Communications

Communication Assignment 1 Essay Conflict Management

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刘原萌20090889

Johari Window

Introduction of Johari Window

The Johari Window model is a simple and useful tool for illustrating and improving self-awareness, and mutual understanding between individuals within a group. The Johari Window model can also be used to assess and improve a group’s relationship with other groups.The Johari Window model was devised by American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955, while researching group dynamics at the University of California Los Angeles. The model was first published in the Proceedings of the W estern Training Laboratory in Group Development by UCLA Extension Office in 1955, and was later expanded by Joseph Luft. Today the Johari Window model is especially relevant due to modern emphasis on, and influence of, ‘soft’skills, behavior, empathy, cooperation, inter-group development and interpersonal development.

The Johari Window model is also referred to as a feedback model of self awareness, and by some people an information processing tool. The Johari Window actually represents information - feelings, experience, views, attitudes, skills, intentions, motivation, etc - within or about a person - in relation to their group, from four perspectives, which are described below. The Johari Window model

can also be used to represent the same information for a group in relation to other groups. Johari Window terminology refers to ‘self’and ‘others’: ‘self’ means oneself, ie, the person subject to the Johari Window analysis. ‘Others’ means other person in the person’s group or team.

The Johari Window has four panes, which can be of different size. Each of these regions contains and represents the information - feelings, motivation, etc - known about the person, in terms of whether the information is known or unknown by the person, and whether the information is known or unknown by others in the group.

Johari Window’s four regions

1. Arena(Open area): what is known by the person about him/herself and is also known by others.

2. Blind spot(Blind area): what is unknown by the person about him/herself but which others know.

3. Fa?ade(Hidden area): what the person knows about him/herself that others do not know.

4. Unknown(Unknown area): what is unknown by the person about him/herself and is also unknown by others.

Here’s how the Johari Window is normally shown, with its four regions.

Analysis myself with Johari Window

Conflict Management

Conflict management means an approach to conflict that may involve reduction or elimination of, or an increase in, conflict.

What causes conflict? There are many possible, some of which are also causes of aggression. Some of the major ones may be: Scare resources;

Adversity;

Faulty communication;

Perceived differences;

Biology;

Environment;

Health.

Just as there are different approaches to conflict, so too are there different personal styles of reaction to conflict. An understanding of personal styles of reaction to conflict can help us to understand whether our reactions help or hinder solutions to any given conflict situation.

People tend to have one dominant style of conflict handling, out of a possible five styles:

Competing;

Collaborating;

Compromising;

Avoiding;

Accommodating.

The model is below:

This model is based on different mixes of assertive/unassertive and cooperative/uncooperative behaviour. Each style has something to offer, depending on the situation. W e may use one style in one situation and one in another. Different departments, organizations, families, professions and nations may have a preferred conflict-handling style.

The table below shows analysis of conflict-handling styles in different situation.

Basic Steps of Conflict Management

1.Tolerance - One of the best ways to deal with conflict in marriage is to tolerate it. Partners will have differences of opinion and that is okay - even healthy. Y ou can still live together and love each other with many differences. In fact, researchers believe that couples in long-lasting marriages never really resolve most conflicts in the sense that it is over and done, with a clear winner and loser. Instead, they manage most conflicts through an ongoing process of negotiation where both individuals feel like they have been heard in their efforts to find a workable solution.

2.Couples must often simply agree to disagree. Diane Sollee, director of the Coalition for Marriage, Family and Couples Education, says, "Every couple has about 10 irreconcilable differences. The reason couples divorce is they don't know how to deal with those differences." Sollee says, "Even if you switch partners, you'll still have about 10 irreconcilable differences." Y ou simply have to learn how to live with some of your differences.

3.Agree to Cooperate with Each Other - If neither one of you is

willing to budge you will not get anywhere. Cooperation is a key to change in conflict management. Stop fighting with each other and team-up. This requires a change in behavior and a realization that what you have been doing is not working, and perhaps even wrong.

4.Identify and Clarify The Issue - Figure out what the conflict or argument is all about. Many times we mistake misunderstandings, where we really agree with one another, for genuine differences of opinion.

5.Find Out What Each Person Wants - If you have a genuine difference of opinion, make a list of what each of you really want to happen.

6.Consider Y our Partner's Point of V iew - Honestly try to put yourself in the place of your partner. Try to see, feel, and experience the issue as they are. This can be a difficult thing to do because as C. Terry W arner says, "W e see things in ways that assure us that our way of seeing them is correct." Just remember that we may not be seeing things correctly.

7.Identify V arious Alternatives - This involves brainstorming and coming up with as many possible solutions as you can think of to the problem. Just spit them out and write them down initially. Don't worry about whether they are good or bad.

8.Negotiate and Compromise - Once you have listed several

possible solutions, talk about which one is best, and the most workable for both of you. Y ou should both feel good about the solution. Remember that you are on the same team and have agreed to work together. This should be a stage for forgiveness and drawing closer together because you have identified how you will manage the problem.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9415147020.html,e Y our Solution and Follow-up - Do what you agreed to do and then meet again to talk about how it is going.

10.Get Outside Help - If you find that you and your partner are unable to come to a workable solution on your own, talk to a professional counselor that you trust. They should be able to help you work through the problem.

Conflict vs. Anger

Conflict and anger are often associated with one another but they are not the same thing. Conflict involves a difference of opinion and anger is an emotion, an emotion that we can and ought to control. Sometimes anger leads to conflict and sometimes conflict leads to anger. It is important to remember that we do not have to get angry about differences of opinion with our partner. Occasionally anger prompts us to take action in positive ways, but more often than not it is destructive to relationships.

Anger is really a double-edged sword in the sense that if effects

not only the person to whom the anger is directed but the person who is angry as well. It has been said that it is impossible to be angry with someone else without suffering oneself. Think about the last time you were really angry at someone. Y ou probably didn't feel that great about yourself and you may have even done and said some things that you later regretted. Don't let anger be your guide in managing and resolving conflict, especially with your partner. Be calm as you attempt to deal with and manage conflict in your relationship.

Reference:

M Z Ouertani.L Gzara Tracking Specification Dependencies in Collaborative Design for Conflict Management 2008

Leslie A Dechurch.Michelle A Marks Maximizing the Benefits of Task Conflict:the role of conflict management 2001(12) Deborah W eider.John D Hatfield Relationships Among Conflict Management Style,Levels of Conflict,and Reactions to W ork 1995(06)

Susan K Boardman.Sandra V Horowitz Constructive Conflict Management and Social Problems:An Introduction 1994(01) Rahim A.Bomoma T V Management Orgnizational Conflict:A Model for Diagnoisis and Intervention 1979

Mckenna S.Richardson J Business V alues,Management and Conflict Handling:Issues in Contemporary Singapore 1995(04) Rashed Shebeeb Al-Ajmi The Effect of Personal Characteristics on Conflict Managemnt Style 2007(03)

communication

communication Communication is about passing messages between people or organizations. Messages between a sender and receiver take place using a medium such as email or phone.One-way communication is when the receiver cannot respond to a message. Two-way communication is when the receiver can respond to a message. This allows confirmation the message has been both received and understood. The discipline of communication focuses on how people use messages to generate meanings within and across various contexts, cultures, channels, and media. The discipline promotes the effective and ethical practice of human communication. Communication is a diverse discipline which includes inquiry by social scientists, humanists, and critical and cultural studies scholars. A body of scholarship and theory, about all forms of human communication, is presented and explained in textbooks, electronic publications, and academic journals. In the journals, researchers report the results of studies that are the basis for an ever-expanding understanding of how we all communicate. Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thought, messages, or information. There are many communicating methods, such as speech, visuals, signals, writing or body

Communication

As a part of our daily life, communication is the bridge that makes people know more about each other. With it, we can get along better with others. However, sometimes communication can also bring us troubles. If we know nothing about communication skills, we can’t communicate with others well. If we make a bad choice of words in communication, it may cause conflicts even the relationship breakups. If we misunderstand others' meanings, we may do something wrong even ridiculous things. So it’s important to for us learn how to protect the communication bridge from destroying and what we can do for our effective communication. The following is my opinion: Effective communication should be planned carefully. First, speak slowly and briefly in order to make ourselves understood completely, which is the basic of communication. Second, expressing ourselves thoughts sincerely and warmly is helpful to make ourselves understood. Third, try our best to concentrate on what the speaker says and appreciate his point of view. It’s a good way to show our respect to the speaker. Moreover, we should give positive feedback by nodding or smiling while listening. Fourth, place ourselves in the place of others. That means we need to take other’s feelings into consideration and treat others in the way we want to be treated.

跨文化交流Communication

Communication It is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs". Communication is a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a feedback. All forms of communication require a sender, a message, and an intended recipient; however the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication in order for the act of communication to occur. Communication requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory means, such as speech, song, and tone of voice, and there are nonverbal means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, through media, i.e., pictures, graphics and sound, and writing. Human communication Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols and the grammars can be described as rules by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages. Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions. Non-Verbal communication Non-Verbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, as well as through an aggregate of the above, such as behavioral communication. Nonverbal communication plays a key role in every person's day to day life, from employment to romantic engagements.

communication

In the chapter one, author is talking about the skill of communication. Every people cannot live in the world without communication. And we need to communicate with others that help us know more intercultural. Actually, I am really interested in intercultural, because now I am in the intercultural world. Everyone knows that I am a Chinese student which is studying in American. I saw a lot of differences between Chinese cultural and American cultural. Of course, how can I know that more difference are because communicate with my native friends. Therefore, I would really like to talk about the social context. “The social context refers to the widely shared expectations people have about the kind of interactions that normally should occur given different kinds of social events.” (Intercultural Competence p.17) I agree with this definition which the author says and gives an example of funerals to me. I like to share another example that I know which is comparing the differences between Chinese weddings and American weddings. For the Chinese wedding, people will put things which are red color to the whole of bridal chamber such as quilt, cups, curtain, candles, and more, because in China that red color is meaning lucky. Although some things that cannot be changed the red color, people will put some red color things such as red paper or red cloth on those things. However, in American wedding, people never do those like Chinese. They would like white which is meaning pure in their bridal chamber. The other thing about difference between Chinese wedding and American wedding is giving the gift of a new couple. In China, people would like to put money in a red bag because they do not know which things that couple need, so they just give the money and couple will buy things which they need use that money. Moreover, the amount of money has to make a lucky number, for example 8888, 6666, because eight and six is most lucky number in China. However,

communication

Unit Four Communication Talking about the communication within an organization, we are referring to the delivery of information from managers and directors to the individual members or the other way around in order to make business run smoothly. Communication will be achieved through various kinds of channels, and employees will understand their task and the overall goal of their work. In order to know needs of customers, a rather formal relationship should be established between them and the organization. According to the information provided by customers, further planning modification will be made. In an international market, to communicate perfectly with foreigners from other cultures, we need to understand something about the culture, business customs, and communication styles of foreign audiences, and it is necessary to present the readers the introduction about some tips used in international communication in the text B. Text A Communication Text B Nine Tips For Communication Successfully With A Global Audience

communication

Communication: the Process of Understanding and Sharing Meaning The word communication is used in a variety of ways. Before we use the term any further, we should establish a common understanding of its definition. Communication comes from the Latin communicare, which means to make common. This original definition of the word is consistent with the definition of communication used in this text. In this text, communication is defined as the process of understanding and sharing meaning. Communication is considered a process because it is an activity, exchange, of set of behaviors—not an unchanging, static product, in which we participate. David Berlo, a well-known communication figure, probably provides the clearest statement about communication as a process. Berlo wrote: If we accept the concept of process, we view events and relationships as dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing, and continuous. When we label something as a process, we also mean that it does not have a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence of events. It is not static, at rest. It is moving. The ingredients within a process interact, each affects all of the others. What is an example of how a process operates in everyday communication? Picture two students passing on the

communication

LET'S TALK... communication 25/03/2011

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communication

Communication 1 Communication Defined What is communication? What does it have to do with us? In fact, communication, the basis of all human contact, occurs anywhere there are human beings. When a baby is just born, it usually cries. Does the crying communicate anything? When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/ she will stop. All these are cases of communication, a very common phenomenon. Activity 1 Although it constantly occurs around us, human communication is not at all a simple matter. That's why so far no one single definition of human communication has been agreed on. Now work in small groups and try to define

沟通的重要性 The Importance of Communication

沟通的重要性 The Importance of Communication Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thought, messages, or information. There are many communicating methods, such as speech, visuals, signals, writing or body languages. plays an important role in social lives of human beings, which some people consider that it's the basic of human existence. the one hand, it's the communication that spreads information, making us know the news although it's far from us. By communicating with others, people send and get information that helps us know about our surroundings. We all know that information is extremely important in our lives. On the other hand, communication builds personal relationship, which connects different people together. We live in the same society which makes personal relationship essential in lives. Only with communication can we build and keep good personal relationships with others. In addition, communication can eliminate misunderstandings and promote emotions. When we have misunderstandings with others, timely communicating is the only effective way to solve it. short, communication is essential to all people that everyone should realize that. Therefore, we should learn how to communicate with other effectively. 沟通是传递信息、交换思想的活动，有许多沟通的方法，例如说话、视觉交流、信号、书写和身体语言等。沟通在人类的集体生活中发挥着重要的作用，有的人认为它是人类存在的基础。一方面，正是因为有了沟通，才使得信息得以传递，从而让我们知道很远的地方的消息。通过与人交流，人们发出信息以及获取信息，让我们熟知周围琐事，信息的重要性是众所周知的。另一方面，通过沟通交流，我们的人际关系得以建立，把人们相互连结在一起。我们共同生活在一个社会集体里，这就使得人际关系显得尤为重要。只有通过沟通交流才能建立和维系良好的人际关系。此外，沟通能消除误会、增进感情。我们与人产生误会是，及时沟通是解决问题唯一行之有效的办法。简单来说，我们每个人都应该认识到沟通的重要性，因此，我们应该学会如何有效地与人沟通。

英语演讲稿communication

Communication makes me happy Communication is very normal and natural. From our born to death, for everyday,for everywhere,we communicate with others. Whatever we are introverted or extrovertion, we are eager to communicating with people. Communication makes me happy, because I could find myself during the communication. When I was young, I lived far from other children. I often stayed home, watching TV ,while other children are playing together. I felt lonely that time. One day, I heard some noise out of my house. When I opened the door, I was surprised. Some children,now they are my best friends,stood there,smiled. Then, I became one of them. We shared little thing with each other, do some simple communication. It made me know I was not alone. Those children could give me accompany.So did I. That communicate makes me know I can give others accompany.So that I’m happy. Before university,I did n’t like talking.I just liked staying at my small circle, finishing my own work.That life was calm but lonely. I decided to change after the first day I came here.So that I joined many clubs, organizations,did many works and learned a https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9415147020.html,munication plays a very important role.It makes different ideas gathered, fused and develop,then makes me have a better idea.What’s more, communication makes organizational work easier to finish,some order correctly be executed.When I do those works with good communication, I find I can achieve my idea better.At the same time,I find I can undertake more responsibility than before. So I feel happy now. Everyone needs communication. Everyone communicate every day and everywhere. Communication changes me a lot and makes me happy.

communication

I like online shopping. Sometimes, hang out with my friends, go to the movies together, and have a chat over a good meal. I prefer Hollywood blockbusters and American TV play, like Transformers, True Blood and The Mentalist. process documents and go to the Industrial and Commercial bureau sometimes I want to use what i have learned Child trafficking 拐卖儿童 Orphanages 孤儿院 Sentence to suspended death with a two-year reprieve死刑缓期两年执行United States debt-ceiling crisis Sovereign default 主权债务违约 Austerity measures 紧缩措施 Brinkmanship 边缘政策 Chicken game 懦夫游戏 Downgrade v. 信用等级下降 Budget deficit 预算赤字 Fiscal year (美)财政年度 Government Accountability Office 美国政府问责局 Come back to the fold 恢复信仰，回到原组织 Mortgage-backed securities 按揭证券 Asset-backed securities 资产抵押证券 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Assets and liabilities 资产与负债 Residual value 剩余价值 Delinquent and non-performing assets 拖欠不良资产 Charge-off贷款冲销，（作为坏账）注销 Home equity loans 房屋净值贷款 Subprime mortgage 次级房贷 Surveillance 监督，监视 Curator 馆长 Get cold feet 临阵退缩；沮丧 Thought-out adj. 慎重考虑后产生的 Sanctuary 避难所 Sth. Be dumped off dump it off

传播学 Communication 术语中英文对照

传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News V alue 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴趣Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information 信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encoding 解码Decoding 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization 电子空间Cyber Space 数字化Digitalization 文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism

Communication双语

Communication In ancient times when there were no spoken language, people still had to try their best to communicate in sign language, this proves that communication is very important. Then, what is communication? Communication is an action whether it be verbal or nonverbal. It is communication if it can convey a certain kind of information. Such as singing, speaking, sign language, eye contact ,writing and so on. 古代的人类并没有口头的语言，却仍然尽力地用手语来沟通，这证明，沟通是多么的重要。那么，什么是沟通？沟通是一种行为，无论是口头或非口头的。只要能传达某一种信息，它便是一种沟通。例如，唱歌，说话，手语，目光交流，书面语言等等。 It seems that many people still pay less attention to towards interpersonal communication today. But the fact is that when we entering the 21st century, people is in an age of information and knowledge. In such an age, communication plays an increasingly important role and all people have to communicate with others. 在今天，也许许多人还是不太重视人与人之间的沟通，但事实是，进入21世纪，人类已经在一个信息和知识的时代。在这样一个时代，沟通发挥着越来越重要的作用，所有人都必须与他人沟通