创造者，遵守他的 简单的公正的命令。 [4] (V, 第550-552行) 在长诗的构思中，占据首要地位的是“权威”的无限威力，叛逆的撒旦和违抗命令的人在这“权威”之下是无力反抗的。于是始终站在时代斗争前列的弥尔顿，把自己的政冶倾向寄寓在撒旦身上，把撒旦对上帝的反抗描写成对专制统冶的正义斗争, 向“独揽大权，肆虐天庭”的上帝——他们的“大敌”，“进行一场永不调和的战争”。[5] 的确，撒旦的演说慷慨激昂，非常精彩，制造出了一派不战不休的气势。可是，最后出现在我们眼前的不过是一个恶魔和一群张牙舞爪的小丑们的演戏罢了。如果我们把它与其创作时的政治历史背景联系起来，撒旦才真正是一个专制、施暴者的化身。“毕竟，即使是罪大恶极的坏蛋，在他们绝望的时刻，为了捍卫自己的恶行，也会装出一付争取自由的面孔，狂叫着反对他们称之为暴君的人来。”[6] 因此，“撒但绝非他心目中的英雄，后世诗人视为美德的叛逆精神并不为弥尔顿所看好。”[7] 在这种看似欣赏的描述之下，隐藏着作者对革命失利的悲哀，以及对暴君们的嘲笑与讽刺。也许正因为这一点,鲁宾斯坦(AnnetteT.Rubinstein)在《英国文学的伟大传统》一书中断言,“从感情上讲,弥尔顿不像是一位喜欢违法乱纪的人,相反,他倒很像是一位受人敬重的共和派艺术家。” [8]因此，弥尔顿对撒旦的刻画，是以英国的社会现实为立足点的。也就是在这个层面上，《失乐园》中部分章节中的撒旦成了弥尔顿的一个“代理人”，与上帝进行激烈的争论、抗辨。然而，在这些段落中叛逆、不满色彩的流露，弥尔顿自己并不是完全意识到的。相反，对撒旦野心、嫉妒、阴谋的刻画，则是诗人意识到了的笔墨，体现了作者主观意识和客观效果之间的矛盾，也体现了作为革命的清教徒弥尔顿内心的矛盾。 因此，我们可以说，撒旦决非弥尔顿。他仅仅是诗人内心深处的一种心灵寄托。他所要表达的是对复辟王朝时期英国资产阶级革命者坚强不屈的高尚品质的赞颂，（“全体官兵扬声呐喊，喊声震裂了地狱的苍穹，并且震惊了天外的浑沌界和夜的古国” [9] I, 第541-543行）对当时腐朽喧嚣社会的嘲讽和对英国人民命运的关注。在他看来，英国人民就象亚当和夏娃一样，上帝给了他们美好的一切，但他们却由于是理性不坚，意志薄弱，经不起外界的引诱，自由地选择了通向堕落的道路，但是只要他们坚定信仰，以理智来控制冲动，通过漫长而坚辛的历程，最终就可以回到乐园之中。《失乐园》结尾部分兴奋乐观气氛的描写，充分体现了诗人对英国人民和整个人类抱有的基督教人文
《失乐园》中对撒旦人物形象的全面分析
A comprehensive analysis of Satan in Parasise Lost 张煜婷西北师范大学外国语学院 甘肃省安宁区西北师范大学蓝天公寓1号楼302室 730070 Abstract If ancient Greek mythology can be compared to the rich soil of western literature, the Bible can definitely be regarded as the rhizome of western literature, which has absolutely influenced the western literature extensively and profoundly. Literary outputs about the characters and their stories in the Bible also appeared in the English literature of the 17th century, among which John Milton's long verse-- Paradise Lost undoubtedly becomes the most holy name. The role of Satan has become a stylish symbol of complex connotation in the literature history after Milton’s recreation. This thesis aims to try to analyze the character comprehensively from the following several angles. Key words: Paradise Lost Milton Satan character Analysis Foreword:
是细节决定成败那什么决定细节
细节决定成败，什么决定细节 近日，应邀为国家电网供电公司的领导干部进行培训，讲座的题目是《细节决定成败，什么决定细节？》与其说是一次讲座，其实更是一种“竞标”，因为对于国网供电公司而言，他们是想通过“讲座比稿”来决定后面的国网班组文化建设的项目交给谁。 我们看到的《细节决定成败》等大量书籍，都从声称“魔鬼藏在细节中”，但是很多人，只是看到了细节，却没有发现细节中的魔鬼！没有“魔鬼”这一灵魂，所谓的“细节”只是一个海市蜃楼的空壳。 按照“错层”的思路想来，只有错开表层，才能发现本质。细节肯定是外在表现，那么，到底是什么细节?又是什么决定细节呢? “细节决定成败”已经成为一句流行语，我在这里不想批驳这句话，另外提出像什么“战略决定成败”的口号。其实，“细节决定成败”不是一个不容置疑的绝对命题，这句话只不过是充分强调了细节的重要性而已。成败之事，很多时候不是某一个因素能决定的。很多时候，人们并不知道到底是什么决定成败。如果一定要说成败都是由“某某”决定的，发而过于吹毛求疵了。 在这里，让我们先承认细节的重要性，但是，我想问的是：如果说“细节决定成败”，那么，什么决定细节?即使提出“细节决定成败”的汪中球先生本人，似乎对此也没有深究。但是，这是一个不可不究的问题。 因为决定细节的决不是细心、严谨、认真等人为因素，对细节的重视与否不是由一个人的性格决定的。从根本上讲，细节是一种贵族精神。 只有追求并坚持贵族精神的人，才会在细节上下功夫。德国人注重细节、日本人注重细节，是因为他们很早就解决了温饱问题。有更多的时间和精力放在细节的琢磨上。 中国并不是一个天生粗枝大叶的民族，即使上千年之前出土的很多玉器、青铜器等古董，那种精湛的工艺和繁复的细节依然令我们赞叹。但是，无一例外，这些都是在王宫贵族的墓葬重出土的。普通老百姓使用的器具还是非常粗糙。今天的收藏界中有一个耳熟能详的词：“官窑”。官窑出产的瓷器一般来讲都是非常精美的，因为官窑的产品都是供给王宫贵族统治阶级的，所以，可以不惜金钱和材料，只追求精美。 从这个意义上讲，细节不是来自性格，而是来自经济条件背后的贵族精神。一个人生活在温饱边缘的人是不会在乎细节的。在乎细节的都是有钱有闲的贵族。哪怕是没落的贵族，但是细节精神却已经渗进骨子里。
失乐园中撒旦形象
试析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象 车家玲 （安阳师范学院人文管理学院，河南安阳 455000） 摘要：撒旦是《失乐园》中颇具有争议性的人物，他既是一位为了平等和自由敢于向最高权威进行不屈不饶抗争的反叛英雄，又是一个权欲熏心、骄矜狂妄的堕落者同时他还是祢尔顿关于自由意志与理性原则并存的思想观念的艺术载体，即人为了自由和理想而奋斗，但同时人的行为得受到真理的约束。 关键字：撒旦；双重人格；自由与理性 一、引言 约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家。他出身于伦敦一个公证人家庭,青少年时代起思想进步,厌恶封建思想,痛恨教会腐败。革命爆发后他积极投身革命,参加了革命政府的工作,并撰写政论,先后发表了《论出版自由》、《论国王和官吏的权力》等文章而轰动整个欧洲。王朝复辟后他虽然遭监禁，著作被焚烧，但仍然坚持革命立场，在双目失明，经济拮据的情况下完成了三大史诗《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。1674年诗人与世长辞。 弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》( Paradise Lost, 1667)深邃、高贵、整饬、优美,一直被誉为“英语中最伟大的诗作”,是英国文学史上不可多得的鸿篇巨制,在世界文学史上可与《神曲》和《浮士德》相媲美。弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》，以《圣经·旧约·创世记》第二、三章关于人类始祖亚当、夏娃在撒旦引诱下偷食禁果犯下原罪，被上帝逐出伊甸园的故事为蓝本，成功地将诗人—作为一个清教徒，所相信的人类重返上帝的乐园的回归之路极为完整、生动地展现在读者面前。这条路发端于人类始祖的原罪，转折于耶稣基督道成肉身的救赎，作结于自由意志选择下的灵魂的忏悔和回归。诗人满怀豪情的诗意书写，所展现的是诗人的人生理想、人生信念。就全诗而论，从太初谈起，开天辟地，创造世界，创造人类；借《圣经》故事，虽涉及全人类原罪赎罪的悲剧，但实质上说的是人类求知求生，追求自由人权，反对盲目迷信，反对封建专制，建立人类社会理想的大同世界。全书共十三卷，描述了撒旦反叛上帝，战败后设计复仇，偷入伊甸园，引诱夏娃偷食禁果导致人类始祖被逐出伊甸园，开始沉沦的故事。作者大量运用圣经人物形象意象，将撒旦、亚当和夏娃刻画的栩栩如生，进而也将主题表现的淋漓尽致。撒旦是该作品中最令人关注的角色，与人类始祖亚当和夏娃相比，他显的更生动，更让人难忘。 第1页
_失乐园_中撒旦形象的重新审视
2004年9月第11卷第5期上海大学学报(社会科学版)Jour nal of Shanghai University (Social Science)Sep.,2004V ol.11 N o.5 收稿日期:2003-09-03 作者简介:黄德林(1980- ),男,上海大学外国语学院英语系英美文学专业2002级硕士研究生。 5失乐园6中撒旦形象的重新审视 黄 德 林 (上海大学 外国语学院,上海200436) 摘要:长时期以来,5失乐园6中的撒旦一直是人们关注的焦点,其形象的复杂性激发人们从不同角度进行 阐释。我们认为,对撒旦形象的阐释要基于一个前提条件:撒旦究其本质是/恶棍0形象,这一点在诗中是不曾改 变的;同时又进一步对撒旦形象的复杂性作了心理解读,认为它是个人无意识与集体无意识相结合的产物,是诗 人无意识中倾吐了自己和广大人们的苦闷、渴望和追求的强烈情感的自然流露所致。 关键词:弥尔顿;撒旦;恶棍英雄;个人无意识;集体无意识 中图分类号:I042 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1007-6522(2004)05-0047-06 弥尔顿(John M ilton,1608-1674)的诗作5失乐园6(Paradise Lost,1667)之所以被视为英国文学史上的一座丰碑,堪与荷马的5伊利亚特6、但丁的5神曲6相媲美,显然与作品中对主角撒旦形象的成功刻画是分不开的。撒旦形象多年来一直是评论界关注的焦点,他的形象的复杂性激发人们尝试从不同角度、不同方面去诠释。当前西方有三大流派:/撒旦主义派0、正统派和调和派。他们不是片面夸大了撒旦形象的革命性质,就是片面夸大了撒旦形象的宗教性质,实难令人心悦诚服。长期以来,我国有不少人把5失乐园6看作一首披着宗教外衣的革命史诗,至于三卷后撒旦逐渐堕落,他们认为那里撒旦是代表失败了的王党,虽较西方/撒旦主义派0的观点前进了一大步,但关于撒旦形象前后重大转变的原因却难以给出令人满意的解释。近年来,国内一些学者,如殷宝书、肖明翰和张伯香等人从情欲、自由意志的角度直接或间接地对撒旦形象作了重新定位与评价,为解开撒旦之谜开辟了新的视野。为了进一步再现诗人的创作意图,还撒旦以本来面目,笔者这里想就以下两个方面进行探讨:一、弥氏笔下的撒旦是/恶棍英雄0(villain )hero)形象,/恶棍0是其本质,其/恶棍0本质不因时空的变化而变化;二、至于撒旦形象的复杂性,那是因为撒旦与诗人的经历存在着某种程度的相似点,唤起了他内心深处的无意识,引起了他心灵的共鸣,同时也无意中触动了悠久的文化积淀)))集体无意识,为诗人倾吐自己和英国广大人们的苦闷和对自由的不懈追求找到了很好的寄托,因而,被罩上了一抹英雄主义的色彩。 一、对撒旦的界定及其缘由 被逐出天堂、打入地狱火湖中的撒旦似乎雄风不减当年,依然高呼:/我们损失了什么?并非什么都丢失:不挠的意志,热切的复仇心,不灭的憎恨,以及永不屈服,永不退让的勇气,还有什么比这些更难战胜的呢?0[1](P8)随后又提出/宁可在地狱为王,也不愿在天上称臣0。[1](P15)这一切足以使无数身陷逆境、为自由而战的人们如遇佳音,深受鼓舞。因而,西方催生了撒旦派;即便在我国,长期以来评论界也往往结合诗人的生活经历,倾向于从政治的角度解读5失乐园6,视其为一首革命史诗,甚至还有人误认为弥尔顿对5圣
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论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象
An Analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象 An analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost
摘要 约翰·弥尔顿是英语文化历史上非常有名的一位作家。他的著作—《失乐园》是英语文化史上的一座里程碑。在约翰·弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。他的史诗使得撒旦的形象更加生动，更加具有人性，并且使其在某些方面成为了一名特殊的英雄。弥尔顿用了很多的语句来描写撒旦对他的追随者所做的雄辩。撒旦追求自由，但是却不能用暴力手段得到他想要的。这就是撒旦在弥尔顿的著作中具有一种矛盾性。尽管弥尔顿用了一种积极的态度来描写撒旦，但是撒旦邪恶的本性却从未改变。他的矛盾情感鲜明地遍及整个诗篇。这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光，引起了几个世纪的争论。 本文通过分析撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象，使得人们获得一种不同的视角来重新审视邪恶的撒旦。他的字句反映了他毕生所挚爱的自由，同时暗示通过暴力方式所进行的革命终将会失败，这也体现了弥尔顿自己的意志与精神。 关键词：撒旦；自由；英雄；失败
Abstract John Milton was a very famous writer during the history of English literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was undoubtedly a milestone in the history of English literature. Among all of John Milton’s great works,Paradise Lost was the most complicated and most profound one, which won him endless honor. His epic made Satan more vivid more humanized and made him a special hero in some aspects. Milton wrote a lot of sentences to describe Satan’s defense for his followers. Satan sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by violence. That’s why Satan in Milton’s masterpiece had a kind of contradiction. Although Milton adopted a positive attitude to describe Satan, his evil characteristic didn’t change at all. His ambivalence was obviously throughout the whole poem. This kind of ambivalence caught all critics’ eyes and led to centuries’ disputes. By analyzing Satan in Paradise Lost,the author of this paper aims to make people obtain a different angle to revisit the evil one, Satan. His words showed his lifelong love for freedom, and implied that the revolution would be failed by violence, which also reflected Milton’s own idea and spirit. Key Words:Satan; freedom; hero; failure
浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造
【摘要】弥尔顿的《失乐园》是一部享有世界级声誉的文学作品。作品中的撒旦作为与上帝的对抗者是历来受到争议最多的形象之一。撒旦经历了一个从藐视到反抗到最终无奈的过程，也正是在这个过程中，我们可以分析出撒旦作为反抗者所展示的勇气和魄力，但撒旦毕竟是邪恶的，他一次次挑起了战争。撒旦可以被看作是英雄，但他又不简单的算英雄，他是一个结合体，一个立体化的魔鬼式英雄。 【关键词】撒旦，魔鬼，英雄，立体化 一、引言 一直有人认为：撒旦是人类失去乐园的祸根，因为撒旦的的诱惑，人类最终受到上帝的惩罚。作为一个魔鬼，撒旦不是一个一击即溃、头脑简单的傻瓜，他身上有一种英雄的气魄，撒旦本来就是一位大天使。撒旦是聪明的，也可以算是狡猾的，对付人类，撒旦一计不成又生一计，所以人类上了他的当，从天使到魔鬼，撒旦最终堕落了。撒旦是失乐园故事的核心，他推动着整个故事的发展，也体现作者众多的资产阶级革命理念。 二、英雄撒旦 弥尔顿笔下的撒旦首先是位伟大的英雄，代表着弥尔顿的资产阶级革命思想，这是毋庸置疑的。撒旦的英雄气魄体现在他具有敢于向最高权威抗争的精神：为争取自由和平等，推翻上帝的独裁统治，他领导一部分反叛天使与上帝进行斗争。这种反叛意识正好结合当时资产阶级革命思想的核心，追求社会平等与自由，打破神权和独裁。在诗中，撒旦敢于首先怀疑毫无道理却非让人盲目服从不可的绝对命令，面对上帝的强大的权力，撒旦毫无畏惧，率部反抗，大闹天堂。第一次反抗失败了，他不服气，也不认输，不气馁，发挥自己的聪明才智，很像中国传统小说中描绘的那些英雄，面对强大的对手，敢于亮剑，险些儿搞得天兵天将对阵中措手不及，万分狼狈，连上帝在天国也担心撒旦的反叛会成功。当然，撒旦还是失败了，被打落地狱。但是他崇尚自由，他让反对者闭口而去，地狱议会上他发扬民主风格，征求大家的意见。历经千辛万苦在新创造的伊甸乐园中寻找到人类先祖双亲的是他，利用时机促成全诗主题的展现的也是他。撒旦的英雄色彩正在于他的能力和勇气，他是不畏强权的。 撒旦身上有着极为现代的平等思想，他认为：上帝和天使在智慧上是平等的，在地位上也不应该有那么大的差别，上帝只是力量上略胜一筹而已。他感觉到上帝创造万物并不是真的出于对人类的善良和慈爱，而是为了其极为自私的目的，是向他所创造的万物索取对他永久的忠诚和屈服。这种超越传统理念的想法让撒旦能够看透上帝虚伪的本质。撒旦还认为：上帝是世界上的暴君，不应该一对大众握有无穷的权柄！上帝的专制和独裁是对世界的残害，上帝所颁布的禁令是让宇宙的生灵对他绝对的服从，他痛恨那种永远也还不清的奴隶状态。从这些思想层面来看，撒旦从精神领域是个不折不扣的大英雄。不盲从，不跟风，有思想，敢反抗，撒旦是清醒的。 三、撒旦的堕落 但撒旦最终还是堕落了，他从天使到英雄，从英雄到将领，从将领到政客，从政客到密探，从密探到一个无赖，又到蟾蜍，最后到蛇。撒旦每次身份的变化都预示着撒旦精神层次的降落，其魔鬼的属性也一步步展现出来。 最初撒旦虽然是一位天使，但却被赋予极为复杂的感情和欲望，这使他具有复杂的性格形象。他能够忍受失败，性格十分豪迈，但也有内心悔恨和绝望之时。在绝望之时，他的内心也会极为脆弱，喊道：......最后屈服吧！难道没有留下余地来忏悔，来宽恕。这一切都反映在撒旦意识中，不像纯粹的英雄那样性格刚烈，具有较为复杂的一面。或许也正是这种性格缺陷让他开始一步步堕落。撒旦利欲熏心，贪婪自私，妄图取代上帝，来建立自己作威作福的权势。这种观念可能是导致撒旦堕落的根源。他对上帝权势的藐视逐渐由最初的反对专制和独裁变为他认为自己才是是衡量万量的标准，是宇宙的中心，从而认为对于他一切都可容许。从这个角度看，撒旦堕落于自己慢慢成为自己所反对的那种形象。在地狱里，他耗费大量精
魔鬼藏在细节里
【魔鬼藏在细节里】互动按钮大小事 当一个产品完成核心部分的需求之后，我们就可以慢慢准备开始研究细节的问题 一个产品几乎每个层面都可以谈论细节：其中还包括表面上看得到的，以及表面上看不到的。表面上看得到的细节很简单，花时间去做、去尝试、去犯错、去修正就好了。而看不到的细节诸如产品定位、使用者体验等等，往往依靠不长期经验的累积、研究与得到使用者反馈外，很难清楚的明了到底哪边该怎么去制作与修正。 小小一个按钮、搭配一个点的小小动画，却牵扯到与使用者互动的部份。即牵扯出这么多的「细节」出来。著名的工业设计师Charles Eames（伊姆斯，设计躺椅，美国）说过：「细节本身并非细节，而就是产品的精髓。」他们那些经过千锤百炼、精心设计的椅子款式，一直到现在都还是精采的设计呢。 在茫茫的APP 海中，总是会有很多小不拉机的按钮，怎么点也点不到，使用触控式行动装置时最痛苦的事情了；但同样是一些娇小的内建按钮，如iOS 导览列上的导览按钮以及清单列的删除按钮。 秘诀在于设定按钮的触控感应区（Touch area），按钮其实可以分为两个部分： 一、视觉目标（Visual targe）－使用者可以看的到，并且想要去点击的区域。 二、触控感应区（Touch area）－使用者看不到，用于判断检测手指是否有触碰到按钮的区域。 一般来说，对于小于建议大小的按钮，我们需要手动将触控感应区调整的比视觉目标更大一些，这样一来即使使用者没有真的触碰到按钮的视觉目标（如下图），也可以成功地点击到按钮。 触控式行动装置上的萤幕空间寸土寸金，过大的按钮设计会浪费空间，有质感的小按钮又总是让人按不到，那么到底按钮应该要设计多大才方便使用呢？根据过去的统计资料，人们最常用于操控触控式萤幕的拇指与食指平均宽度为：男性2.29 cm 与1.82 cm；女性1.91 cm 与1.55 cm，因此传统上建议按钮大小为2.2 cm。
《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析
An Analysis of the Dual Character of Satan’s Image in Paradise Lost 《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析 [摘要]在约翰.弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。在《失乐园》中，撒旦的形象是最生动，逼真的，他的巨大影响力和矛盾的情感，以及其复杂性，掩盖了其他所有的形象包括上帝。作为《失乐园》中最重要的形象，撒旦显然是令人钦佩的，而且有着巨大的影响，这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光，引起了几个世纪的争论。这篇论文将要把撒旦的双重形象分成三种类型进行分析：第一种类型是把撒旦作为革命者的形象；第二类是把撒旦作为魔鬼的形象进行分析；第三类是以评论家的观点，保持中立，认为撒旦的形象，除了是由人们构想的，是抽象的以外，撒旦带给我们更多的是好与坏的混合体。而且本论文还将要查明影响撒旦双重性格形象的因素，从分析正文看作者的写作意图；从十七世纪的社会背景看弥尔顿个人的经历和信仰。更多的是那些潜在的读者的背景和他们独特的欣赏力，也被作者考虑在内。所有的这些分析得出的观点是，撒旦是一个仅有的英雄和一个真正的恶魔，从他所有的看法和情感得到一个多方面的性格。他的矛盾情感鲜明的遍及整个诗篇。 [关键词] 《失乐园》撒旦革命者魔鬼清教徒
An Analysis of the Dual Character of Satan’s Image in Paradise Lost [Abstract]All of John Milton’s great works. Paradise Lose is the most complicated and most profound one, which wins him endless honor. The image of Satan in Paradise Lost is supreme vivid, powerful, ambivalent and complex, overshadowing all the other characters including God.As the main character of Paradise Lost, Satan is obviously impressive and powerful, whose ambivalence catches all critics’eyes and leads to centuries’disputes. This dissertation will analyze the dual character of Satan’s image into three groups: The first group that the image of Satan as a revolutionist, the second group that the image of Satan as a devil, while the third group of critics, stand in the middle, seeing both sides of Satan. They identify Satan either as an abstract conception or else, more immediately, as someone who is an evil mixed with good. On the other hand, check the factors that influence his dual character of image, from the analysis of the text to the author’s intention, from the 17th century social background to Milton’s personal experiences and belief. What’s more, the potential readers’background and individual taste will also be taken into consideration. And all these analysis lead to the point that it is too simple and arbitrary to say Satan is a mere hero or a pure devil, since he is a round character full of thoughts and emotions. His ambivalence is obviously throughout the whole poem. [Key Words]Paradise Lose Satan revolutionist devil puritan