03013222 程泽 英语公众演讲 论文

英语公众演讲的性质与特点

程泽

（东南大学能源与环境学院，南京211189）

【摘要】英语公众演讲是一项非常有效的交际技能，能提高学生的思维能力、理解能力、概括能力及对思想的整理能力，提高口语写作及口头表达能力。同时，良好的公众演讲能力对提升个人魅力、树立个人成就感、扩大社交圈都具有重大的意义，了解和认识英语公众演讲的性质与特点对于我们今后认识和应用交际英语十分重要。

【关键词】公众演讲技巧特点润色提高

The Nature and characteristics of English public speaking

Cheng ze

(College of Energy And Environment Engineering, Southeast University, Nan King 211189) 【abstract】English public speaking is a very effective communication skills, can improve students' thinking skills, comprehension, generalization capabilities and thinking of managing ability, improve Spoken writing and oral communication skills. At the same time, to enhance personal charm, establish personal accomplishment and expand social circle, excellent public speaking skills have great significance, knowledge and understanding of the nature and characteristics of the English public speaking for our future understanding and application of communication in English is very important

【keywords】Public speaking, skills and Features, polish

【0】引言

英语公众演讲，对于绝大多数中国人，乃至于大多数大学生来说，都是一个相对陌生又稍有了解的东西。我们很多学生看过“乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲”，也听过“娜塔莉·波特曼在母校哈佛大学的演讲”，听来的确振奋人心同时又款款深情。也许我们想过,何时我也能写出这么出色的一篇演讲，在众人面前发表，赢得掌声同欢呼，但随即在我们汉语母语的环境下丧失了这个想法。汉语演讲与英语演讲在诸如引起情绪，肢体动作等许多方面有相似之处，但由于语言特点和环境的不同，往往也会有大量的差异存在。了解英语公众演讲的性质与特点，对我们非英语专业的学生来说，在以后国际化的应用环境中有非常多的实用之处，下面本文将会细致地对英语公众演讲做出探究与分析。

【1】什么是英语公众演讲

Stephen Lucas教授关于英语公众演讲有这样一句话：“public speaking is the way of making your ideas public, of sharing them with other people and influencing them”，这是从演讲的效果上来着眼，我们演讲的最终小伙就是为了将自己的观点想法公之于众，与大家分享交流，并能影响到大家的思想，所谓“得人心者”即有这样的含义。

Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the audiences.

公众演讲是一个过程，以一种有构造的、精心准备的礼仪来知会大家、影响大家、娱乐大家的一个过程。诚然，公众演讲与一般交谈、讲座授课具备着这样的仪式性，礼仪性和鼓动性。

The purpose of public speaking can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating people to act, or to simply to telling a story.

一场出色成功的公众演讲，往往能引发听众的情绪，最简单的也能让大家获得一些觉得有用的信息，更为杰出的就是激起听者的热情去行动，但也许有些时候，只是讲述一个故事也能打动在场的观众，让大家潸然泪下。公众演讲依据演讲者的不定性，这是它的魅力所在，没人能知道这场演讲回达到什么样的效果。Public speaking is not a new trend. 英语公众演讲的历史对于我们来说，可能是一个十分新颖陌生的事物，但演讲的历史，等同于人类开始讲话的历史，正如辩论源于争吵，公众演讲源于在群体面前的鼓动性谈话。有历史记载的公众演讲书籍在4500年前的埃及就已经出世，足以知道公众演讲的历史渊源，但缺乏一个载体和技艺的本体有让它难以像其他艺术品和文物一样给大家这种文化的深度震撼。

Why do you learn public speaking ?

对我们学生来说，为什么要学习英语公众演讲这项技能，就像我问我的寝室室友一样，他们觉得这是一项听来“高大上”实则缺乏应用的技能。

下面是我根据资料列出的一些基本实用之处：

To enhance students’ language proficiency and presentation skills.

增强一个学生的语言精练性和表达技能，尤其是在英语方面。

To boost up self-confidence of students and the interest of speaking English.

一个好的英语公众演讲者，这样的头衔总会激发学生的自信以及长久的学习热情。

To broaden the students’ horizon so that they can gain encyclopedic knowledge.

在国际通用语乃英语的情形下，熟知英语公众演讲几乎等同于把我们的认知边际扩大到了国际领域。

To help students develop critical thinking skills.

发展我们的批判性思维。

To help students gain an awareness of intercultural communication.

对中文环境下长大的我们，这样的英语氛围会让我们了解到不同的文化特点。

【2】如何实现一场优秀的英语公众演讲

Initial considerations

1.Analyzing the audience

分析听众，听众是演讲的接受者，如同顾客是上帝一样，听众对于一个演讲者来说就是他的上帝，考虑到听众的接受水平，文化背景，思想层次等是一个演讲者第一步的准备。

2.Selecting a topic

找一个合适的话题极为关键，可以通过自己个人的知识，背景，以前的经历（尤以特殊的经历）作为切入点，往往能率先激发自己的感情。通过头脑风暴的一些方式来挖掘有兴趣的话题：personal list、clustering、references、search engine 3.Selecting a purpose

选择演讲的目的决定了我们怎么寻找材料，确定在演讲中最基本的两个期望：Determining the general purpose

Determining the specific purpose

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9815450510.html,posing a thesis statement

论点是整个公众演讲所环绕的东西，演讲紧紧地扣住论点给人一种浑然一体的整合性。

Gathering supporting materials

1.Sources of materials

查找资料的方式有很多种，但对于我们学生来说，基本的四种方式一般为：Personal knowledge

Materials in library

Internet

interview

2.Types of supporting materials

支撑材料的类型根据它的效果和意图而分：

Description

Definition

Examples

Statistics

Testimony

Visual/audio support

Comparison and contrast

3.Tips for selecting materials

在以上方式的指引下，我们都能找到大量的材料和论据，但对一个演讲来说，需要的是精辟简短而非纷繁冗杂，这就需要我们来筛选材料。问自己四个问题：信息是否与观点相关？

信息能否佐证观点？

信息是否合时宜？

是否有逻辑相关性？

4.Avoiding plagiarism

我们能参考别人的观点但绝对不能抄袭别人的想法，引用需注明出处，同时对于他人信息观点的整合再创造也是一种能力，对于以后我们的发展十分关键。

Outlining

Preparation outlines

列出关于我们演讲的基本提纲：包括标题、目的、论点、中心思想等等，在撰写演讲稿之前形成一个清晰的认识。

Speaking outlines

演讲大纲大致等同于我们脑中的提示词，同时也是制作PPT的关键元素，他们构成了我们的口头演讲。

Sentence, phrase, and key-word outlines

飞来之语，生动的描述与关键词在演讲中我们都不想错过，忽视了这些通常会让一段演讲黯然失色，这部分的再强调有利于我们加深印象。

Developing an attention-getting introduction

Major types of attention raising

1.Interesting questions

提问一些问题让听众去思考，而不是单方面去接受，同时能衔接接下来的叙述。

2.Amazing information and statistics

适时给大家一些令人震惊的信息和数据，能立刻吸引听众的兴趣。

3.Story

讲述自己或者他人的一个故事，“千金难买好故事”，但一定要着重注意故事的新颖和扣题。没有讲好一个故事会适得其反。

Organizing the body of the presentation

1.Guidelines for determining main points

Keep in mind the specific purpose

时时确立自己的演讲的中心目的，不要在相关的地方走得太远。

Provide sufficient support

确保中心观点一直被支持，没有这个作用的语句可以删繁就简。

Limit the number of main points

主要观点做到简而精，把中心观点划分的太过细致会造成冗杂的即视感。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9815450510.html,anizing the main points

Topical pattern

如果是这种模式，需要对观点进行分类，再汇集到一个主要观点上。

Problem-solution pattern

这种模式通常是先提出问题和影响，再提出自己的观点和解决办法。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9815450510.html,anizing supporting materials

组织自己的材料需要注意两个问题：unity /balance 不可忽视材料的整体性同时每个部分的平衡要保持适度比例，这样整个演讲也更充实而没有偏倚感。

Developing the conclusion

1.Signaling your conclusion

标示出整个演讲的结论，强调自己的观点同时提醒听众演讲已经进入尾声，保证他们对最终观点有足够的注意力。

2.Repeating the topic, purpose and thesis

重述自己的论点、目的再次给大家留下一层印象。

3.Reviewing the main points

Transitioning to questions

转换到提问环节，这个环节在某些场合十分重要，提问的准备能让回答问题更加自然而不至于慌乱失措。

4.Putting the conclusion together

将结论精简为一句话，给大家留下深刻印象，而不是大段的结论，华而不实。

【3】演讲的润色与打磨

完成一篇演讲的初步设计后，还需要做一些润色和改进，以获得更精彩绝伦的效果。在公众演讲的构造过程中，我们几乎考虑了所有结构和观点、论据的问题，在精简性方面也已经做得不差几分。但公众演讲有他的表演性，自然也得像做一场精心准备的表演一样，还需要在连接和语言，视觉效果上做出锤炼

Connectives

1.Transitions

精彩的连接词让演讲过度的平和自然，密不透风，而缺乏好的连接词会让一些片段听起来毫无逻辑。

2.Internal previews

在演讲里面做出后面的预演，会形成如同铺垫的效果，到正式部分时会给听众一种熟悉感。

3.Internal summaries

在演讲某部分内部做出小的总结，也会对后文结论形成扣环的效果。

4.Signposts

数字型的“路标指示”能让听众知道讲到何处，便于分神等原因后快速切入到演讲中来。

Presenting with effective language

1.Style of the presentation language

·KISS principle(keep it short, simple)

保持简短与简洁是一条基本的准则

·common, everyday words

运用日常用语能让大家听起来更加清晰易懂

·spoken language but not written language

口头用语而非书面语，公众演讲的语言正式性不必太高

·language for ear rather than for eye

语言为而耳朵服务而非眼睛服务，书面语的美观在公众演讲中不需要。·choose jargon carefully

慎选专业词汇，除非这是针对专业人士的学术性公众讲座。

2.Tips for using language effectively

选择词汇的五个基本标准：

Use familiar words

Use accurate words

Use concrete words

Use clear language

Use active voice

此外强调声音的重要性，积极的语言总能让大家有积极性去听。当然，如果演讲是为了惦念或者其他情绪，则服从演讲目的这一基本准则。

Using visual aids effectively

1.Advantages of visual aids effectively

Help your listeners understand you better

视觉展示能让听众更好地理解

Promote your audience’s interest and motivation

引起听众的兴趣和聆听动力

Help listeners remember what you have told more easily

视觉对于人的记忆远远超过其他方面的任何感觉。

2.types of visual aids

Objects and models

实物和模型会让听众眼前一亮，立刻引发兴趣。

Pictures

图片便于记忆和佐证

Graphs and charts

表格能指引听众主动寻找结论，局部参与到演讲的过程中来

Audio and video

视频和音频的直观解释能打破演讲的模式，给大家的思维切换一个空间，同时争取时间给演讲者准备下一个部分

【结论】英语公众演讲是一门包含着许多知识和技巧的学问，它的性质与特点

由其表现形式和目的所决定，这是一门古老的记忆，又是一门新颖陌生的学科，一般人不会涉及到这个方面。这是一门语言学科的综合运用，又是一种独特的表演形式，包含着英语句型、词汇、谚语、典故的多方面应用，且具有身体动作、站姿步伐、姿体语言的台上表演的特点。这是一个人的表演，又是一群人的表演，英语公众演讲的感召力往往超过其他诸多的表现形式，由于其简单性和动员性，因此也一般为许多重大场合所采用，一段小的致辞就是一段简短的公众演讲；但同时，其复杂性和经验性让许多人离之甚远，一个好的公众演讲者大多是经历了

无数场合的锤炼才有独特的号召力存在。认识英语公众演讲，对于我们以后的生活和工作意义非凡。

【参考文献】

《英语公众演讲PPT 》朱宏清

北京大学出版社《英语演讲》陶曦牛春玲张鹏编著

上海交通大学出版社《英语公众讲演技巧》赵晓红主编

河北理工大学学报(社会科学版）《英语公众演讲中批判性思维能力的培养》王梦景

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