语言学复习试题集锦
英语语言学复习
I. Matching.（连线题）
1.functional shift：It refers to the change of words from one part of speech to
another.
2.morphology：It refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules
by which words are formed.
3.displacement：It means that language can communicate about things that are
absent: real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future.
4.antonymy：It is a standard technical term used for “oppositeness of meaning
between lexemes.”
5.acoustic phonetics：It studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as
transmitted between mouth and ear.
6.generalization：It is defined as the use of previously available strategies in new
situations.
7.culture：It refers to the patterns of customs, traditions, social habits, values and
beliefs of a society.
8.Received Pronunciation：It refers to the particular way of pronouncing standard
English.
9.acronym：It refers to the word derived from the initials of several words.
10.homonymy：It refers to the case that two, or more meanings may be associated
with the same linguistic form.
11.interference：It can be defined as the use of elements from one language while
speaking another.
12.distinctive features：The features that a phoneme has and that distinguish it from
other phonemes.
13.articulatory phonetics：It studies the human speech organs and the way in which
the speech are produced.
14.duality：It refers to the fact that in all languages, there are two levels of structure:
higher level of meaningful units and lower level of sounds.
15.polysemy：It refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of
different meanings.
16.blending：It refers to the combination of parts of other words.
17.back-formation：It refers to the word coined from already existing words by
“subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word.
18.social-class dialect：It refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular
social class.
19.regional dialect：It refers to the linguistic variety used by people living in a
particular place.
20.cultural transmission：It means that language is passed on from one generation
to the next by teaching and learning.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,ponential Analysis：It refers to an approach adopted by structural
semanticists in describing the meaning of words and phrases.
22.suprasegmental features：The features that are larger than the segment-phoneme,
such as stress, tone, and intonation.
23.bound morpheme：It refers to the morpheme that cannot stand by itself as a
word.
24.hyponymy：It refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific lexeme
and a more general lexeme.
25.clipping：It refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases.
26.psycholinguistics：the study of the relationship between language and the mind.
27.morpheme：minimal unit of meaning.
28.syntax：the study of word arrangements.
29.naming：in semantics, the relationship between words and things.
30.conversational implicature：Grice’s term referring to the indirect meanings of a
speaker.
II. Blank-filling. （填空题）
1. A phoneme is a unit of distinctive value.
2.The phones that can represent a phoneme are called it’s allophones.
3.The morphemes which occur only after other morphemes are called suffixes.
4.The morphemes which may appear with at least one other morpheme and which
cannot stand by themselves are called bound morphemes.
5.Any actual utterances a speaker makes in a particular situation are referred to as a
person’s performance.
6.Phrase structure rules are also called rewrite rules.
7.Antonymy is a standard technical term used for “oppositeness of meaning”
between lexemes.
8.Argument and predicate are constituents of the predication.
9.Searl emphasizes the distinction and the relatedness between the proposition
content and illocutionary act of an utterance.
10.Suppose the speaker says “It’s cold in here”. Its perlocutionary act can be the
hearer’s shutting the window.
11.A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.
12.Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.
13.The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language.
14.The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his
linguistic repertoire (or repertory).
15.English speaking people, unlike Chinese, will accept compliments by giving a
positive response like: “Thank you”.
16.Terms such as “uncle, aunt, grandpa, granny” are kinship terms.
17.Whether or not a child will speak a foreign language with an accent depends
largely upon the age at which he learns the second language.
18.Around the age of puberty, the child loses his ability to learn a second language
without an accent.
19.The striking resemblance between first and second language acquisition is
overgeneralization.
20.The child forms his own rule in a systematic way as he teaches himself his
mother tongue.
21.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer
such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.
22.A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical
development of language over a period of time.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,nguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At
the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality.
24.The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas:
the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.
25.The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere
of the brain is called lateralization.
26.Suprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the
interpretation of meaning.
27.Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are
identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
28.In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social
group isolated for any given study is called the speech community.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication.
30.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the
most highly developed, is articulatory phonetics.
31.Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of
words and the rules by which words are formed.
32.Sense is connected with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
33.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of
conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
34.An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the
complete form.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,nguage acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of
language.
36.Sociolinguistics is concerned with the diversity of language as it relates to
various sociological factors.
37.The four sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w] have one feature in common, i.e., they are
all bilabial.
38.The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic
form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
39.Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus
verifiable.
40.A speech community is a group of people who share the same language or a
particular variety of language.
41.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve
cells called neurons.
42.Because of their resemblance to the style of language found in telegrams,
utterances at the multiword stage are often referred to as telegraphic speech. 43.In English there are a number of diphthongs, which are produced by moving
from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
44.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:
prefixes and suffixes.
45.Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.
46.The same one word may have more than one meaning, this is what we call
polysemy.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,missives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to
some future course of action.
48.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain called the
cerebral cortex.
49.In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1
knowledge. This process is called language transfer.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,ngue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a
speech community.
51.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate.
52.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.
53.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves called hemispheres,
one on the right and one on the left.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,nguage is productive in that it makes possible the construction and
interpretation of new signals by its users.
55.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.
56.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.
57.The history of English expansion is one that is characterized with heavy
borrowing and word formation.
58.A pidgin typically lacks inflectional morphemes, such as nouns with no ending to
indicate plurality.
59.The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from
about age two to puberty, which is called the critical period for first language acquisition.
60.Negative transfer, a process more commonly known as interference, was once
believed to be the major source of difficulties experienced and errors made by L2 learners.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations
of the speaker. This is what displacement means.
62.Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive
word and more specific word.
63.A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native
language in some speech community.
64.The description of language at some point in time is a synchronic study.
65.The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive
vale.
66.Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and
were not verifiable.
67.The fossilization of the learner’s interlanguage is believed to be a major source of
incorrect forms resistant to further instruction.
68.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is
said to be descriptive.
69.The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause.
70.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called
complete synonyms.
71.The most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of
English are the loss and addition of affixes.
72.A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”
society from general use.
73.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational
rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 74.Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the
first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
75.Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all
the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or another.
76.To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of
symbols called diacritics are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.
77.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of
the meanings of its components.
78.The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a matrix clause.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,ponential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be
dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
80.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as
sound loss, sound addition and sound movement.
III. Multiple choice. （选择题）
1.In the scope of linguistics, _______ form the part of language which links
together the sound pattern and the meaning.
A. phonetics and semantics
B. phonetics and syntax
C. morphology and syntax
D. morphology and semantics
2.The design features of human language include the following features except
_______.
A. duality of structure
B. genetic feature
C. arbitrariness
D. displacement
3. A phoneme is ________.
A. a phonetic unit
B. a particular sound
C. an abstract unit
D. a phone
4.V owels can be distinguished as front, central or back according to _______.
A. the part of tongue that is highest
B. the shape of the lips
C. the openness of the mouth
D. the length of the vowels
5.The word “boyishness” consists of ________ morphemes.
A. two free
B. two bound
C. two inflectional
D. two
6.The following morphemes belong to the inflectional morphemes except _______.
A. books
B. working
C. walked
D. writer
7.Deep structures contain all the information necessary for the semantic
interpretation, and are the sole input to the _______.
A. phonological component
B. semantic component
C. syntactic component
D. morphological component
8.Bloomfield’s theory of syntax has two central ideas: _______.
A. form class and constituent structure
B. phonetic and grammatical features
C. endocentric and exocentric constructions
D. open and closed classes
9.The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called _______.
A. gradable opposites
B. complementaries
C. co-hyponyms
D. relational opposites
10.A word of several meanings is called _______.
A. an abnormal word
B. a polysemous word
C. a homophonic word
D. a synonymous word
11.When we violate any of the maxims of Cooperative Principle, our language might
become ______.
A. indirect
B. direct
C. clear
D. impolite
12.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something;
it is the _______ of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. meaning
B. understanding
C. consequence
D. consideration
13.The word “disco” is a(n) _______.
A. acronym
B. blend
C. clipped word
D. coined word
14.Which of the following words is NOT a coined word?
A. dacron
B. kodak
C. xerox
D. gym
15._______ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.
A. Regional dialect
B. Sociolect
C. Language
D. Utterance
16.In Britain one of the most important markers of social status is _______.
A. accent
B. vocabulary
C. grammar
D. structure
17.Material culture, as the term itself suggests, is concrete, substantial and _______.
A. abstract
B. observable
C. implicit
D. hidden
18.Spiritual culture, which is indeed very difficult to detect, not only presents
problems to foreign language learners, but may constitute potential trouble spots in _______ communication.
A. inter-cultural
B. face to face
C. native speakers’
D. language
19.In sound development, the presence of palatal and velar sounds presupposes the
presence of labials and dentals, therefore [p] and [d] will be acquired earlier than ________.
A. [w]
B. [m]
C. [b]
D. [g]
20.The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are
________.
A. [p, b, n]
B. [p, b, m]
C. [t, d, n]
D. [t, d, m]
21.Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that
___________.
A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a
psychological point of view
B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a
sociological point of view
C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic
point of view
D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic
point of view
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,nguage is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human
communication.
A. unnatural
B. artificial
C. superficial
D. arbitrary
23.We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.
A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted
B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue
C. but the details of language have to be learnt.
D. and the details are acquired by instinct
24.A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of
distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. allophone
C. phoneme
D. sound
25.The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.
A. derivational
B. inflectional
C. free
D. word-forming
26.WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from
affirmative to interrogative.
A. obligatory
B. optional
C. selectional
D. arbitrary
27.Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by
_____________.
A. Grice
B. Plato
C. Saussure
D. Ogden and Richards
28.“John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
29.In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ____________, which
is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
A. utterance
B. reference
C. predication
D. morpheme
30.In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s
intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
A. a perlocutionary act
B. a locutionary act
C. a constative act
D. an illocutionary act
31.__________ deals with how language is understood and produced.
A. Sociolinguistics
B. Psycholinguistics
C. Pragmatics
D. Morphology
32.The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of
_________.
A. tongue
B. hard palate
C. soft palate
D. vocal cords
33.The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is _________ vowel.
A. back
B. front
C. unrounded
D. central
34.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _______.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
35.Two words that are “opposite” in meaning are called _________.
A. synonyms
B. homonyms
C. antonyms
D. homophones
36.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect
successful communication.
A. Semantics
B. Pragmatics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Psycholinguistics
37.The vowel [i:] in [fi:d] is a ________ vowel.
A. close front unrounded
B. close back unrounded
C. open front rounded
D. close front rounded
38.Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so forth are
called _________ morphemes.
A. inflectional
B. bound
C. free
D. derivational
39.Application of the transformational rules yields _______ structure.
A. phrase
B. deep
C. lexical
D. surface
40.Cold and hot are called ________ antonyms.
A. gradable
B. complimentary
C. reversal
D. converseness
41._________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech
situations.
A. Slang
B. Address terms
C. Registers
D. Sociolect
42.The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to
generation by a process of learning is usually referred to as _______.
A. performance
B. language acquisition
C. cultural transmission
D. competence
43.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
44._______ belongs to major lexical categories.
A. Auxiliary
B. Conjunction
C. Pronoun
D. Adverb
45.__________ defines the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which
the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”.
A. Behaviorism
B. Contextualism
C. The conceptualist view
D. The naming theory
46.________ is defined as any regional or socially definable human group identified
by shared linguistic system.
A. A speech community
B. A race
C. A society
D. A country
47.Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.
A. meaning
B. structure
C. form
D. sound pattern
48.Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the
right ear. This phenomenon is known as the ________.
A. brain lateralization
B. linguistic lateralization
C. right ear advantage
D. cerebral plasticity
49._______ are written identically but sound differently.
A. Homographs
B. Homophones
C. Homonyms
D. Synonyms
50._________ century is considered to be the beginning of modern English.
A. 16th
B. 17th
C. 18th
D. 19th
1-5 CBCAB 6-10 DBAAB 11-15 ACCDB 16-20 ABADB 21-25 ADCCB 26-30 ABCCD 31-35 BCADC 36-40 BAADA 41-45 CCCDA 46-50 AACAC
IV. True of false judgment.（判断题）
1.( T ) Auditory phonetics studies the perception of sounds by the human ear.
2.( F ) More than often we use bound morpheme alone.
3.( F ) Members of one form class all have different pitch, pauses, etc.
4.( T ) Synonymy and polysemy are relations between form and meaning.
5.( T) The performative utterance is used to perform an action, it has no truth
value.
6.( F ) CBS is an example of clipping.
7.( T) The use of passive and impersonal constructions accounts in part for a
greater degree of formality.
8.( F) You can freely ask the questions related to personal information like age,
family, wages etc. when you converse with English-speaking people.
9.( T ) A child who enters a foreign speech community by the age of three or four
learns the new language without the trace of an accent.
10.( F ) In acquiring their first language, children always concentrate on structure.
11.( T ) Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be
described and analyzed in their investigation.
12.( T) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection
between words and what these words actually refer to.
13.( F) The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be
generalized into the study of another language.
14.( F) The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in
English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.
15.( T ) The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no
limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
16.( F ) When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something
in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.
17.( F ) All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. Fo r example, “Good
morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”
18.( T ) Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the
same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.
19.( F) Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black
English is not as systematic as standard English.
20.( T ) Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is
capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.
21.( F) Competence means the actual saying of something, or the act of speech
itself.
22.( T ) If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel.
23.( F ) Y is prerequisite of X. If Y is true, X must be true.
24.( T ) If the context of use is considered, the study is being carried out in the area
of pragmatics.
25.( F ) Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive.
26.( F ) Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and change the part of speech of
the original word.
27.( T ) Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are
constantly added.
28.( F ) “The building is next to the library” is one-place predication.
29.( F) A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard
variety of that language.
30.( F ) The consonant sound [p] is described as voiceless alveolar stop.
31.( T ) Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change
its part of speech.
32.( T ) If we say “The dog is barking”. This is the reference of the word “dog” in
this particular situation.
33.( F ) The locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
34.( F ) The left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere.
35.( F) The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum of the meanings of its components.
36.( F ) When two words are identical in sound, they are homographs.
37.( T ) In dichotic listening test, for most people linguistic stimuli heard in the right
ear are more accurately reported than heard in the left ear.
38.( F ) Telegraphic sentences are simply words that are randomly strung together.
39.( F) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more
emphasis than the spoken form.
40.( F ) Phonology provides the means for describing speech sounds.
41.( F ) “Husband” and “wife” are a pair of complementary opposites.
42.( T ) The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is
uttered.
43.( T ) The stress of a compound always fall on the first element, while the second
element receives secondary stress.
44.( T ) Pidgins are rule-governed, like any human language.
45.( T ) According to the strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language
determines speaker’s perceptions and patterns their way of life.
46.( F ) Minor lexical categories are open categories.
47.( T ) When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false.
48.( T ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same
purpose of the same illocutionary point.
49.( T ) A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between
its components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention. 50.( F ) Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical
items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.
V. Explain each of the following terms in no more than 50 words.（名词解释题）1.acculturation：A process of adapting to the culture and value system of the
second language community.
2.allophones：The different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic
environments.
3.broad transcription：The transcription with letter symbols only. It is the
transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
4.caretaker speech：It is simple and modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter,
etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,petence：The ideal user’s knowledge of his or her language, that is, of its
sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,ponential Analysis：Componential analysis refers to an approach adopted by
structural semanticists in describing the meaning of words. (4分) This approach rests upon the thesis that the total meaning of a word can be analyzed in terms of
a number of distinct elements or components of meaning (semantic features) (6
分)
7.context：It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the
speaker and the hearer.
8.diglossia：A sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieties of
language co-exist in a speech community, each serving a particular social function and used for a particular situation.
9.field of discourse：Field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the areas of
operation of the language activity. (4分) It is concerned with the purpose and subject matter. (2分) It answers the questions of “why”and “about what”
communication takes place. (2分) Field of discourse may be non-technical or technical. (2分)
10.free morpheme：A morpheme that is independent unit of meaning and can be
used freely all by itself, such as “help”, “table”, “able”.
11.homonymy：The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the
same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 12.interference：Language interference can be defined as the use of elements from
one language while speaking another. (4分) Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary, and meaning, (3分) and can be predicted by contrasting the grammatical or other systems of two languages. (3分)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e15410177.html,nguage acquisition：Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of
his mother tongue, i.e. how children come to understand and to speak the language of their community. (5分) Human children everywhere develop a language without instruction, (2分) unless they are isolated during the critical acquisition years or unless they suffer from extreme mental deficiency. (3分) 14.linguistic taboo：A word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society
from general use.
15.minimal pair：When two different forms are identical in every way except for
one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. So in English, “pill” and “bill” are
a minimal pair, and so are “pill” and “till”, “till” and “kill”.
16.mode of discourse：Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of
communication. (3分) It is concerned with “how”communication is carried out.
(3分) Fundamental to the mode of discourse is the distinction between speaking and writing. (2分) Spoken language may be spontaneous or prepared beforehand and written language may be read with eye or spoken. (2分)
17.parole：It refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete and varies
with context.
18.performance：The actual realization of the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of
his language in utterances. Performance means the actual saying of something, or the act of speech itself.
19.phoneme：A phoneme is a phonological unit; (2分) it is a unit that is of
distinctive value. (3分) It is an abstract unit. (2分) It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. (3分)
20.phrase structure rules：The rewrite rules which allow for the possible
combination of words to form phrases and sentences.
21.standard language：A superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is
the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media and taught in educational institutions.
22.
VI. Give a short answer of no more than 50 words to each of the following questions.（简答题）
1.What is the creativity of human language?
Creativity of human language refers to the ability that we all have to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in our native language, (3分) including sentences that we have never heard before, but that are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered. (2分)
2.What does “prediction analysis” refer to?
Predication, which is a major unit, is not identical to the propositions, questions and commands, etc. (1分).
Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predication into their constituents – arguments and predicates. (4分)
3.What does “hyponymy” refer to?
Hyponymy refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific lexeme and a more general lexeme. (2分)
The relation indicates the notion of inclusion. (1分)
The “upper” term is called superordinate and the “lower” term is called hyponym. (2分)
4.What are the four components of communicative competence as specified by
Hymes?
(1) the ability to judge whether something is formally possible, (1分) i.e. whether something is grammatical. (0.5分)
(2) the ability to judge whether something is feasible, (1分) i.e. whether something is psychologically acceptable. (0.5分)
(3) the ability to judge whether something is appropriate, (1分) i.e. whether something is suitable in a certain social context. (0.5分)
(4) the ability to judge whether something is done, (1分) i.e. how often something occurs. (0.5分)
5.What is the nativist view of language acquisition?
The nativist (rationalist or mentalist) view of language acquisition is that children are born with an innate ability to acquire languages of a specific type, i.e. human languages, (2.5分) and that they go about that learning using principles unique to language learning. (2.5分)
6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes
into distinctive features?
In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number
of distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning. Similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features; a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.
VII. Write a passage of 100-150 words on the following topics.（论述题）
1.The cooperative principle
In making conversation, there is, as Grice holds, a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. He calls this guiding principle the Cooperative Principle, which contains four maxims:
The maxim of quantity
1. Make your contribution as informative as required.
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
The maxim of quality
1. Do not say what you believe to be false.
2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
The maxim of relation
Be relevant.
The maxim of manner
1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief.
4. Be orderly.
As a matter of fact, the above four maxims are not always strictly observed. Rather, they are often violated and the violations give rise to the “conversational implicatures”. For example, if A asked B “Where do you live” and B answered “It’s lovely weather, isn’t it”, then B viol ated the maxim of relevance and the conversational implicatures here might be “I don’t want to tell you where I live.”
2.How do sense and reference differ from each other?
Both sense and reference are concerned with the study of meaning, but they refer to two very different aspects of meaning. (3分)
Sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves (mostly the words); it is concerned only with intralinguistic relations. (3分) Sense relationships have formed an important part of the study. (1分)
Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements (words, sentences, etc.) and non linguistic world of experience. (3分)
The study of sense relations is concerned with factual information or with propositions that can be true or false. (3分) But this is by no means the only kind of meaning. In fact, a great deal of our meaning is “infer-personal”or “social”, relating ourselves to others. (2分) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. (2分)
Thus, we have two kinds of semantics, one that deals with semantic structure and the other that deals with meaning in terms of our experience outside language. The former is called sense or sense relations; the latter is called reference. (3分)
3.Phonetics and its branches.
Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with the sounds that occur i n the world’s language. (3分) Phonetics has three branches – articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. (1分)
Articulatory phonetics studies the human speech organs, and the way in which the speech sounds are produced. (3分)
Acoustic phonetics deals with the physical properties of the speech sounds; it studies the sound waves through the use of such machines as a spectrograph. (3分) Auditory phonetics is the study of the perception of sounds by the human ear. (2分)
Of the three, articulatory phonetics is the most highly developed. (2分) However, several important facts have been either discovered or comfirmed by acoustic and auditory phonetics. (2分) For example, it has been discovered that what might be heard as the same utterance is only coincidentally, if ever, physically identical. (2分) The “same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical. (2分)
4.How do phonetics and phonology differ from each other? And how are they
related to each other?
Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with the same aspect of language –the speech sounds. But they approach the subject from two different points of view. (3分)
Phonetics is general, descriptive and classificatory. It studies speech sounds as they are. (3分)
Phonology is concerned with the sound system of language; it studies the functioning of the speech sounds. (3分)
Phonetics provides the means for describing and classifying speech sounds; (2分) phonology studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages. (2分)
The phonology of a language is then the system and pattern of the speech sounds used in that particular language. (2分)
主观题的评分标准：
阅卷采用分段计分法“
（1）答题内容排序及用词可不同，但必须表达参考答案的意思，完整者，给满分，否则按分段给分要求酌情扣分；
（2）语言错误较多，扣0.5至1.5分；
（3）语言错误过多，扣2至3分。没有负分。
《语言学概论》模拟试题含答案
试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大
三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books． 四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?
语言学概论题目及答案
语言学概论试题（一） 一、填空（每空1分，共15分） 1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。 2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。 ?3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。 ?5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。 6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 ?7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。 ?8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。 ?9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。 ?10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。 二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）?????? 1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ） ??Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学? ?Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学 ?2. 汉语属于（ B ） ?Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 ?Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语 ?3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节 ?4. 文字的前身是（ C ） ??Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ??Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事 ?5. 派生词中包含（ B ） ??Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ??Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词 ?6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位 7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ） ??Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ??Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置 8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ） ???Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 ???Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话 9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ） ???Ａ.初Ｂ.视 ???Ｃ.人Ｄ.民 10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，?具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ） ??Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ??Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系 三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分） ?1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。 2.组合关系指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。 3.语流音变语流中的某些音由于相互影响而发生临时性的变化，这种变化就叫语流音变。 4.语义场由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。 5.语法范畴把同一性质的语法意义综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别。 四、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音（每题2分，共10分） 1.优秀 2.维持 3.宏观 4.精神 5.离开 五、用义素分析法分析下列各组词（每题3分，共9分） ?1.瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]
语言学概论期末考试范围
语言学概论期末复习 1. diachronic linguistics Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present. 2. arbitrariness Language is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between the linguistic signs and their meanings is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages. 3. langue According to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic systems shared by all the members of a speech community. It can be thought of as the generalized rules of the language that members of a speech community seem to abide by. 4. competence Chomsky defines competence as the abstract ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language. According to him, anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules about the sequences permitted in his language. This internalized set of rules is termed as a person's competence. 5. morpheme The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The “morpheme' is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 6. Morphology Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed 7. Semantic triangle According to Ogden and Richard's semantic triangle, there is no direct link between language and the world, or between the symbol ( the linguistic elements, the word, the sentence) and referent ( the object in the world of experience). The link is via thought or reference, the concepts of our minds. 8. Lingua franca Lingua franca is the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers. 9. componential analysis Componential analysis is a way to analyze lexical meaning, and it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. 10. Cooperative Principle Cooperative Principle (CP) was proposed by Paul Grice, under which there are four maxims: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the
语言学概论试题及答案
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
语言学概论试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案 分享 首次分享者：◇﹎ゞ丫丫℡已被分享11次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×）
《语言学概论》期末试卷-语言学概论期末考试
《语言学概论》期末试卷 1.( 单选题 ) 下列关于“语言”的说法 ,不正确的一项是 (D )(本题 2.0 分) A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的 B、语言是一个符号系统 C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征 D、 语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2.( 单选题 ) 下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[u, ε] B、[α, Λ] C、[α,y] D、[o, a] 3.( 单选题 ) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[k, 1] B、[p, k] C、[p, n] D、[t, v] 4.( 单选题 ) 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是
( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、音位 B、音素 C、音节 D、音渡 5.( 单选题 ) 汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中 ,“我的”发音是 [uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、顺同化现象 B、逆同化现象 C、弱化现象 D、异化现象 6.( 单选题 ) 语音的本质属性是 (C )(本题 2.0 分) A、物理属性 B、生理属性 C、社会属性 D、心理属性 7. ( 单选题) 英语“ students”中的“ -s”是 ( C)(本题 2.0 分)
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语言学概论模拟试题15
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绪论及语言本质 1.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 2.“语言学概论”课程容在语言学学科分类中，属于理论语言学。 3.狭义的应用语言学一般是指语言教学。 4.17世纪，法国波瓦雅的修道院里有两位学者阿尔诺.兰斯洛合编了一本普遍唯理语法。 5.历史比较语言学的出现，标志着语言学走出传统语文学，成为一门独立的科学。 6.传统语文学一般主要指古代印度、古代希腊和古代中国三个地方的语文学。中国传统的语文学通常叫小学。 7.语言系统的两种基本关系是组合关系和聚合关系。它们是打开语言的两把钥匙。 8.1786年，英国的威廉琼斯在皇家亚洲学会宣读的论文《三周年演说》中指出有共同的结构特点。为了纪念这一新发现，这一年被认为是历史比较语言学诞生的一年。 9.历史比较语言学的奠基人是丹麦的拉斯克、德国的葆朴和格里木。 10.语言的分类一般从两个方面进行：第一，按照语言的（结构/形态）特点分类；第二，按照语言的（亲属/来源）关系分类。 11.著名语言学家瑞士的索绪尔的著作《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。 12.美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，他的代表著作是《语言论》。 13.转换生成语言学的代表人物是乔姆斯基，他被称为“标准理论”的著作是《句法理论问题》。 14.根据语言的结构或者形态特点，一般把语言分为孤立语（词根语）、粘着语、屈折语和多式综合语（编插语）四种。 1.人类语言和动物的交际方式有着根本区别。 2.什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合，取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。这里的“约定俗成”的容既有任意性，也有强制性。
语言学概论考试B评分标准与答案
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征。 2. 用严式国际音标给下列汉字注音（6 分）春眠不觉晓花落知多少答案略 3. 分析下列各词的结构类型，并指出各语素的性质：（6 分） 学员：附加式（派生词）；词根+后缀。烟头儿：附加式（派生词）；词根+词根+后缀。秋千：单纯词；双声词。 Returns：附加式；词干+词尾。blackboard :复合词；词根+词根。 抗菌素：复合词；前缀+词根+词根。 4. 下列语言属于不同的语系，试将它们进行分类（6 分）印欧语系：西班牙语、波兰语、印地语、德语、意大利语；阿尔泰语系：哈萨克语、满语、蒙古语； 南岛语系：高山语；南亚语系：佧瓦语；闪——含语系：阿拉伯语汉藏语系：苗语。评分标准：错一项扣一分。 5. 用语音术语描述下列辅音（6 分）（1）[v] 唇齿浊擦音。 （2）[L] 舌尖中浊边音。 （3）[ts] 舌尖前不送气清塞擦音。 （4）[p h] 双唇送气清塞音。 （5）[x] 舌面后（舌根）清擦音。 （6）[z] 舌尖前浊擦音。 四、简答题: （每小题10 分，本大题共30 分） 1. 请用具体的例子说明共时语言学和历时语言学的区别（10 分）共时语言学，又叫静态语言学。它以语言在历史发展过程中某一特定状态中的语言系统为研究对象,揭示语言的内部结构规律，分析各种语言单位,描写语言规则,而不考虑时间的因素。 （3 分） 历时语言学，又叫动态语言学,它研究语言的历史发展,描写和研究语言从一个时期到另一个时期的演变方式,研究这种演变在语言内部和外部的 原因。（3 分） 举例4 分，各举两个以上，分别得二分。仅各举一例，分别得一分。 2. 请简要回答洋泾浜与克里奥尔的区别（10 分） 洋泾浜是指某些与外族人接触较多的地区，因语言相互影响而形成的一种特殊的语言现象。（2 分） 克里奥尔又叫混合语,指各种语言频繁接触的地区出现的包含不同语言成分的混合的自然语言。（2 分） 二者不同的是：
语言学概论练习题库参考答案
《语言学概论》练习测试题库 一、单项选择题 1、“人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于： A. 语言。 B. 言语。 C. 言语行为。 D. 言语作品。 2、人运用语言可以说出无限多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C) A. 民族性。 B. 符号性。 C. 生成性。 D. 系统性。 3、被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是： A. 人工语言。 B. 自然语言。 C. 共同语。 D. 世界语。 4、从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于： A. 一般语言学。 B. 具体语言学。 C. 共时语言学。 D. 历时语言学。 5、“我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”： A. 是聚合关系。 B. 是组合关系。 C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 6、汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语，这反映了语言发展的： A. 渐变性。 B. 相关性。 C. 规律性。 D. 不平衡性。 7、下列说法正确的是： A.义项是最小的语义单位。 B.义素是最小的语义单位。 C.词义的主要内容是语法意义。 D.词义不包括语法意义。 8、有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有： A. 交际功能。 B. 思维功能。 C. 文化录传功能。 D. 认知功能。 9、“衣领”是“衣服”的： A. 上义词。 B. 下义词。 C. 总义词。 D. 分义词。 10、转换生成语言学的代表人物是： A. 乔姆斯基。 B. 菲尔默。 C. 皮亚杰。 D. 韩礼德。 11、下列说法正确的是 A.语言是无限的，言语是有限的。 B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的。 C.语言是一般的，言语是个别的。 D.语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。 12、人类最重要的交际工具是 A.文字。 B.语言。 C.书面语。 D.手势语。 13、下列说法正确的是 A.所有的符号都有任意性。 B.有些符号有任意性。 C.只有语言符号有任意性。 D.语言符号没有任意性。 14、词汇变化比语音语法快，这体现了语言发展的 A.渐变性。 B.稳固性。 C.相关性。 D.不平衡性。 15、“小王喜欢小李”中“喜欢”和“小李” A.是组合关系。 B.是聚合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D.既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 16、语言最重要的功能是 A.思维功能。 B.标志功能。 C.交际功能。 D.认知功能。 17、日语属于 A.屈折语。 B.粘着语。 C.词根语。 D.编插语。
全国自学考试语言学概论试题-大题.
09年1月-02年10月全国自学考试语言学概论试题-大题汇总 三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分） 26．口语（09-1） 27．仿译词（09-1） 28．语言符号的强制性（09-1） 29．语气意义（09-1） 26．音位变体（08-10） 27．语法手段（08-10） 28．语音对应关系（08-10） 29．中介语（08-10） 26. 克里奥耳语（08-1） 27. 借词（08-1） 28. 音节（08-1） 29. 词的语体色彩（08-1） 32．轻音（07-10） 33．语言规划（07-10） 34．语言遗传机制（07-10） 35．应用语言学（07-10） 26．组合关系（07-1） 27．词的理性意义（07-1） 28．双语现象（07-1） 29．音位（07-1） 30．洋泾浜（07-1） 32．发音部位（06-10） 33．向心词组（06-10） 34．音节文字（06-10） 35．第二语言教学（06-10） 26. 聚合关系（06-1） 27. 社会方言（06-1） 28. 语言符号的强制性（06-1）29. 词义的模糊性（06-1） 30. 派生词（06-1） 32．音素（05-10） 33．基础方言（05-10） 34．语言迁移（05-10） 35．语言获得（05-10） 34. 词形变化（05-1） 35. 派生词（05-1） 36. 语言转用（05-1） 32．韵律特征（04-10） 33．语系（04-10） 34．文化局限词语（04-10） 35．中介语（04-10） 32. 语法单位的形成关系（03-10） 33. 义素（03-10） 34. 音位文字（03-10） 35. 语言的亲属关系（03-10） 32. 语流音变（02-10） 33. 语法范畴（02-10） 34. 蕴含（02-10） 35. 他源文字（02-10） 五、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分） 33．简述国际音标的优点。（09-1） 34．词缀和词尾有什么不同？（09-1） 35．汉语的语素、音节和汉字是一一对应的吗？ 30．举例说明语言符号的离散特征和线性特征及其对语言的作用。（08-10）31．举例说明汉语词双音节化的作用。（08-10） 32．说明什么是儿童语言获得的“模仿说”和“强化说”。（08-10） 33. 词义的模糊性和歧义有什么区别？（08-1） 34. 什么是语言符号的离散特征和线性特征？（08-1） 35. 一般语汇的主要类型有哪些？（08-1）