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上外综合教程4 Unit 2 电子教案

UNIT 2 SPACE INVADERS

Section One Pre-reading Activities (2)

I. Audiovisual supplement (2)

II. Cultural background (3)

Section Two Global Reading (4)

I. Structural analysis of the text (4)

II. Rhetorical features of the text (4)

Section Three Detailed Reading (5)

I. Questions (6)

II. Words and expressions (7)

III. Sentences (10)

Section Four Consolidation Activities (12)

I Vocabulary (12)

II. Grammar (14)

III. Translation (16)

IV. Exercises for integrated skills (18)

V. Oral activities (19)

VI. Writing (20)

Section Five Further Enhancement (21)

I Text II (21)

II Memorable Quotes (24)

Section One Pre-reading Activities

I. Audiovisual supplement

From Secrets of Body Language

Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.

Script:

Voiceover:But body language is often complex, and easily misunderstood. Here, President Clinton leads the Israeli and Palestinian leaders Ehud Barak and Yasser Arafat up before the press during peace negotiations. It’s all smiles for the cameras, but behind the fa?a de of bonhomie, there’s a power struggle going on. Clinton jokingly explains that none of them will take any questions.

Clinton: We promise to each other we will answer no question and offer no comments, so I have to set a good example.

Voiceover: The body language then reveals just why that works.

Expert A:Wow. It’s almost a physical fight.

Voiceover: Many view this apparently light-hearted tussle as a sign that Arafat and Barak were getting on well. Think again.

Expert A: There is a great meaning behind who goes through the door first. Now of course here in the West, letting someone through the door first doesn’t really matter. Polite maybe. But in the Middle East, it has significant cultural impact.

Expert B:The host, the power person, says, “I’m in control. I’ll help you through the door. I’ll show you the way.”

Arafat:Thank you. Thank you.

Voiceover: Throw in the fear and tension present in most Middle East negotiations, and suddenly, the desire of both Arafat and Barak not to go through that door before the other starts to make sense.

Expert C: This is a classic example in its extreme way of how the last man through the door is the winner. So Barak reaches for Yasser Arafat. Arafat literally grasps his arm, moves on, and starts wagering his finger at Barak, who, then, Barak, uses this opportunity as a wrestling match to move around, to actually be behind Arafat, and then literally grasps Arafat, holds him by the arm, and shoves him through the door.

Expert B:So you’ve got fear and power struggl e, showing in big big big big bold body language with it.

Questions:

1. How is the “getting through the door” movement understood by many people?

Answer: Many view this apparently light-hearted tussle as a sign that Arafat and Barak were getting on well.

2. What is the hidden message behind the scene?

Answer: Arafat and Barak are struggling to get through the door after the other party in order to show “I am in control”.

3. What does this story tell us?

Answer: Body language is very important, but often complex and easily misunderstood.

II. Cultural background

Personal space

Personal space can be imagined as a kind of bubble surrounding a person that protects his or her privacy and which other people may not normally enter. Allowing somebody to get very close and enter your personal space may be a sign of trust or love. On the other hand, intruding other’s personal space can be rather offensive.

The amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. For example:

●people from cultures that like a lot of personal space feel awkward and embarrassed when somebody comes too close to them;

●people of the same sex may sit or stand closer to each other than to somebody of the opposite sex;

●strangers and casual acquaintances usually need more space than friends and members of the same family who know each other well;

●in a noisy street people may need to stand closer than they would normally, simply in order to hear each other.

Section Two Global Reading

I. Structural analysis of the text

In the text, the writer first points out the fact that nowadays people are more concerned about themselves and want to have a larger personal space than decades ago, and then he analyses the causes of space invasion.

The text can be divided into three parts.

Part I (Paragraphs 1 – 2): T he writer calls the reader’s attention to the invasion of personal space by relating an experience of how his personal space was invaded.

Part II (Paragraphs 3 – 7): The writer analyzes some likely causes of the shrinkage of personal space, and attributes the invasion of personal space to the general decline of good manners. Part III (Paragraph 8 – 9): The author presents his view about the essence of personal space, i.e. it is ps ychological, rather than physical, and urges people to “expand the contracting boundaries of personal space”.

II. Rhetorical features of the text

A vivid and accurate description of the behaviour of the space invaders and those whose personal space is being invaded is achieved by a delicate selection of verbs. Some of the examples are as follows.

Verbs and verbal phrases used to describe the behaviour of space invaders:

- a man … started inching toward me … (Paragraph 1)

- In elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close ... (Paragraph 3)

- In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests, annexing all the elbow room ... (Paragraph 7)

Verbs and verbal phrases used to describe the reaction of those whose space is being invaded:

- I minutely advanced toward the woman… in front of me ... (Paragraph 1)

- … who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him ... (Paragraph 1)

Practice:

Please find more examples to illustrate the author’s ca reful choice of verbs.

Section Three Detailed Reading

SPACE INVADERS

Richard Stengel

1 At my bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet ropes

when a man in a sweat-suit started inching toward me in his eagerness to deposit his Social Security check. As he did so, I minutely advanced toward the woman reading the Wall Street Journal in front of me, who, in mild annoyance, began to sidle up to the man scribbling a check in front of her, who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him, until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.

2 I estimate that my personal space extends eighteen inches in front of my face, one foot to

each side, and about ten inches in back — though it is nearly impossible to measure exactly how far behind you someone is standing. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it (“You’re invading my space, man”), but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings. Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy.

3 Lately, I’ve fo und that my personal space is being invaded more than ever before. In

elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close; on the street, pedestrians are zigzagging through the human traffic, jostling others, refusing to give way; on the subway, riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space between themselves and fellow-passengers; in lines at airports, people are pressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights.

4 At first, I attributed this tendency to the “population explosion” and the relentless

Malthusian logic that if twice as many people inhabit the planet now as did twenty years ago, each of us has half as much space. Recently, I’ve wondered if it’s the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan — the number seems to double every three months — is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves.

5 Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space

in private. (Humanity wouldn’t exist without them.) The logistics of it vary according to geography. People who live in Calcutta have less personal space than folks in Co lorado. “Don’t tread on me” could have been coined only by someone with a spread. I would wager that people in the Northern Hemisphere have roomier conceptions of personal space than those in the Southern. To an Englishman, a handshake can seem like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness.

6 Like drivers who plow into your parked and empty car and don’t leave a note, people no

longer mutter “Excuse me” when they bump into you. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain.

7 I’ve also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders,

mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny. In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests, annexing all the elbow room, while at coffee shops and on the Long Island Railroad, individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes.

8 Ultimately, personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do with the space

outside us than with our inner space. I suspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional to the expansion of self-absorption: people whose attention is inward do not bother to look outward. Even the focus of science these days is micro, not macro. The Human Genome Project is mapping the universe of the genetic code, while neuroscientists are using souped-up M.R.I. machines to chart the flight of neurons in our brains.

9 In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan may eventually produce

a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal

space. In the line at my bank, I now refuse to move closer than three feet to the person in front of me, even if it means that the fellow behind me starts breathing down my neck.

I. Questions

1. Is “personal space” a term of the seventies? Is it out of date nowadays? Why or why not? (Paragraph 2)

Answer: “Personal space” was a term popularly used in the seventies but seldom mentioned nowadays. However, it doesn’t mean that it is out of date. People, whatever periods they are in, need personal space, which is not to be penetrated. The only problem is that the world is becoming so crowded that it is impossible for people to protect their personal space as well as they used to do.

2. What does the author mean by saying “personal space is mostly a public matter”? (Paragraph 5)

Answer: Personal space, first of all, is the space you expect and are expected to keep between you and other people in public places in order to maintain an appropriate interpersonal relationship. Edward T. Hall in The Hidden Dimension, for example, describes the social values applied by Americans to certain distances between people as falling into four main categories: “Intimate distance (0 –1&1/2 feet), Personal distance (1&1/2 –4 feet), Social/Consultative distance (4 – 10 feet), and Public distance (10 or more feet).”

3. Do you agree with the writer’s view that the contraction of the outer, personal space is proportional to the expansion of the inner-space of modern man? (Paragraph 8)

Answer: Yes, people in the present society tend to be more self-centered, concentrating on their private affairs and ignoring the outer world around them. They say they have no time or energy to care about others in a society of fast tempo. As a matter of fact, they do not want to bother about it.

Class Activity

Group discussions:

Topic A: Is personal space important to you? Why or why not?

Topic B: According to your observation, does personal space vary in different places /relations /

cultures? Give examples.

II. Words and expressions

Part 1: Paragraphs 1-2

snake: v. move in a twisting way

e.g. The train was snaking its way through the mountains.

Synonym: meander

inch: v. move very slow and carefully

e.g.Howard inched forward in the crowd.

He inched his way through the narrow passage.

in mild annoyance: with a little anger or impatience

mild: a. not very great in degree

e.g. We looked at each other in mild astonishment.

Synonym: slight

sidle: v. walk in a timid manner, esp. sideways or obliquely

e.g. A man sidled up to me and asked if I wanted a ticket for the match.

scribble:

v. write or draw (sth.) carelessly or hurriedly

Synonym: scrawl

e.g.He scribbled a note to his sister before leaving.

She scribbled down her phone number and pushed it into his hand.

Throughout the interview, the journalists scribbled away furiously.

n. [U, sing.]careless and untidy writing

e.g. How do you expect me to read this scribble?

shuffle: v.walk by dragging one’s feet along or without lifting them fully from the ground

e.g.He slipped on his shoes and shuffled out of the room.

A fat woman was shuffling along with a pushchair.

Collocations:

shuffle sth. off: avoid talking or thinking about sth. because it is not considered important

e.g.He shuffled the question off and changed the topic.

shuffle out of sth.: try to avoid some unpleasant task by acting dishonestly

e.g.I mistrust the way in which they shuffle out of sustained efforts.

Slinky:n. A Slinky (“机灵鬼”，一种用软弹簧做成的会翻跟头的玩具) is a coil-shaped spring invented by mechanical engineer Richard James in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Slinkys come in various sizes and shapes. They can “walk” down stairs as the coils stretch and reform as gravity moves them down each step, the spring’s momentum causing it to spill end over end from one step to the next.

ring: n. a quality, or an impression of having the quality that is mentioned

e.g. Her story had a ring of truth about it.

The books he mentioned had a familiar ring about them.

gratifying: a. giving pleasure or satisfaction

e.g. The new plan may be gratifying to the President.

Derivations: gratify v.; gratification n.

penetrate: v. succeed in forcing a way through (sth.)

e.g. They penetrated into the territory where no man had ever gone before.

The sun’s radiation penetrates the skin.

Part II: Paragraphs 3-7

wedge: v. force into a narrow space; fix sth. in position by using a wedge or sth. else

e.g. The people sitting close to me wedged me into the corner.

Open the door wide and wedge it with a pad of newspaper.

zigzag:

v. move forward by going at an angle first to one side, then to the other

e.g. We zigzagged up the hill.

The narrow path zigzags up the cliff.

n. a line or pattern that looks like a series of letter W’s as it bends to the left and then to the right again

e.g.The path descended the hill in zigzags.

a. [only before noun]

e.g. a zigzag line/path/pattern

carve out: establish or create sth. through painstaking effort

e.g. With months of strenuous work, the artist carved out a flower of ivory.

Years of failures and setbacks have taught him and carved out a career for him.

press: v.push, move, or make (one’s way) strongly, esp. in a crowd

e.g. He pressed his way through the crowd.

So many people pressed round the famous actress that she couldn’t get to her car. Translation:

人群挤在她身边，争着要她的签名。

Answer: Crowds pressed round her trying to get her autograph.

Malthusian logic:

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 – 1834), British economist and clergyman. In Essay on Population (1798) he argued that without the practice of “moral restraint” the population tends to increase at a greater rate than its means of subsistence, unless war, famine, or disease intervenes or efforts are made to limit population.

infuse: v. fill or cause to be filled with sth.

e.g. Her novels are infused with sadness.

Collocation:infuse … into/with: fill ... with ...

e.g. He infused eagerness into the men.

His speech infused the men with eagerness.

keep to oneself: remain private; avoid meeting other people

e.g.She doesn’t go out much; she likes to keep to hersel

wager: v. (a more formal term for) bet

wager (sth.) (on sth.); wager sth./sb. that…: bet money on sth.

e.g. She wagered ￡50 on a horse.

I had wagered a great deal of money that I would beat him.

wager (that): used to say that you are so confident that sth. is true or will happen that you would be willing to bet money on it

e.g.I’ll wager that she knows more about it than she’s saying.

plow: v. force a way or to make a track

Spelling:plow (American English) = plough (British English)

e.g. A truck plowed into the back of the bus.

She plowed her way through the waiting crowds.

lament: v. express regret or disappointment over sth. considered unsatisfactory, unreasonable, or unfair

Synonym: bemoan

e.g. In the poem he laments the destruction of the countryside.

Derivations:

lamentable:a. very disappointing, regrettable

e.g.She shows a lamentable lack of understanding.

lamentation:n. (formal) an expression of great sadness or disappointment

stake a claim to: make a claim to

stake: v. be assertive in defining and defending a position or policy

e.g.He staked a claim to the land where he’d found the gold.

annex: v. take control and possession of land, a small country, etc., esp. by force; take without permission

Synonym: occupy

e.g. Germany annexed Austria in 1938.

There are examples of people occupying public squares and annexing the pavement next to their lands.

Part III: Paragraph 8-9

be proportional to: increase or decrease at the same rate as the other thing increases or

decreases, so that there is always the same relationship between the two things.

e.g.The output should be proportional to the input.

As a rule suicide rates are proportional to the size of the city.

Derivation: proportion: n. the relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc.

e.g. The room is very long in proportion to (= relative to) its width.

self-absorption: the characteristic of thinking about things concerning oneself without noticing other people or the things around him

Derivation:self-absorbed a.

III. Sentences

Paraphrase / explanation

some tired velvet rope (Paragraph 1)

Explanation:

Here, the word “tired” means “drooping, loosened or slackened”.

… until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky. (Paragraph 1)

Paraphrase:

… until we were all pushing against each other, leaving the line in disorder.

The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it ... (Paragraph 2) Paraphrase:

The phrase “personal space” sounds old-fashioned and reminds one of the seventies ...

... I’ve wondered if it’s the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). (Paragraph 4)

Paraphrase:

... it has passed through my mind that maybe the cause (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may make people want to be closer to those whose physical attraction is revealed by light summer clothing (though it may also make them wish to move further away from those smelling unpleasantly of perspiration).

Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan … is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves. (Paragraph 4) Paraphrase:

Or perhaps the increasing coffee bars in Manhattan ... attract more and more people, who are stimulated and excited by the caffeine they take in, so that they become eager to meet others and no longer want to remain in private.

… we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space in private. (Humanity wouldn’t exist without them.) (Paragraph 5)

Paraphrase:

… privately we allow people with whom we have close relationships to enter our personal space

in a variety of ways. (Indeed, in the absence of sexual intimacy, none of us would be here.)

The logistics of it vary according to geography. (Paragraph 5)

Paraphrase:

People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space.

“Don’t tread on me” could have been coined only by someone with a spread. (Paragraph 5) Paraphrase:

“Don’t step into my space.” This could only have been invented by people who have a farm and thus a large space all their own.

The decline of manners has been widely lamented. (Paragraph 6)

Paraphrase:

Many have expressed regret at the deterioration of manners.

I’ve also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny. (Paragraph 7) Paraphrase:

I’ve also noticed that the problem of space invasion has become more and more serious, and that space invaders, acting in the way territorial expansionists usually do, take it for granted that they have the right to seize public space.

... individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes. (Paragraph 7)

Paraphrase:

... individuals, as usual, occupy the booths and seats which are designed for four people.

… personal space is psychological, not physi cal: it has less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space. (Paragraph 8)

Paraphrase:

... personal space is more a psychological matter than a physical one. As far as we feel comfortable in our mind, it does not matter whether our physical personal space is large or small.

In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space. (Paragraph 9)

Paraphrase:

The author hopes that his own stand against the shrinking of personal space, while small in itself, will nonetheless eventually have a dramatic effect in the same way as the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan, if it initiates a chain of waves, may eventual ly produce a tidal wave in California.

Section Four Consolidation Activities

I Vocabulary

1. Word derivation

annoyance n. → annoy v. → annoying a.

他无法掩饰自己被打断后的恼怒。

He could not conceal his annoyance at being interrupted.

一想到我们已经浪费了那么多时间，我便很懊恼。

It annoyed me to think how much time we had wasted.

他不停地打断我们，实在是太烦人了。

It was annoying that he kept interrupting us.

intuitive a. → i ntuitively ad. → intuition n.

他好像凭直觉就知道我的感受。

He seems to have an intuitive knowledge of how I am feeling.

凭直觉，她知道他在撒谎。

Intuitively, she knew that he was lying.

我的直觉告诉我，他这个人不能信赖。

My intuition told me that he was not to be trusted.

relentless a. → relentle ssly ad. → relent v.

每个人都被她对完美的不懈追求打动了。

Everyone was moved by her relentless pursuit of perfection.

已经有三个月没有下雨了，可太阳还在残酷无情地照耀着。

It has been three months since it rained last time, but the sun still shines relentlessly.

起初她威胁要解雇我们所有的人，可后来她的态度软化了。

At first she threatened to dismiss us all, but later she relented.

proliferation n. → proliferate v.

国际社会应该携起手来，一起防止核武器扩散。

The international community should work together to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

二十世纪八十年代，电脑公司的数量激增。

During the 1980s, computer companies proliferated.

lament v. → lamentable a.→ lamentably ad.

全国降半旗，哀悼伟大领袖的逝世。

The nation lowered its national flag to half-mast to lament the passing of its great leader.

这届政府的工作实在太令人痛心了。

This government’s performance is absolutely lamentable.

他痛失赢得比赛的最后机会。

He lamentably lost the last chance to win the game.

expand v. → expansion n. → expansive a.

水结冰时会膨胀。

Water expands when it freezes.

新工厂很大，具有未来扩充的空间。

The new factory is large, allowing room for expansion in the future.

喝了几杯酒以后，她显然变得更加放松和健谈起来。

After a few drinks, she became clearly relaxed and in an expansive mood.

routinely a. → routine n.

进入大楼的来访者照例要被检查。

Visitors are routinely checked as they enter the building.

要想保持健康，就要将锻炼身体作为每日常规。

To keep fit, make exercise a part of your daily routine.

shrink v. → shrinkage n.

羊毛制品在热水中洗涤会收缩。

Washing wool in hot water will shrink it.

今年劳工人数进一步减少。

This year sees a further shrinkage in the size of the work force.

2．Phrase practice

Women tend to attribute their success to external causes such as assistance from friends. attribute … to …: believe sth. to be the result of

e.g.

吉姆将自己的成功归功于努力的工作。

Jim attributes his success to hard work.

My job is to challenge, but not threaten them. So I must be careful not to tread on their toes. tread on (sb.’s toes): offend or annoy sb., especially by getting involved in sth. that is their responsibility

e.g.

我如果直接和她导师谈的话，会不会冒犯她？

Would I be treading on her toes if I talk directly to her supervisor?

A young lady and her little son were seriously injured when a car plowed into them on a crossing. plow into: (especially of a vehicle or its driver) crash violently into sth. especially because you are driving too fast or not paying enough attention

e.g.

货车因为刹车失灵，猛地冲入了人群之中。

The van’s brakes failed, and it plowed into a crowd of people.

Loss of weight is proportional to the rate at which the disease is progressing.

be proportional to: increase or decrease at the same rate as the other thing increases or decreases, so that there is always the same relationship between the two things

e.g.

在那个公司，你的报酬与你的经验年限直接成正比。

In that company, your salary is directly proportional to your years of experience.

In contemporary society, most farmers have bank managers breathing down their necks in order to secure their finance balance.

breathe down sb.’s neck: (informal) watch closely what sb. is doing in a way that makes them feel anxious and/or annoyed

e.g.

你老是盯着我，让我无法正常工作。

I can’t work properly with you breathing down my neck.

3．Synonym/Antonym

1. As he did so, I minutely advanced toward the woman reading the Wall Street Journal in front of me.

Antonym: significantly, considerably, incautiously

2. I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space.

Synonym: shrinking, receding, lessening

3. Personal space is mostly a public matter.

Antonym: private, personal, individual

4. Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain.

Synonym: give; present, confer

5. At my bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet ropes. Antonym: tightened, tense, rigid

6. Lately, I’ve found that my personal space is being invaded more often than before. Synonym: recently, currently

7. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it.

Synonym: old-fashioned, odd, antiquated

8. Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy.

Synonym: uncomfortable, nervous, upset

II. Grammar

can, could, may, might

Can, could, may and might are English modal auxiliaries. They have no non-finite forms, can only be the initial element of a finite verb phrase and are invariably followed by a bare infinitive, and have lexical meanings by themselves.

For example:

To talk about ability:

I can climb this cliff.

She could play the piano when she was only six.

To talk about possibility:

Where can/could he be?

He may/might be in his office.

To an Englishman, a handshake can seem like trespassing.

To talk about permission:

Can/Could/May/Might I smoke in here?

Yes, you can/may.

No, you can’t/may not.

Practice:

Fill in the blank in each sentence with the choice you think most appropriate.

When I was a child, I _________never understand a word he said.

can b. could c. may d. might

Both can and could can express ability, but could is used for past ability.

A: _________ I trouble you for a light?

B: Yes, of course you ________.

a. May, may

b. Might, may

c. Might, might

d. May, might Might, being more tentative, is used when one asks for permission. May is often used when one gives permission.

The plan _________ easily have gone wrong, but in fact it was a great success.

a. might

b. will

c. must

d. can

Might is used to express possibility, which has more uncertainty in tone than may or can.

I don’t agree with you, but there _________be some sense in what you say.

a. can

b. should

c. may

d. would

When can is used in a positive statement, it usually refers to theoretical possibility.

Rewrite the following sentences, using can, could,may or might.

He is in poor health. It is possible for him to fall ill at any time.

Answer: He is in poor health. He could/may/might/can fall ill at any time.

(In a positive statement, can refers to theoretical possibility.)

John looks pale today. It is possible that he is ill.

Answer: John looks pale today. He may be ill.

(In a positive statement, may refers to factual possibility.)

I know how to answer the question now.

Answer: I can answer the question now.

Students were allowed to refer to dictionaries in the exam.

Answer: Students could refer to dictionaries in the exam.

Substitution

Substitution is a grammatical device for avoiding repetition and achieving textual cohesion. There are three kinds of substitution: nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution.

For example:

There are good films as well as bad ones. (nominal substitution)

I hate hypocrisy. Actually, everyone does. (verbal substitution)

A: Do you think he will come tomorrow?

B: Yes, I think so. / No, I think not. (clausal substitution)

Practice: Complete the sentences with so, do, one or not.

A: What about going there in your car?

B: My car is too small. Let’s rent a bigger _________.

A: I always forget to lock the door.

B: So __________ I.

A: Will your flight be cancelled because of the bad weather?

B: I hope _________.

A: Will there be a storm soon?

B: I am afraid _________.

A: Tom is not working conscientiously.

B: __________ I’ve noticed.

Keys: 1. one 2. do 3. not 4. so 5. So

3) so, such

Both so and such are used to emphasize the great degree of sth. and appear in the construction so /such … that to introduce adverbial clauses of result. So, as an adverb, is usually followed by adjectives, while such, a determiner or pronoun, can only precede nouns or noun phrases.

For example:

The accident was so terrible that we can’t talk about it.

It is such a terrible accident that we can’t talk about it.

It is such a surprise that I can’t get over it.

It is so surprising that I can’t get over it.

Practice: Combine the two sentences into one, using so or such.

Jack was out of breath. He couldn’t speak at first.

Answer: Jack was so out of breath that he couldn’t speak at first.

She made a good meal. We all ate far too much.

Answer: She made such a good meal that we all ate far too much.

There was much to do. Nobody ever got bored.

Answer: There was so much to do that nobody ever got bored.

This issue was of importance. We could not afford to ignore it.

Answer: This issue was of such importance that we could not afford to ignore it.

We sat very near to the front. We could see every action of the performer.

Answer: We sat so near to the front that we could see every action of the performer.

III. Translation

那只鸽子被卡在树杈里，不多一会儿就跌落下来。(wedge)

Explanation:

If you wedge sth./sb. in sth. else, you put or squeeze the thing or the person tightly into a narrow space, so that it or he cannot move easily.

Translation:

The pigeon was wedged in the fork of a branch and it fell after a while.

Practice:

他把报纸塞进门下面的缝隙里，好让门保持敞开。

He wedged the newspaper into the crack beneath the door to keep the door open.

她把自己塞进座位里。

She wedged herself into the seat.

你只有伏在地上慢慢爬过一条狭长的地道才能进入山洞。(inch)

Explanation:

If something inches towards a direction, it moves slowly and carefully in a particular direction.

Translation:

You can only enter the cave by inching through a narrow tunnel on your stomach.

Practice:

她向前移动，缓缓靠近大门。

She moved forward, inching towards the gate.

我一点一点开车前进。

I inched the car forward.

他尽力向我解释说不是因为我工作不好而解雇我，而是因为公司面临着财政困境。(take pains to)

Explanation:

If you take pains to do something, you put a lot of effort into doing it.

Translation:

He took pains to explain to me that I was not being dismissed because I didn’t do my work well but because the company was confronted by financial troubles.

Practice:

为了严守计划不被发现，这对夫妻煞费苦心。

The couple took great pains to keep their plans secret.

政府努力在那个地区维持和平。

The government takes pains to keep peace in that region.

年轻士兵的入伍给军队带来了新的希望并鼓舞了士气。(infuse ... into ...)

Explanation:

If you infuse sth. (e.g. quality) into sth. else, you fill the latter with the former.

Translation:

The enlistment of young soldiers infused new hope and morale into the army.

Practice:

他的演说使听众充满了信心和勇气。

His speech infused confidence and courage into the listeners.

目前的科学教育需要注入新的思想和活力。（infusion）

The present science education needs an infusion of new ideas and energy.

跟在她身后的人让她心神不安，她不由得加快了脚步。(make sb. uneasy)

Explanation:

If you make sb. uneasy, you make him or her worried or unhappy.

Translation:

The man following her made her uneasy and she couldn’t help quickening her steps.

Practice:

想起考试越来越近，他就很担心。

It made him uneasy to think about the oncoming exam.

把孩子留给他们，她感到很不安心。

Leaving the children with them made her uneasy.

IV. Exercises for integrated skills

I Dictation

Body language is the unspoken communication / that goes on in every face-to-face encounter with another human being. / It tells you their true feelings towards you / and how well your words are being received. / Between 60 – 80% of our message / is communicated through our body language, / only 7 – 10% is attributable to the actual words of a conversation.

Your ability to read and understand another person’s body language/ can mean the difference / between making a great impression/ or a very bad one! / It could help you in a job interview, / at a meeting, / or for a special date!

Every one of us / has experienced the feeling of an instant like / or dislike of someone / but without necessarily knowing why. / We just weren’t happy,/ there was something about them. / We often refer to this as a hunch or gut feelings, / two descriptions directly relating to our own body’s physiological reaction.

II. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.

Human beings are able to communicate ________ (1) a variety of ways besides the use of words. This type of communication is referred to ________ (2) non-verbal communication.

Perhaps the most prevalent form of non-verbal communication is body language. Among humans, body language accounts ________ (3) a large part of meaningful communication. The way we sit, stand, gesture, or orient ourselves in a group often helps others make accurate

________ (4) about our thoughts, feelings and intentions. Mannerisms such as a clenched jaw, narrowed eyes, or slumped posture can be interpreted ________ (5) conveying anger, distrust, or disinterest. On the other hand, steady eye contact, a tilted ________ (6), and a reassuring smile can demonstrate interest and empathy.

As we develop a greater sensitivity ________ (7) body language and its implications, we can be more in tune ________ (8) the thoughts and feelings of others. We can also become more certain that the messages we are communicating are the ones we intended to convey.

1. in

2. as

3. for

4. judgments

5. as

6. head

7. to

8. with

A preposition is missing before “ways”, with which “in” habitually collocates.

A preposition is needed here, while “refer to ... as” is a fixed collocation.

Inferred from the context, the sentence means “body language makes up a large part of meaningful communication”, and “account for”, which means “to be a particular amount or part of sth.” fits in the text.

It can be inferred from the context that people”s body language reveals their thoughts, hence helping others make “judgments” about the feelings and intentions.

After the verb “interpret”, “as” habitually follows, as in the phrase “interpret ... as …”.

As can be drawn from the previous text, body language refers to “the way we sit, stand, gesture, or orient ourselves”. The missing word here should be a noun denoting a body part like “eye”, which can be tilted, and “head” comes out as a naturally tilted one.

Again, this blank tests on the usage of prepositions. “To” usually follows “sensitivity” as in “be sensitive to sth.”.

A preposition is missing between “in tune” and “the thoughts and feelings”, and “in tune with” means “be in agreement with”, which expresses the meaning.

V. Oral activities

1. Giving a talk

Topic A: My Experience in the Railway Station

Key words and phrases: crowds, long queues, swarm, packed, anxious, push, bump into, fidgety, tread, wedge, annoy, jump the queue, cry, hugger-mugger, mess, shove, glare

Topic B: Respecting Personal Space in the Public Space — My Opinion on Privacy

Key words and phrases: public space, expansionist, breathe down my neck, spread, tread, stake a claim, elbow room, trespass, aggressive, stick to, leave room, good manners, mutual respect

Having a discussion

Topic A: A Comparison between Chinese and Americans in terms of Personal Space

Topic B: A Comparison of Personal Space in Different Parts of China

Topic C: What Influences Personal Space?

Viewpoints:

The concept of personal space varies with the culture, either nationally or locally, and the population (dense versus sparse), opinions about intimacy, customs, etc., can all exert an impact on people’s behavior concerning personal space. Social factors, such as the interpersonal relationship, gender, age, etc., can also affect personal space.

VI. Writing

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Practice:

Write a three-paragraph essay on what you see on a busy street in the morning rush hour. Describe the sit uation and people’s behavior (e.g. cars, pedestrians, etc.) in the first paragraph, and present your analysis on the causes of the situation in the second paragraph and your opinion about the right behavior in the last paragraph.

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————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 2

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