车辆专业英语
1.2Engine
The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train.
发动机作为动力装置。内燃机是最常见的：通过燃烧发动机气缸里的液体燃料而获得能量。内燃机有两种类型：汽油机（又称为点燃式发动机）和柴油机（又称为压燃式发动机）。两种类型均被称为热力发动机。燃烧燃料产生的热量使汽缸里气体的气压增加并提供能量通过传动轴连接到传动系统。
1.3 Body
An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.
汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳内而成。车身为发动机、乘客和货物覆盖提供保护。车身的设计要保证乘客安全舒适。车身的款式为汽车提供了吸引人的、美丽多彩的、时尚的外观。
2.1.1 Engine and power 发动机与动力
Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine.
能源是用于生产动力。燃料的化学能通过燃烧转化为热量，这个过程被称为燃烧。如果发动机燃烧发生在汽缸内的地方，这个发动机被称为内部燃烧发动机。如果燃烧发生在汽缸外的地方，被称为发动机外部燃烧发动机。
Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.
用于汽车的发动机是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放提高了燃烧室气体温度。燃烧气体温度的升高引起气压变大。燃烧室内压力增大被应用到了活塞产生一个可用的机械力，然后将其转换成有用的机械能。
2.1.2 Engine Terms 发动机术语
Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job.
通过曲轴连杆连接活塞,造成气体轴旋转半转。动力冲程“使用了”气压，意味着必须提供手段驱逐燃烧气体和回灌用新鲜的汽油和空气混合气体钢瓶：这种气体的运动控制是阀门的责任;一进气阀使新进入的混合物在适当的时间和一排气阀让燃烧后的气体在已完成了它的工作任务后排出，
2.1.4 Engine Overall Mechanics发动机结构
The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system（润滑）and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later. （后续章节）
2.2.1Engine Block 发动机缸体
The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.
发动机缸体是发动机的基本框架。所有其他发动机零件要么在其中要么固定它上面。它包含气缸、水套、油道。发动机缸体还装有曲轴，被固定在缸体底部。凸轮轴块通常装在缸体内，除顶置凸轮（OHC）发动机。在大多数汽车，这个部件是由灰铸铁或者一种合金（混合物）灰铁和其它金属如镍或铬。发动机缸体是铸件。
Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.
有些气缸体，特别是在小汽车里的那些，都是由铝做成的。这种金属比铁轻得多，然而，铁的耐磨性比铝好。因此，在大多数铝制发动机的气缸内镶有铁或钢套管。这些轴套被称为气缸套。有些气缸体完全由铝做成。
2.2.3 Gasket 衬垫
The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.
气缸盖连接到具有高强度气缸体。它们之间的连接必须不透气，使燃烧的混合气体不能泄露。这是通过使用气缸盖垫片实现，这是一个夹层垫片，即在两片铜之间有石棉，这两种材料能承受发动机内高温和压力。
2.2.4 Oil Pan or Sump 油底壳
The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.
油底壳通常由钢冲压形成。油底壳和气缸体的下半部分一同被叫做曲轴箱，他们把曲轴封闭起来。润滑系统中的油泵从油底壳抽取油，并将其发送到发动机的所有工作部件。润滑油排出和回流到油底壳。因此，润滑油在发动机的轴箱与工作着的零件之间不断地循环。
2.3.1 Piston Assembly 活塞总成
The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.
活塞是四个运动周期中一个重要部分,很多活塞都是由铝铸成.活塞,通过连杆传递力到曲轴通过混合气燃烧，这些力转化为曲柄的动能.这样,圆形的钢圈装入汽缸,用活塞环来密封整个燃烧室.这个称为活塞环。这些用来放活塞环的称为凹槽。一个活塞销放在中间通过一个小孔固定。活塞销的作用是固定活塞于连杆之间的连接，对活塞销起作用的是活塞销凸台。
2.3.2.Piston 活塞
To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands. 为了抵抗燃烧室的高温，活塞必须非常坚固，但是也必须轻便，因为它是在气缸内高速运转而上下运动的，活塞内是空的，在顶部是厚的用来传递高温高压的气体动力，底部温度较低所以做成薄的。顶部是活塞头或活塞顶，薄部分是裙部，两节之间的凹槽称为环带。
The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.
活塞顶可以是平的，凹的，圆顶的或是隐蔽的，在柴油机的燃烧可能形成完全或部分活塞冠，依靠这种方法喷射。所以活塞采用不同的形状
2.3.3Piston Rings 活塞环
In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.).the inside surface of the ring fits in the groove on the piston. The ring’s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring. Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines. The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.
现在的发动机，每个活塞有三个活塞环，（老式的发动机有四个甚至五个）。活塞环装在活塞内表面的凹槽内。活塞环的外表面紧靠着汽缸壁,活塞环提供了活塞环于汽缸壁之间的密封，也就是说，只有活塞环接触汽缸壁。顶头两个活塞环是防止气体从汽缸壁漏出的，称为压缩环。最底下的一个是防止汽油飞溅到缸桶而从间隙进入到燃烧室，所以称为油环。表面镀铬的铸铁压缩环一般用于汽车的发动机。镀铬的活塞环提供了光滑，耐磨的表面。
During the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings. This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.
在做功行程，燃烧室对压缩环的压力是非常大的。原因是他们朝汽缸壁方向挤开，一些高压的气体进入到活塞环，这样使得活塞环表面充分接触到汽缸壁，燃烧的气体压力使得活塞环底部紧紧地压住活塞凹槽，然而，越高的燃烧的气体压力更加紧紧地把活塞环表面和汽缸壁密封住。
2.3.4 Piston Pin 活塞销
The piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits inside the bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , through the small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and have a hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.
活塞销是用来连接活塞于连杆的。活塞销装入销孔，装入连杆最顶头的小孔。连杆的顶部应远小于连杆的尾部才能装进曲柄轴颈。小的底部装进活塞的内底部。活塞销通过一边装入活塞销，通过小的连杆一端，然后通过活塞的另一边。这使得连杆稳固地在活塞中间适当的位置。活塞销是是空心的且是高强度的钢制成的。很多销的镀铬的使得更加耐磨。
2.3.3 Connecting rod 连杆
The connecting rod is made of forged high-strength steel . It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on the crankshaft . The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin . A bush made from a soft metal , such as bronze , is used for this joint . The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal . This is called the big end . For this big-end bearing , steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used . These are the same as those used for the main bearings . The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle , so that it is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore . The connecting rod is made from forged alloy steel .
连杆是高强度的钢铸造的，它通过曲柄轴颈传递力和运动从活塞到曲柄销。连杆小的一头是连接活塞销的。轴瓦是用软金属制成的，比如青铜，用来这样合成的。下级的连杆装进曲柄轴颈。这称为大头。这个轴承，是钢背的铅或者是锡壳制成的。这些是一样被用作主要轴承。大端的分离切口往往是单个的，所以它足够小可以从燃烧室中取出。连杆由合金钢铸成。
2.3.5 Crankshaft 曲轴
The crankshaft , in conjunction with the connecting rod , coverts the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive the vehicle . It is usually made from carbon steel which is alloyed with a small proportion of nickel .The main bearing journals fit into the cylinder block and the big end journals align with the connecting rods .At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel , and at the front end are the driving whells for the timing gears , fan , cooling water and alternator .
曲轴，连同连杆通过旋转而带动活塞往复运动从而带动汽车行驶。它是由碳钢和低比例的镍合成的。主要的曲轴轴颈装进汽缸，大端匹配连杆。在曲轴的后端附加有飞轮，在曲轴的前端有驱动轮对应的正时齿轮，风扇，冷却水和发电机。
The throw of the crankshaft , the distance between the main journal and the big end centers , controls the length of the stroke . The stroke is double the throw , and the stroke-length is the distance that the piston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa .
曲轴的摆幅，i，e，是主要的轴颈和大端中心之间的距离。控制冲程的幅度，冲程是双次进行的，摆动的幅度是活塞从TDC到BDC的距离，反之亦然。
2.3.6 Flywheel
The flywheel is the made from carbon steel . It fit s onto the rear of the crankshaft . As well as keeping the engine rotating between power strokes it also carries the clutch , which transmits the drive to the transmission , and has the starter ring gear around its circumference . There is only one working stroke in four so a flywheel is needed to drive the crankshaft during the time that the engine is performing the non-power strokes .
飞轮有碳钢制成，装在曲轴的后端。同时带动曲轴旋转和离合器。同时传送给变速器，和启动齿圈包围着；在四个冲程当中只有一个冲程是做功的所以飞轮只有在这个时间带动曲轴，发动机在这几个不做功的冲程转动。
2. Push-rod Valve Train 推杆气门传动
In this arrangement , the cam lobs push against round metal cylinders called follower。As the lobe of the cam comes up and down the cam follower,it pushes the cam follower upward ( away from the camshaft ) . The cam follower rides against a push rod , which pushes against a rocker arm . The rocker arm pivots on a shaft through its center . As one side of the rocker arm moves up , the other side moves down , just like a seesaw . The downward-moving side of the rocker arm pushes on the valve stem to open the valve .
在这种布置中，凸轮凸起推向叫做凸轮挺杆的圆形金属杆。当凸轮的凸起运动到凸轮挺杆下时，它推动凸轮挺杆向上（远离凸轮轴）。凸轮挺杆顶在推杆，推杆推向摇臂。摇臂绕一根轴中心转动。当摇臂的一端向上运动时，另一端向下运动，恰象一个翘翘板。摇臂的向下的一端推上阀杆打开气阀。
2.4.2 Valve Clearance 气门间隙
When the engine runs in compression stroke and power stroke , the valves must close tightly on their seats to produce a gas-tight seal and thus prevent the gases escaping from the combustion chamber . If the valves do not close fully the engine will not develop fill power . Also the valve heads will be liable to be brunt by the passing hot gases , and there is the likelihood of crown touching an open valve , which can seriously damage the engine .
当发动机工作在压缩和出力冲程时，气阀必须紧紧地关闭在它的阀座上以产生气密，因此防止气体从燃烧室泄漏。如果气阀不能完全关闭，发动机就不能产生全动力。而且气门头部容易被通过的热气体的冲击，并有可能性碰到气门罩，使发动机严重损坏。。
So that the valves can close fully some clearance is needed in the operating mechanism . This means that the operating mechanism must be able to move sufficiently far enough away from the valve t allow the valves to be fully closed against its seat by the valve spring . However , if the clearance is set too great this will cause a light metallic taping noise .
所以在气门传动机构中要预留一些间隙使气门得以完全关闭。这就是说，气门传动机
构运动要与气门有一个充分远的距离，使得气门在气门弹簧作用下紧闭气门座。可是如果间隙过大，会引起轻微的金属敲打声。
2.4.3 Valve Timing配气正时
The time at which valves open and close ( valve timing ) and the duration of the valve opening in stated in degrees of crankshaft rotation . For example , the intake valve normally begins to open just before the piston has reached the top dead center . The valve remains open as the piston travels down to BDC and even past BDC . This is intake valve duration .An example of this could be stated as follows : IO at 17BTDC , IC at 51ABDC ( or , intake opens 17before top dead center , intake closes 51after bottom dead center ) . Intake valve duration in this case is 248 of crankshaft rotation .
气阀打开和关闭的时间和气阀打开的时长用曲轴转动的角度表示。例如，进气阀恰在活塞到达上止点前正常地开始打开。它在活塞向下移动到BDC甚至过BDC 时仍保持打开，这是进气阀打开持续时间。这个例子可以说明为：进气阀在17°BTDC打开，进气阀在51°ABDC关闭。在这种情况下，进气阀打开持续时间是曲轴转过248°
It is apparent from this description that the exhaust valve stays open for a short period of time during which the intake valve is also open . In other words , the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke overlap for a short period of time . This is called valve overlap . Valve timing and valve overlap vary on different engines.
根据这个说明，在进气阀打开时，排气阀仍保持打开一小段时间，换句话说，排气冲程结束前和进气冲程开始后重叠一小段时间，这叫气门重叠。
Opening the intake valve before TDC and closing it after BDC increase the fill of air-fuel mixture in the cylinder . Opening the intake valve early helps overcome the static inertia of the air-fuel mixture at the beginning of the intake stroke , while leaving the intake valve open after BDC takes advantage of the kentia of the moving air-fuel mixture . This increase volumetric efficiency .
在TDC前打开进气阀和在BDC后关闭它增加了注入气缸的燃料混合气量。早一点打开进气阀有助于在进气冲程开始时克服燃料混合气的静止惯性，而进气阀在BDC后打开则利于运动的燃料混合气的动态惯性。这提高了容积效率。
As the piston moves down on the power stroke past the 90 ATDC position , pressure in the cylinder has dropped , and the leverage to the crankshaft has decreased due to connecting rod angle and crankshaft position . This ends the effective length of the power stroke , and the exhaust valve can now be opened to begin expelling the burned gases . The exhaust valve remains open until the piston has moved up past the TDC position . This helps to remove as much of the burned gases as is possible and increase volumetric efficiency .
当活塞在出力冲程阶段向下运动过TDC位置后的90°处，气缸内压力降低，由于连杆角和曲柄轴位置，对曲柄轴的杠杆作用力已经减小。这结束出力行程的有效长度，现在排气阀可能打开，开始排出燃烧过的气体。直到活塞向上运动过TDC位置时，排气阀一直打开。这有助于燃烧过的气体尽可能多地排出，因此提高了容积效率。
The entire valve-train assembly can be viewed as a spring/mass system in which the conversion from stored to ree energy causes forced vibration. Valve-train assemblies with overhead camshafts can be represented with sufficient accuracy by a 1-mass system (consisting of the moving mass, the valve-train assembly stiffness and corresponding damping).
整个气门机构总成可看成一个弹簧-质量系统，其储存的能量转化为自由能量时会引起受迫振动。带有顶置凸轮轴的气门机构可非常精确地用单质量系统来表示，由运动质量、气门机构的刚度和相应的阻尼组成。
2.4.5 Camshaft Drive Mechanism凸轮轴驱动机构
Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a valve. A cycle, remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft . Therefore, the camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft . This is accomplished with a 2:1 gear ratio .A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear connected to the crankshaft. The gears are linked in one of three ways:
在四冲程循环中，每个凸轮必须转动一次以打开气阀。记住，一个循环相当于曲轴的两转。因此，凸轮轴必须精确地以曲轴速度的一半转动。这是以2︰1的齿轮比实现的。一个装到凸轮轴上的齿轮的齿数是装到曲轴上的齿轮齿数的两倍。这些齿轮的连接方式有三种
1.Belt Drive皮带传动
A cog-type belt can be used .Such belts are made of synthetic rubber and reinforced with internal steel or fiberglass strands. The belts have teeth ,or slotted spaces to engage and drive teeth on gear wheels. A belt typically is used on engines with overhead-cam valve trains.
可用齿型带。这些皮带用合成橡胶制造并用内置钢或玻璃纤维强化。皮带有齿或槽型空间与齿轮上的齿啮合并驱动。皮带典型地用在顶置凸轮气阀传动的发动机上。
2.Chain Drive链传动
On some engines, a metal chain is used to connect the crankshaft and camshaft gears. Most push-rod engines and some OHC engines have chains.
在一些发动机上，采用金属链连接曲轴和凸轮齿轮。大多数推杆发动机和OHC 发动机采用这种方式
3.Gear Drive齿轮传动
The camshaft and crankshaft gears can be connected directly, or meshed. This type of operating linkage commonly is used on older six-cylinder, inline engines.
A camshaft driven by a chain or belt turns in the same direction as the crankshaft . But a Camshaft driven directly by the crankshaft gear turns in the opposite direction. Timing belts are used because they cost less than chains and operate more quietly. A typical timing belt is made of neoprene (synthetic rubber) reinforced with fiberglass.
凸轮轴和曲柄轴直接连接或啮合。这种类型的连接常用于老式6缸、直列发动机上。
用链或皮带传动的凸轮轴与曲轴的转动方向相同。但直接由曲轴齿轮传动传动的凸轮轴以相反的方向转动。采用正时皮带因为它们的成本比链传动低得多，且运转更安静。典型的正时皮带是用氯丁橡胶（合成橡胶）制造，用玻璃纤维强化。
2.4.6 Electronic Valve Control System电子气阀控制系统
An electronic value control (EVC) system replaces the mechanical camshaft, controlling each value with actuators for independent value timing. The EVC system controls the opening and closing time and lift amount of each intake and exhaust valve with independent actuators on each value. Changing from a mechanical camshaft driven value into independently controlled actuator valves provides a huge amount of flexibility in engine control strategy. Vehicles utilizing EVC can realize several benefits including:
1)increases engine power and fuel economy,
2)allows centralized and distributed EVC systems to perform at their full potential,
3)adapts to engines of varied cylinder counts.
电子气阀控制系统替代机械凸轮，对分立的气阀正时，用执行器控制每一个气阀。电子阀控系统用每个气阀上的分立执行器控制进气阀和排气阀的打开和关闭时间和提起量。从机械凸轮驱动改变为独立控制执行器阀为发动机控制提供了巨大的灵活性。车辆利用EVC的优点包括：
1）增加发动机动力和燃料经济性。
2）允许集中和分布布置EVC系统以发挥它们全部潜能。
3）适应不同气缸数的发动机。
With all of the improved efficiencies and consumer benefits, auto manufacturers are eager to get their first EVC systems on the road. The EVC system is targeted to operate in temperatures up to 125, while the actuator is targeted to run up to 6000 r/min. The actuator can be controlled in a centralized system with a high-speed multiplex bus (up to 10Mbps) or in a distributed system with a nominal speed bus.由于改善了效率和消费者利益，汽车制造商渴望获得他们的第一个EVC系统，EVC系统把目标定为使温度达到125°，而执行器的目标是适应6000转/分。可以在一个集中系统中用高速总线控制执行器（高达10Mbps），或在分布系统中用名义速度总线控制执行器。
EVC systems must be compact in size, specifically the actuators that must be small enough to fit in the engine space. A vehicle that uses a 42V system is ideal for EVC because it requires high voltage to control the value actuators, and EVC is targeted for V8 and V12 engines. The EVC system is also highly flexible, allowing adaptability for a number of cylinder engines.
EVC系统布置必须是紧凑，特别是执行器必须足够小以装进发动机。采用42V的系统的车辆对于EVC是理想的，因为它要求高压控制气阀执行器，EVC的应用目标是V8和V12。EVC系统还具有高度灵活性，可用于多气缸发动机。
2.5.2 Adaptation to Operating Condition适应工况条件
In certain operation conditions , the fuel requirement differs greatly from the basic injection-fuel quantity so that corrective is required in mixture formation .
在一定的操作条件下，燃料需求不同的混合模式于基本注入燃料的数量大于干预必需的.
1.Cold Start冷启动
During a cold start , the air-fuel mixture drawn in by the engine leans off . This is due to the low turbulence at cranking speeds causing poor mixture of the fuel particles with the air , and to the minimal evaporation of the fuel and wetting of the cylinder walls and intake ports with fuel at low temperature . In order to compensate for these phenomena , and thus facilitate staring of the cold engine , additional fuel must be injected during cranking .
在冷启动时，空气燃料混合物的发动机制定的加浓了。这是由于在起动速度低如果混合物燃油与空气粒子流动速度，并以最小的燃油蒸发和汽缸壁和进气口，在低温下润湿燃料。为了弥补这些现象，从而促进ID的冷发动机，注入更多的燃料才更容易起动。
2.Post-start Phase后启动阶段
After staring at low temperatures , it is necessary to enrich the mixture for a short period in order to compensate for poor mixture formation and wetting of the cylinder and intake-port walls with fuel . In addition , the rich mixture results in higher torque and therefore better throttle response when accelerating from idle .
在低温起动后，必须加浓的一段短时期的混合物，以补偿较浠混合气的形成和摄入量与燃料缸。此外，在高扭矩，为更好的油门响应更加丰富的混合物时，加速从闲置的结果
3.Warm-up 热机
The warm up phase follows the cold-start and the post-start phase . The engine needs extra fuel during the warm-up phase because some of the fuel condenses on the still cold cylinder walls . At low temperatures , mixture formation is poor due to the large fuel droplets concerned , and due to the inefficient mixing of the fuel with the air drawn in by the engine , The result is that fuel condenses on the intake valves and in the intake manifold , and only evaporates at higher temperatures .
预热阶段遵循冷启动阶段。该发动机的燃料需要，因为凝结一些仍然在寒冷的汽缸壁的热身阶段额外的燃料。在低温时，混合物的形成是由于较浓的大型燃料液滴的加入，由于与拟定的发动机在空气中混合燃料效率下降。其结果是，在进气阀门和进气歧管，只有在较高温度下燃油蒸发浓缩。
The above factors all necessitate an increasing enrichment of the mixture along with decreasing temperature .上述因素均随温度降低必要的加浓的混合物.
4.Acceleration加速度
If the throttle is opened abruptly , the air-fuel mixture is momentarily leaned-off , and a short period of mixture enrichment is needed to ensure good transitional response .
如果油门突然被打开，空气燃料混合物瞬间倾斜过，以及混合浓缩短期内是需要确保良好的过渡响应。
这种加速浓缩的“平点”，当发动机是冷的，因为它需要进一步浓缩到不到最佳的空气燃油混合，并且由于燃料存在之诸可能性进流形壁沉积
5 . Part Load部分负荷
During part-load operation , achieving maximum air-fuel economy and observing the emission values are the crucial factors .
在部分负荷运行，实现最大的燃油经济性和排放值是观察的关键因素。
6.Full Load 全负荷
The engine delivers maximum power at full load , when the air-fuel mixture must be enriched compared to that at part load .
This enrichment depends on engine speed and provide maximum possible torque over the entire engine-speed range . This also ensure optimum fuel-economy figures during full-load operation . 该引擎提供了在满负荷最大功率，当空气燃料混合比，必须加以丰富，在部分负荷。
这种丰富依赖于发动机转速和提供最大的在整个发动机转速范围内尽可能的扭矩。这也确保在满负荷运行最佳燃油经济性的数字。
7.Idling怠速
In addition to the efficiency of the engine , the engine idle speed principally determines the fuel consumption at idle .The higher frictional resistances in the cold engine must be overcome by increasing the air-fuel mixture input . In order to achieve smoother running at idle , the idle-speed control increases the idle speed . This also leads to more rapid warm-up of the engine . Close-loop idle-speed control prevents too high an idle speed . The mixture quantity corresponds to the quantity required for maintaining the idle speed at the relevant load ( e.g.. cold engine and increased friction ) . It also permits constant exhaust-gas emission values for a long period without idle adjustment . Closed-loop idle-speed control also partially compensates for charges in the engine resulting from aging and ensures stable engine idling throughout the service life .
除了发动机的效率，发动机怠速主要决定于闲置的燃料消耗，在发动机冷高摩阻力，必须通过提高空气燃油混合输入克服。为了实现平稳运行在空闲，空闲速度控制怠速提高。这也导致了更快速热身的发动机。闭环闲置速度控制功能可以防止怠速过高。该混合物的数量相对应维持在有关的负载（如冷发动机，并增加摩擦）怠速所需要的数量。它还允许一个没有长期闲置的调整不断废气排放值。闭环闲置速度控制还部分地弥补在发动机老化带来的变化，并确保稳定的发动机整个使用寿命空转。
8.Overrun空载
Cutting off the fuel during deceleration reduces fuel consumption not merely on long downhill runs and during braking , but also in town traffic . Because no fuel is burnt , there are no emission .
减速时切断燃油降低燃油消耗不仅是长下坡运行和制动过程中，而且在城市交通。由于没有燃料完全燃烧，减少废气排放。
9.Engine-speed Limiting发动机限速
When a presser engine speed is reached , the ECU suppresses the fuel-injection pulses .
当发动机转速达到预设，教统会抑制燃油喷射脉冲。
10.Adaptation of the Air-fuel Mixture at High Altitudes空气燃料混合物在高海拔适应
The low density of air at high altitudes necessitates a leaner air-fuel mixture . At high altitudes , due to the lower air density , the volumetric floe measured by the air-fuel sensor corresponds to a lower air-mass floe . This error can compensated for by correcting the fuel quantity . Over-enrichment is avoided and , therefore , excessive fuel consumption .
在高海拔地区的空气密度低就必须更精简的空气燃料混合物。在高海拔地区，由于较低的空气密度，容积流量的空气流量传感器对应一个较低的空气质量流量测量。这个错误可以弥补纠正的燃料数量。过度富集是可以避免的，因此，过多的燃料消耗
2.5.3 Carburetor 化油器
the fuel system has a fuel tank , fuel tank , fuel pump , fuel filter and carburetor . These parts store gasoline and deliver it to the carburetor as needed . Stated simply , the fuel tank stores the gasoline . The fuel lines carry the fuel from the tank to the carburetor . The fuel pump moves gasoline from the tank and through the fuel lines to carburetor . the fuel filter removes impurities from the gasoline . Then the carburetor sends the fuel ━a mixture of air and gasoline ━into the combustion chamber .
燃料系统有一个油箱，油管，燃油泵，燃油滤清器和化油器。这零部件商店汽油，并提供给需要的化油器。简而言之，油箱储存汽油。行携带的燃料从油箱的燃料化油器。移动汽油燃油泵从油箱的燃料，并通过线化油器。燃料过滤器除去杂质的汽油。然后，化油器发送燃料的空气和汽油的混合物 - 进入燃烧室。
Fuel pump: 油泵
Most cars today have a mechanical fuel pump. This pumps fuel out of the tank and through the fuel lines to the carburetor or injection system. In most cars, the pump is mounted on the engine block. Some cars have an electric fuel pump. This pump mounts in the fuel tank with the fuel pickup and the fuel-gauge-sending unit. (P.37) 当前大多数车采用机械油泵，油泵从油箱抽出油，通过油管送到化油器或喷射系统。大部分车的油泵安装在缸体上。一些车采用电动油泵，油泵安装在油箱上，附带有油量传感器和燃油表油量传送装置。
2。化油器
A carburetor delivers fuel in proportion to the amount of air flowing through it. As you press on the accelerator pedal, the throttle valve opens wider to draw more air through the carburetor The carburetor provides richer or leaner mixtures, depending on a number of factors: engine speed, load, temperature, and throttle position. To meet complicated demands, a carburetor is a highly intricate device, with many internal passages and parts.
化油器输送的燃油与流经化油器的空气量成一定比例。踩下加速踏板，节气门开度变大，化油器吸入的空气增加。化油器可提供较浓或较稀的混合气，这取决于发动机转速、负荷、温度和油门开度等因素。为满足复杂的要求，化油器的结构也很复杂，其上有很多内部通道和部件
Venturi : 喉管
An automobile carburetor is designed with a venturi chamber. The venturi is simply a narrowed portion in the air passage. Air moving through the throat of the carburetor speeds up as it travels through this narrowed passageway. The increased air speed through the venturi creates a low-pressure area at the opening of the fuel nozzle. Atmospheric pressure pushes down on a fuel reservoir within the carburetor known as the float chamber. Fuel is forced through a tube that extends into the low-pressure area of the venturi. Thus, fuel sprays through the end of the tube into the air stream.
化油器设计成带有喉管的形式，喉管只是空气通道中一段狭窄的部分。空气流过化油器的喉管时速度增加，在喷嘴的开口处形成低压区。大气压力作用在储存汽油的浮子室上。燃油便被压入伸向喉管低压区的喷管里。这样燃油从喷管末端喷射到气流中。
carburetor: 浮子室
The float chamber is a reservoir for storing and supplying fuel to the carburetor. As the engineuses fuel, the float chamber replenishes it automatically. The float chamber works on the same basic principle as the holding tank in a flushing toilet. A float rests on top of the fuel in the reservoir. As fuel is used, the float level drops. When the float drops, a needle valve is opened.
浮子室用于储存燃油以及向化油器提供燃油。发动机消耗燃油时，浮子室会自动进行补充。浮子室和抽水马桶储水箱的基本工作原理是相同的。浮子停留在浮子室的油面上。消耗燃油时，浮子下落，针阀打开。
The pressure differential between the float chamber and the venturi causes fuel to flow. However, to maintain the proper air-fuel ratio, the carburetor must provide just the right amount of fuel. To do so, the main discharge tube has a small hole (called a jet or main jet). This allows a precise amount of fuel to enter the airstream. In most cases, this small hole is in the float chamber at the end of the main discharge tube. There, its small size limits fuel flow.
浮子室和喉管之间的压力差引燃油的流动。然而，为维持合适的空燃比，化油器必须提供适量的燃油。为此，在主喷管上有一个小孔，称作量孔或主量孔，它使得精确数量的燃油进入到气流中。量孔一般在主喷管末端的浮子室里，控制着燃油的流量。
throttle mechanism：节气门机构The throttle mechanism controls the flow of the air- fuel mixture. The throttle has several parts, including the throttle shaft and the throttle plate. By opening and closing, the throttle plate controls the flow of the air-fuel mixture into the engine. More air flows in as the plate opens; less air flows in as the plate closes. 节气门机构控制着可燃混合气的流量，包括节气门轴和节气门等部件。节气门的开启和关闭控制着进入发动机的可燃混合气流量。节气门开启，空气流量增加；节气门关闭，空气流量减少。
车辆工程专业英语概述
The Principal Components Of Automotive 张可可2013210612 The Principal Components Of Automotive contains the body, the engine , the chassis , the power train system, the steering system, the suspension system and wheels , the braking system and the electrical and electronic system. 1 The body An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood and a trunk deck built into it.It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers and cargo. It is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 2 The engine The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines. the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train.
公司职位、职业(英文缩写大全)
公司职位及英文缩写 公司高层职位的英文缩写: CEO ：Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官 CFO ：Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官 COO ：Chief Operated Officer 首席运营官 CTO ：Chief Technology Officer 首席技术官 CIO ：Chief Information Officer 首席信息官 CRO ：Chief Risk Officer 首席风险官 CEO（Chief Executive Officer），即首席执行官，是美国人在20世纪60年代进行公司治理结构改革创新时的产物，它的出现在某种意义上代表着将原来董事会手中的一些决策权过渡到经营层手中。 在我国，CEO这个概念最早出现在一些网络企业中。在那里，CEO往往是自封的，也很少有人去研究这一称谓对企业到底意味着什么。但是，当“CEO”在中国叫得越来越响的时候， 我们应该认识到，高层人员称谓的改变不是一件小事，设立CEO职位不应仅仅是对时尚的追赶。 CFO(Chief Financial Officer)意指公司首席财政官或财务总监，是现代公司中最重要、最有价值的顶尖管理职位之一，是掌握着企业的神经系统(财务信息)和血液系统（现金资源）灵魂人物。 做一名成功的CFO需要具备丰富的金融理论知识和实务经验。公司理财与金融市场交互、项目估价、风险管理、产品研发、战略规划、企业核心竞争力的识别与建立以及洞悉信息技术及电子商务对企业的冲击等自然都是CFO职责范围内的事。 在一个大型公司运作中，CFO是一个穿插在金融市场操作和公司内部财务管理之间的角色。担当CFO的人才大多是拥有多年在金融市场驰骋经验的人。在美国，优秀的CFO常常在华尔街做过成功的基金经理人。 COO (chief Operation officer )首席营运官的职责主要是负责公司的日常营运，辅助CEO 的工作。一般来讲，COO负责公司职能管理组织体系的建设，并代表CEO处理企业的日常职能事务。如果公司未设有总裁职务，则COO还要承担整体业务管理的职能，主管企业营销与综合业务拓展，负责建立公司整个的销售策略与政策，组织生产经营，协助CEO制定公司的业务发展计划，并对公司的经营绩效进行考核。 CTO(首席技术官、技术长)是英语Chief Technology Officer的简写，意即企业内负责技术的最高负责人。CTO是技术资源的管理者，职责是把握总体技术方向，对技术选型和具体技术问题进行指导和把关，完成所赋予的各项技术任务/项目。通常只有高科技企业、研发单位、生产单位等才设立CTO职位。
车辆工程汽车离合器的外文文献翻译
经典文档下载后可编辑复制 湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目有限元热分析的陶瓷离合器 专业车辆工程 班级Xxx 姓名Xxxx 学号2010138xx 指导教师 职称Xxx 副教授 2014年2月25日
Fethermal analysis of a ceramic clutch 1. Introduction Abrasive dry running vehicle clutches are force closure couplings. Torque and speed transmission are ensured by the frictional force generated between two pressed surfaces. Reasons for the application of ceramic as a friction medium include good heat and wear resistance properties, which provide the opportunity to drive higher pressures, and a low density. Thus, an increasing power density is enabled with a parallel minimization of construction space. Measurements with a first prototype of a clutch disk using ceramic facings were performed at Karlsruhe University in a laboratory specialized in passenger car drive system testing. In the course of analysis the finite element (FE) model was to be constructed with the knowledge of measurement data and measurement conditions. Calculations were intended to determine the temperature distribution of the clutch disk and its environment at each moment in time corresponding to measurements. It is essential to be familiar with the temperature range in order to examine the wear characteristics of the system. Thus, important information is derived from measurement data. In critical load cases, the highest expected temperatures must be forecast in space and time in order to protect measuring instruments close to the location of heat generation. The goal of this study is to analyze and modify the clutch system to provide better operating conditions by improving the heat conduction and convection of the system or to increase the amount of the energy converted into frictional heat. Furthermore, it is desired to find better design solutions for more efficient clutch systems. Calculations were performed by the Cosmos Design Star software. During model development, great care had to be taken for proper simplification of geometry, the selection of element sizes, and the correct adjustment of time steps due to the substantial hardware requirements for transient calculations. Changes in thermal parameters such as the surface heat convection coefficient and thermal load had to be taken into consideration on an on-going basis in terms of time and location. The two sides of the analyzed test clutch system can only be managed by two independent models linked by heat partition,
外科专业英语
酸碱平衡和水电解质紊乱 acid-base disorders 酸碱失衡 acid-base balance 酸碱平衡 acute/chronic acidosis 急性/慢性酸中毒 acidemia 酸血症 acute/chronic alkalosis 急性/慢性碱中毒 alkalemia 碱血症 simple acid-base disorder 单纯性酸碱失衡 mixed acid-base disorder 混合性酸碱失衡 buffer system 缓冲对系统 anion gap 阴离子间隙delta gap 阳离子间隙 respiratory acidosis 呼酸 respiratory alkalosis 呼碱 metabolic acidosis 代酸 metabolic alkalosis 代碱 hypochloremia 低氯血症 hyperchloremia 高氯血症 hypoxemia 低氧血症hyperoxemia 高氧血症 hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypercalcemia 高钙血症 hypokalemia 低钾血症hyperkalemia 高钾血症 hyponatremia 低钠血症hypernatremia 高钠血症 magnesium deficiency 镁缺乏
magnesium excess 镁过多 hypomagnesemia 低镁血症 hypermagnesemia 高镁血症 hypophosphatemia 低磷血症 hyperphosphatemia 高磷血症 hypercapnia 高碳酸血症posthypercapnic metabolic alkalosis 高碳酸血症后碱中毒diabetic ketoacidosis 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 uremia 尿毒症 lactic acidosis 乳酸酸中毒 saline-responsive alkalosis 盐水反应性碱中毒 saline-resistant alkalosis 盐水抵抗性碱中毒 isotonic dehydration 等渗性缺水 hypotonic dehydration 低渗性缺水 hypertonic dehydration 高渗性缺水edema 水肿 water intoxication 水中毒 休克 shock 休克 hemorrhagic shock 失血性休克traumatic shock 创伤性休克 septic shock脓毒性休克shock lung 休克肺 shock kidney 休克肾 软组织感染 furuncle 疖 paronychia 甲沟炎 erysipelas 丹毒 acute phlegmon 急性蜂窝织炎 acute lymphangitis 急性淋巴管
车辆英语词汇
车辆英语词汇 车辆英语词汇.txt铁饭碗的真实含义不是在一个地方吃一辈子饭，而是一辈子到哪儿都有饭吃。就算是一坨屎，也有遇见屎壳郎的那天。所以你大可不必为今天的自己有太多担忧。1 铁道车辆;铁路车辆Railway vehicle;RAILWAY CAR 2 客车Passenger car;CARRIAGE;COACH 3 高速客车High-speed passenger car 4 双层客车Double deck coach;DOUBLE DECK PASSENGER CAR;BI-LEVEL COACH 5 低重心客车Low floor coach 6 关节客车;关节式客车Articulated passenger car;ARTICULATED COACH 7 座席车Seating car 8 软座车Cushioned seat car;CUSHIONED-SEAT COACH;UPHOLSTERED-SEAT COACH 9 硬座车Hard seat coach;SEMI-CUSHIONED SEAT COACH 10 卧铺车Sleeping car 11 软卧车Cushioned berth sleeping car;UPHOLSTERED COUCHETTE 12 硬卧车Semi-cushioned sleeping car;SEMI-CUSHIONED BERTH SLEEPING CAR;SEMI-CUSHIONED COUCHETTE 13 坐卧两用车Coach with reclining seat 14 公务车Service car;OFFICER'S CAR 15 旅游车Tourist car 16 酒吧车Bar car;BUFFET CAR 17 餐车Dining car 18 行李车Baggage car;LUGGAGE VAN 19 邮政车Postal car;MAIL VAN 20 货车Freight car;Wagon 21 长大货车Oversize commodity car 22 高速货车High-speed wagon 23 低重心货车Low deck wagon 24 大轴重货车Heavy axle-load wagon 25 关节货车;关节式货车Articulated wagon;ARTICULATED FREIGHT CAR 26 多层货车Multi-level wagon 27 多轴车Multiaxle truck;MULTI-AXLE CAR 28 专用货车Special wagon;SPECIAL-PURPOSE FREIGHT CAR 29 棚车Box car;COVERED GOODS WAGON 30 活顶棚车Wagon with sliding roof;SLIDING ROOF BOX CAR;SLIDING ROOF GOODS VAN 31 活墙棚车Sliding side wall box car;SLIDING SIDE BOX CAR 32 双层棚车Double deck box car 33 敞车Gondola car;Open car;OPEN GOODS WAGON
电子专业英语缩写大全
电子专业英语词汇(缩写词汇) A Analog 模拟 A/D Analog to Digital 模-数转换 AAC Advanced Audio Coding 高级音频编码 ABB Automatic Black Balance 自动黑平衡 ABC American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司 Automatic Bass Compensation 自动低音补偿 Automatic Brightness Control 自动亮度控制 ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平 ABLC Automatic Brightness Limiter Circuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asian Broadcasting Union 亚洲广播联盟(亚广联 ABS American Bureau of Standard 美国标准局 AC Access Conditions 接入条件 Audio Center 音频中心 ACA Adjacent Channel Attenuation 邻频道衰减 ACC Automatic Centering Control 自动中心控制 Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度(增益控制 ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色器 ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法 ACS Access Control System 接入控制系统 Advanced Communication Service 高级通信业务 Area Communication System 区域通信系统
汽车制动系统(机械、车辆工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译)
Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.
脊柱外科常用英语词汇.docx
WORD格式 脊柱外科常用英语词汇 LUMBAR SPINE Lumbar disc herniation syndrome腰椎间盘突出症 Fenestration and Discectomy Love method(开窗髓核摘除术Love法) minimally invasive discectomy微创椎间盘切除术MED(micro-endoscopic discectomy)内镜椎间盘切除术 Burst （ Compression ） fracture of T1-12, L1-5胸腰椎爆裂( 压缩 ) 骨折 Open reduction and pedicle screw internal fixation切开复位椎弓根螺钉内固定Decompression and pedicle screw system internal fixation with bone graft减压植骨椎弓根钉内固定 Lumbar spine canal stenosis腰椎管狭窄症spinal stenosis Fenestration decompression(开窗减压) laminectomy椎板切除术 Degenerative spondylolisthesis Spondylolitic spondylolisthesis Reduction and interbody fusion (假性（退变性）脊柱滑脱真性（峡部裂性）滑脱复位椎间植骨融合) anterior approach前入路 posterior approach后入路 Removal of internal fixation内固定取出术 ALIF ：anterior lumber interbody fusion前路椎间融合 PLIF ：posterior lumbar interbody fusion后路椎间融合TLIF：transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion经椎间孔融合 Endoscopic operation内镜手术 spinal fusion脊柱融合 pseudarthrosis假关节 chemonucleolysis髓核融解术 discogenic back pain椎间盘源性腰痛
轨道交通专业英语词汇整理
assistant line辅助线 automatic fare collection自动售检票设备 automatic train control(ATC)列车自动控制 automatic train operation(ATO)列车自动运行 automatic train protection(ATP)列车自动防护 automatic train supervision(ATS)列车自动监控 AW0空载 AW1每位乘客都有座位 AW2每平方米6人 broken rail force of seamless track无缝线路断轨力 Building Automation System建筑设备自动化系统 centralized power supply mode集中式供电 centralized traffic control(CTC)调度集中 close made operation闭式运行(主要靠人工空调系统，并装风帘和屏蔽门来隔绝外界) combined power supply mode混合式供电 combined sewer system合流制排放 combined substation牵引降压混合变电所 computed length of platform站台计算长度 concentration supervisory control and management集中监控和管理 connecting line联络线(在不同线路之间起连接作用的线，就叫联络线（即地铁线路之间的联络线和地铁与国铁的联络线） cover and cut-bottom up盖挖顺筑法 cover and cut-top down盖挖逆筑法 cut and cover明挖法 deformation joint变形缝 depot车辆段
车辆工程专业英语
UNIT 5 FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM 燃油喷射系统 Fuel injection systems have been used on vehicles for many years. The earliest ones were purely mechanical. As technology advanced, electronic fuel injection systems became more popular. Early mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems did not use feedback controls. As emissions became more of a concern, feedback controls were adapted to both types of fuel injection systems. feedback control 反馈控制 As emissions became more of a concern 随着排放越来越受到关注 were adapted to 被应用于 Both mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems can be found on gasoline engines. Diesel engines are most commonly found with mechanical type systems, although the newest generations of these engines have been using electronic fuel injection(EFI) . gasoline engines 汽油发动机 diesel engines 柴油发动机 newest generations of 最新的 5.1 Basic Theory EFI uses solenoid valves called injectors to meter fuel delivery. Most vehicles today use 1 injector per cylinder. When the solenoid is energized, fuel sprays out into the valve port. Fuel is delivered to the injector by a high-pressure electric pump at around 40 psi. Fuel delivery is controlled by the injectors which are cycled by the computer. The computer produces a signal to open the injectors for a certain length of time depending on engine conditions relayed by sensors. The longer that the injector is open, the more fuel is injected. As engine load and rpm are increased, the injector open times are increased to match increasing airflow. This computer output signal is called the injector pulse width. The longer the pulse width, the more fuel is injected. solenoid valves 电磁阀 injector 喷油嘴，喷油器，喷射器 fuel delivery 燃油输送，燃油供给 is energized v. 使通电,供能, 激发，加强adj. 通电的，激励的,增能的energized line 带电电路，带电线路 valve port 阀口，喷油嘴 psi [psai] 每平方英寸….磅=pounds per square inch are cycled by 周期性控制 engine conditions relayed by sensors 传感器传送/输送回来的信号体现的发动机工作状况，简单的说，即：传感器信号体现的发动机工作状况 injector pulse width 喷油器脉冲宽度 5.3 Fuel System 5.4 Air Metering and Measurement 5.5 Most EFI systems measure the same basic 6 input
2019年车辆工程专业毕业论文_外文翻译1.doc
Drive force control of a parallel-series hybrid system Abstract Since each component of a hybrid system has its own limit of performance, the vehicle power depends on the weakest component. So it is necessary to design the balance of the components. The vehicle must be controlled to operate within the performance range of all the components. We designed the specifications of each component backward from the required drive force. In this paper we describe a control method for the motor torque to avoid damage to the battery, when the battery is at a low state of charge. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. and Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction In recent years, vehicles with internal combustion engines have increasingly played an important role as a means of transportation, and are contributing much to the development of society. However, vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and possibly even global warming, which require effective countermeasures. Various developments are being made to reduce these emissions, but no further large improvements can be expected from merely improving the current engines and transmissions. Thus, great expectations are being placed on the development of electric, hybrid and natural gas-driven vehicles. Judging from currently applicable technologies, and the currently installed infrastructure of gasoline stations, inspection and service facilities, the hybrid vehicle, driven by the combination of gasoline engine and electric motor, is considered to be one of the most realistic solutions. Generally speaking, hybrid systems are classified as series or parallel systems. At Toyota, we have developed the Toyota Hybrid System (hereinafter referred to as the THS) by combining the advantages of both systems. In this sense the THS could be classified as a parallel-series type of system. Since the THS constantly optimizes engine operation, emissions are cleaner and better fuel economy can be achieved. During braking, Kinetic energy is recovered by the motor, thereby reducing fuel consumption and subsequent CO 2 emissions. Emissions and fuel economy are greatly improved by using the THS for the power train system. However, the THS incorporates engine, motor, battery and other components, each of which has its own particular capability. In other words, the driving force must be generated within the limits of each respective component. In particular, since the battery output varies greatly depending on its level of charge, the driving force has to be controlled with this in mind. This report clarifies the performance required of the respective THS components based on the driving force necessary for a vehicle. The method of controlling the driving force, both when the battery has high and low charge, is also described. 2. Toyota hybrid system (THS) [1,2] As Fig. 1 shows, the THS is made up of a hybrid transmission, engine and battery. 2.1. Hybrid transmission The transmission consists of motor, generator, power split device and reduction gear. The power split device is a planetary gear. Sun gear, ring gear and planetary carrier are directly connected to generator, motor and engine, respectively. The ring gear is also connected to the reduction gear. Thus, engine power is split into the generator and the driving wheels. With this type of mechanism, the
铁路专业英文词汇
铁路专业词汇 一、铁路；铁道 railway railroad 铁路线 railway line； railroad line 铁路网 railway network； railroad network 铁道科学 railway science 铁路技术 railway technology 铁路等级 railway classification 国有铁路 national railway； state railway 地方铁路 local railway； regional railway 私有铁路 private railway 合资铁路 joint investment railway； jointly owned railway 标准轨铁路 standard-gage railway 窄轨铁路 narrow-gage railway 米轨铁路 meter-gage railway 宽轨铁路 broad-gage railway 单线铁路 single track railway 双线铁路 double track railway 多线铁路 multiple track railway 重载铁路 heavy haul railway 高速铁路 high speed railway 电气化铁路；电力铁路 electrified railway；electric railway 干线铁路 main line railway； trunk railway 市郊铁路 suburban railway 地下铁道；地铁 subway； metro； underground railway 工业企业铁路 industry railway 矿山铁路 mine railway 轻轨铁路 light railway； light rail 高架铁路 elevated railway 单轨铁路；独轨铁路monorail；monorail railway 磁浮铁路magnetic levitation railway；maglev 森林铁路 forest railway 山区铁路 mountain railway 既有铁路 existing railway 新建铁路 newly-built railway 改建铁路 reconstructed railway 运营铁路 railway in operation； operation；operating railway 专用铁路 special purpose railway 干线 trunk line； main line 支线 branch line 铁路专用线 railway special line 货运专线 railway line for freight traffic；freight special line； freight traffic only line 客运专线 railway line for passenger traffic；passenger special line； passenger traffic only line 客货运混合铁路railway line for mixed passenger and freight traffic 铁路运营长度；运营里程 operation length of railway； operating distance； revenue length 列车运行图 train diagram 铁路建筑长度 construction length of railway 区间 section 区段 district 轨距 rail gage； rail gauge 轮重 wheel load 轴重 axle load 最大轴重 maximum allowable axle load 限制轴重 axle load limited 限界 clearance； gauge 限界图 clearance diagram 铁路建筑限界railway construction clearance； structure clearance for railway；