humanity essay

JING PENG

CID:00685809

Department of electrical and electronics engineering

H08-Global history of 20th century things

Has there been innovation in the technologies of killing, and if so, why?

The term killing plays a significant role throughout the history, it seems like civilized human become less barbaric than thepast. However, the Killing has not been reduced as the human society civilizing process (David Edgerton, 2008,p160), and there are more and more innovations in the technologies of killing. From the used of catapults by Mongolians in the middle ages to the deployment of armed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in modern warfare, the innovation in lethal weaponry changed how wars were fought. In addition, as human beings tend to become more humane, the techniques of execution have been altered as well.The purposeof this essay is to provide a brief introduction of some innovation in the technologies of killingregarding the lethal weapons and execution, and to analyze the reason of these changes behind them.

There are evidences of the innovation of killing technologies as far back as the middle ages.We can find a prototypical weapon of mass destruction during the Mongol Empire expansion to the west when they deployed a number of novel methods for quick and massive-scale killing. For instance, in 1346,when laying siege

against the heavily fortified city of Kafa (now Feodossia, Ukraine), the Mongolians forcesuffered from an epidemic of plague (Wheelis M. 2002), later known as the Black Death. Very soon they realized that their soldiers who died fromthe infectious disease could become lethal weapons themselves (Eitzen EM, Jr, Takafuji ET.1997) if they could find a way to spread the disease to their enemy. This way they could convert their misfortune into an opportunity, sowhen they attacked the city of Kafa again, they began to use catapults to hurl infected dead bodies into the city walls to spread the disease. Soon the plague epidemic took place in Kafa, and the city fell soon afterwards. The Mongols used similar methods to effectively attack and conquered other cities. Also, explosive weaponry was used by the Mongolians, which then proved to be a rather efficient way of killing(Wheelis M. 2002).

Theprime driving factor behind such innovations in their methods of mass slaying was probably the need to minimize loss. Although the Mongolians have plundered every place in their wake, they were doing battles far away from the home, so logistics was a key issue in order to sustainably advance westward in a sustainable way. The efficiency of plundering for replenishing necessary war resources depended on how rich the plundered place was, and the quicker the foes were defeated, the less loss would be expected. In this way, improving the efficiency in killing enemy personnel was in effect, reducing loss. Technology of mass killing are very different from the past with the development of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, however, the key principal still remains relatively the same: how

to achieve quick elimination of the enemy and mini mize the loss of one’s own side (Wheelis M. 2002).

The World War I (1914-1918) was known for its many military innovations. From the Royal Navy’s first use of tank to the first combat aircraft design by Germany, many of these inventions were completely changed how wars were fought. TheFirst WorldWar was also referred to as a “chemists war” because of the innovation of chemical weapon introduced to combat. Germany started the first known state-sponsored, scientific chemical and biological weapons programs (Leitenberg M. 2001). Originally the chemical weapon came in the form of tear gas, but it proofed incrediblyunsuccessful, as it would fail to work in freezing climate and not effectively in combat. Later the Germany military intensified its efforts to develop lethal gas for use in combat, it was aided by Fritz Haber, who was aleading chemist in Germany and also a patriot. He pioneered the use of chlorine and phosgene gas and as weapon(Huxtable, R. J. 2002),.

The Germans first use of lethal chlorine gas as a weapon took place in the second battle of Ypres in the spring of 1915 against the British, Canadian and French armies(Croddy, Eric 2002). The effects of these poisonous gases were devastating; chlorine inflicted damage to the nose, eyes, throat and lungs. Within30 minutes of its use, hundreds of tones of gas caused about 15,000 casualties. Shortly after that, the Allied forces started to develop more effectivechemical weapon as well, both sides began hurling chemical agent to each other. In the autumn of 1915, the British

attempted to retaliate with chemical weapon at the battle of loos (Huxtable, R. J. 2002), however fail miserably, the wind blew back the gas into the British side causing more British casualties than German. This set back resulted in an innovation that put lethal gas into artillery shell. However, launching enough poison to create a cloud that would sufficiently saturate the air to a lethal level was a technological challenge. Once again Fritz Haber invented a delivery method, by simply using gas in a chemical cylinder. Attackers could launch 20 to 50 times more gas in the cylinder than they could inside smaller shell, which also had explosive taking up space inside it.

Apart from chlorine gases, there are more deadly gases were synthetized and developed as well. Chlorine was less effective as a weapon because it would produce a visible greenish color of cloud, letting it easy to be detected. The shortages of chlorine were overcome with the introduction of phosgene gas, which proved to be more deadly as it was colorless and easier to manufacture. Shortly after that, another effective mustard gas was introduced in 1917,which could produce extremely powerful vesicant effects on its victim. Furthermore, mustard gas could also pollute the battlefield because its density was higher than the air, it could settle into the soil and remained active for several weeks.

By the end of theFirst World War,approximately 130,000 tons of gaswas used. The total number of soldiers who experienced chemical casualties during the First World War reached 1.3 million, including around 100,000 deaths. Although the

chemical weapons have been effectively used as tactical weaponry to devastate the opposing side in war. As social progress,chemical weapons have been considered to be inhumane by many nations and other non-government organizations after the mass destruction created by war. This consideration let to the 1925 Geneva Protocol(Eric A. Croddy, James J. Wirtz2005), which is an international treaty to prohibit the use of chemical and weapons in warfare, signed into International Law at Geneva on June 17,1925.However, still many mass weapon of destruction had been innovated and deployed in the later warfare. Such as the invention of atomicbomb, which used by the U.S against Empire Japan and biological weapon used by the Empire Japan in the invasion of China during the Second World War.

Nowadays we are living through a revolution in military affairs linked to innovations in information processing. Because of many state of art weapon invention the military affair has been revolutionized. ()Majorproperties of the weapon are in common, unmanned, high precision, quick response time. There are many latest lethal weapon inventions in the past few years, such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV),Directed-energy laser weapon, precision guided weapon. However, the motives behind them are various.

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), also known as drone .it is an aircraft that can allow remote control without pilot on board. Originally, the first UAV was designed to use as surveillance purpose,in order to identify artillery and enemy forces (Carafano & Gudgel, 2007). Because its well performance, they began to be utilized

more often, with more and more novel models being introduced. One of the most commendable drones was model Predators, which was armed with Hellfire missiles. Such an innovation turn drones became the lethal weapons, with the loading of missiles that allows drone to terminate the target that it locates(Carafano & Gudgel, 2007). This was done after Predators spottedOsama Bin Laden multiple times but could not do anything instead of sending back images.

The most obvious reason behind the innovation of using drones as killing machine is to minimize the combat casualties, especially the non-combatants casualties.

It is the new way of killing. “It’s the 21st century way of doing war. It’s a way of waging war without putting U.S. lives at risk. It’s a way of waging war without letting the American people know we’re even at war,” said by Medea Benjamin, who is an American political activist. With advancement in technology people are hoping to obtain victory at a lower cost than previous times, requiring less manpower on the battlefield saves costs and will garner wider support population at home.

Another significant concern that has led to the implementation of these advance precision killing technologies is the natures of war have changed and the relationship of nations became complicated. In the 21st century warfare, it is no longer nation against nation; more often, it is cooperation between nations against terrorist and AI-Qaeda. At the beginning of the anti-terrorism action on the Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S military and other coalition forces depended on conventional attacking method such as large scale of missile attack from the Navy battleship and

the air bombing. Such methods would cause higher collateral damage in the civilian sector than desired damage on enemies, and is responsible in stirring up local resistance movements(Singer, P. W. 2009).

Despite Warfare, the innovationsin the methods of killing human beings were also diverse and remarkable. Until the abolishment of capital punishment well after World War II, the British mainly depended on the gallows, French on the guillotine, Spanish on the garrote.Many continued using firing squad and beheading too (David Edgerton, 2008,p.176) .The U.S. that demonstrated a notable interested for developing new ways of executing and killing its errant citizens. The most commonly used poisonous agent is hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The horrible gas chambers designed for mass killing were used by Nazi Germany aspart of their genocide program in their extermination camp. This method was later replaced by lethal injection in 1980s, which was acheaper, efficient and more humane approach.

At certain times in certain places, governments have searched to eliminate particular populations, or simply kill people in the very large scale. (David Edgerton, 2008,p178.) In order to achieve this,people were forced to think about new ways of killing, and thena novel killing method will be innovated. From the executing by shooting in large scale to the deployment of gas chamber facilities of mass destruction in the Nazi camp. These are all remarkable examples of innovations during the genocide period.

To sum up, there are incomputable evidences of innovation in killing technologies from different fields throughout recent centuries. Such innovations are often motivated by immediate needs in previous situations, eventually societal recognition of human rights began to influence innovation in lethal weapons, directing them to a more humane nature.

Reference

Wheelis M. (2002), "Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa.",Emerg Infect Dis (Center for Disease Control)

Eitzen EM, Jr, TakafujiET(1997). Historical overview of biological warfare. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, editors. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; pp. 415–423. Available

2004.

Leitenberg M. (2001).Working Paper: Biological Weapons in the 20th Century: A Review and Analysis. College Park, Md: Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland, University of Maryland; Available at:

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a15508330.html,/documents/bw%2020th%c.pdf. Accessed January 18, 2006. Croddy, Eric (2002). Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Guide for the Concerned Citizen. Copernicus Books. pp. 143–4.

Eric A. Croddy, James J. Wirtz (2005). Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology and History, Volume 1. A Carafano, J., & Gudgel, A. (2007). The Pentagon’s robots: Arming the future [Electronic version]. Backgrounder 2093, 1-6.

Singer, P. W.(2009). Military robots and the laws of war. The New Atlantis, Volume 23, pp. 25-45.

Singer, P. W. (2009). Wired for war: The robotics revolution and conflict in the 21st century. Penguin Press.

David Edgerton, (2008).The shock of the old: Technology and global history since 1900,Volume 6 and 7,pp.138-183.

Lord LYELL.(1996).Chemical and Biological Weapons: the poor man’s bomb.

Huxtable, R. J. (2002). "Reflections: Fritz Haber and the ambiguity of ethics".

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