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英语阅读10

英语阅读10
英语阅读10

闫赤兵(北京市海淀区教师进修学校,中学高级)

欢迎各位老师参加《义务教育课程标准2011 版解读与教学》课程的学习。今天我们要一起学习、探讨的专题是《课标2011 版指导下的小学英语读写能力培养的策略与方法》。今天的学习内容将涉及以下几个方面:

一、英语教学中“读”与“写”的含义

二、小学阶段培养学生英语“读”、“写”能力的意义

三、小学英语教学中关于“读”、“写”的目标要求

四、如何在英语教学中培养学生“读”、“写”的能力

一、英语教学中“读”与“写”的含义

《现代汉语辞典》对“读”的解释是:

1. 看着文字念出声音。

2. 阅读:看(文章)。

3. 指上学。(读完高中,继续上大学)

4. 字的念法(读音)。

第一和第二点解释和我们今天的学习内容密切相关。第一点,看着文字念出声音,其实就是我们常说的朗读。第二点是阅读。

我们还可以从《朗文当代英语词典》中关于read 的解释获取更多的信息。

1. to look at written words and understand what they mean.

2. to find out information for books, newspapers etc.

3. to say the words in a book, newspaper etc. so that people can hear them.

4. to look at signs and pictures and understand what they mean.

《朗文语言教学及应用语言学词典》中对读的形式作了以下界定:

1. perceiving a written text in order to understand its contents. 看书面材料,理解它所表达的内容。

2. saying a written text aloud. This can be done with or without an understanding of the contents. 出声读书面材料,即朗读。

上面两点就是我们教学中经常提到的阅读和朗读。在谈及小学生英语“ 读” 的能力培养时,除了朗读和阅读,我们还经常会提到认读。什么是认读?

“ 认读” 在英语教学中用recognition 这个词表示。在《朗文语言教学及应用语言学词典》中对recognition 这个词是这样解释的:所谓recognition ,就是指辨认出某一单词或者一个词组是否曾经见过,并且能够指出它的基本的词意。认读和记忆单词二者比较,认读稍微容易一些。

前面我们一起了解了英语教学中“ 读” 的能力培养所涉及的认读、朗读和阅读的不同含义。我们一起小结一下:

认读:就是指辨认出某一单词或者一个词组是否曾经见过,并且能够指出它的基本的词意。比如说我看见“ duck ” ,我知道是鸭子的意思,这就是认读了。

朗读:看着文字,念出声音。

阅读:看书面材料,理解所表达的意思。

认读能力首先是一个快速准确的识字能力。当然不仅仅指认读一个单词,还包括认读意群,然后逐步过渡到认读句子,能够把认读的句子连起来,进而过渡到对语篇的理解。实际上孩子学习母语时也是先从识字开始的。

把认读理解为就是朗读是不准确的。学生认识某个词,能把这个词与图片连起来,这是认读,但不一定能读出来。而朗读时念出声来的目的不是去理解,而是为了练习语音或者语感,主要目的是从这个角度为将来培养口头表达能力做一些准备。朗读既可以是朗读单词,也可以是朗读句子,还有朗读课文、朗读故事等。

也有的老师把认读和阅读混淆起来,一提到认读能力的培养就认为是培养阅读能力,其实不然。无论认读单词、意群,还是句子,我们只需要识别它们的主要意思。而阅读是一个更高层次的能力。阅读严格来讲是silent reading ,或者是默读。它实际上就是只看文字去理解文字的内容,或者是从文字中获得信息。阅读的外部表现为:眼睛看,心里想。

认知心理学界认为阅读和智力有着十分密切的关系。阅读是读者和作者相互交际的言语活动,是获取知识、发展智力情感的重要途径和高级神经系统的心理活动。认知心理学十分重视阅读的内部心理活动过程,认为阅读是语言与思维相互作用的过程。心理学家对阅读的理解不尽一致,但一般认为,“ 阅读就是理解一段一气呵成的话语意义的过程;它涉及到广泛的知识,远不止把已理解的字词的意义串联在一起。”

《朗文语言教学及应用语言学词典》根据读者的不同目的和阅读材料的不同类型,区分出以下几种不同的阅读理解类型:

1. Literal comprehension ——字面理解:目的是理解、记忆或回忆文章中明确表述的信息。

2. Inferential comprehension ——推理性理解:利用读者的经验和直觉通过推理去寻找文章隐含的信息。

3. Critical or evaluative comprehension ——评论性或评价性理解:阅读是为了把文章中的资料与读者本人知识和价值观念作比较。

4. Appreciative comprehension ——欣赏性阅读:阅读时为了从文章中得到感情上或其它方面的共鸣。

从以上介绍我们可以看出阅读的含义与认读和朗读是有明显区别的。

而在小学阶段,对学生“ 写” 的能力相对于“ 听” 、“ 说” 、“ 读” 来讲,要求是最高的。学生“写”的能力发展需要经历从抄写到仿写,从写单词、写句子到写文段的过程。

二、在小学阶段培养学生英语“读”、“写”能力的意义

“读”的能力是学习中不可缺少的基本技能,它在很大程度上决定一个人成就的高低。早期阅读正越来越受到人们的重视,因为从儿童发展的角度来说,阅读是儿童学习、认识周围世界的主要途径,可以丰富知识、促进智力,并获得情感、社会性等方面的发展。而且阅读可以提高学生语言的输入量,提高学生的语言表达能力,为今后的说打下一个很好的基础。大部分的阅读材料都有比较完整的内容,学生可以通过语境和文章的提示了解文章内容,从而有效地培养预测、猜测和推断等语言理解能力。

吉姆·崔利斯(Jim Trelease )是美国著名阅读研究专家,他曾在1989 年被国际阅读组织评为20 世纪80 年代对阅读推广最有贡献的8 人之一。吉姆·崔利斯曾在他的《朗读手册》一书中对比介绍了看电视对学生阅读能力的消极影响:

1. 电视节目常被分割为短时间的片段,注意力时间短,遥控器更使这种情况加剧。而阅读正相反,优秀的童书必须能持续吸引学生的注意力,而不是将注意力打断。

2. 看电视是一种不用社交的经验,而阅读则需要与人互动,孩子本身也是参与者,并不只接受信息。

3. 电视使孩子没有机会使用最重要的学习工具——提问。

4. 电视造成孩子观念上的误解。如:广告。

5. 电视剥夺了孩子学习语言最重要的课程——与家人的对话。

6. 和其他各种形式的印刷品比较起来,电视所传授的词是最少的。70% 电视剧本的句子是不完整句(口语化)。

基于电视对学生整体发展的消极影响,吉姆·崔利斯提出通过朗读和自主阅读提高学生阅读的能力的建议。

语言技能包括听、说、读、写四个方面的技能以及这四种技能的综合运用能力。听和读是理解的技能,说和写是表达的技能;这四种技能在语言学习和交际中相辅相成、相互促进。四项技能既是培养的目标,也是学习的途径。写的能力发展好了,对听、说、读的技能发展会起到很好的促进作用。所以,“写”是小学阶段重要的教学内容,同时也能为学生在中学的继续学习奠定良好基础。

三、课标2011版关于小学阶段英语“读”、“写”能力发展的目标要求

2011 版《英语课程标准》在第三部分分级标准中语言技能部分对英语听、说、读、写四项技能之间的关系及目标要求作了明确的阐述。

语言技能标准以学生在某个级别“能做什么”为主要内容,这不仅有利于调动学生的学习积极性,促进学生语言运用能力的提高,也有利于科学、合理地评价学生的学习结果。如下:

级别技能标准描述

一级读写? 能看图识词。

? 能在指认物体的前提下认读所学词语。

? 能在图片的帮助下读懂简单的小故事。

? 能正确书写字母和单词。

? 能模仿范例写词句。

二级读? 能认读所学词语。

? 能根据拼读的规律,读出简单的单词。

? 能读懂教材中简短的要求或指令。

? 能看懂贺卡等所表达的简单信息。

? 能借助图片读懂简单的故事或小短文,并养成按意群阅读的习

惯。

? 能正确朗读所学古诗或短文。

写 1 .能正确地使用大小写字母和常用的标点符号。

2 .能写出简单的问候语和祝福语。

3 .能根据图片、词语或例句的提示,写出简短的语句。

在一级目标描述中,读写目标是与听做、说唱、玩演、读写和视听并列,合起来进行描述的。这一表述方式可以让我们看出一级阶段是小学三、四年级教学阶段,即学生英语学习的起始阶段。学生的英语学习兴趣、对外语学习的自信心以及英语学习的良好习惯是该阶段教学中应该首要关注的。在英语学习的起始阶段,教师应更多地通过大量的视听输入,引导学生感受、体验语言的学习过程,并通过大量有关听做、说唱、玩演及视听等活动从培养学生的听说能力入手,逐步向读写能力过渡。由于学生的年龄特点及其有限的语言知识积累,对他们读写的能力要求属于起始阶段。

二级目标要求将读与写的能力分开进行了描述。二级是小学六年级的毕业水平。学生经过四年或六年(部分地区从一年级开始开设英语课),在听、说、读、写等技能以及综合运用这些语言技能的能力应有显著的发展,“目标描述”中进行了明确的表述。

四、如何在英语教学中培养学生“读”、“写”能力

1.如何在英语教学中培养学生认读的能力

“读”的能力培养首先应从认读能力的培养开始。有不少英语专家提出“听说领先,读写跟上”的外语教学原则,有的老师错误地将这个原则理解为在小学低中年级只做听说活动,到高年级才关注读写活动。其实这个原则强调在外语教学中应该先突出听说,再过渡到读写。这并不等于说教师们在低中年级的教学中可以完全忽视或者完全放弃读写的活动。有研究发现,外语水平比较高的学生,一般都是很早就开始得到认读能力的培养和发展。

( 1 )制定教学目标时关注学生认读能力的培养

在制定教学目标时,教师就要对教学内容——如词汇教学学习目标等,做到心中有数。

案例1 :学生能够听、说、读、写本节课所学单词

案例2 :学生能够听、说、认读本课所学单词

相对来讲,案例 2 中的教师对认读目标更为关注,明确提出学生应该能听懂某个单词,而且看到某个词或图片要能说出这个单词,进而能认读这个单词。如果在教学目标的制定时教师能关注认读能力的培养,设计教学活动时也能安排恰当的活动,学生的认读能力就会得到较好的发展。

( 2 )教学中通过恰当的活动培养学生的认读能力

①通过有效、丰富的教学活动培养学生的认读能力。

活动案例:

? Bomb Game

? 图与词语匹配

②教师在教学中要有意识的引导学生去体验、理解更多的词汇,并在形成一定积累后,按规律进行有效梳理,形成知识系统。

活动案例:

? 词汇链

? 词汇树

③通过自然拼读训练,培养学生拼读能力。

活动案例(利用已有拼读经验,鼓励尝试拼读,形成拼读能力):

? ear-clear

? sweet-sweep

2.如何在英语教学中培养学生阅读的能力

前面提到了培养学生阅读能力的重要性,下面我们共同探讨如何在教学中培养学生英语阅读的能力。学生阅读能力的发展一方面依赖于课上在教师的引领下完成教材上的阅读任务,另一方面还需要通过课外的阅读资源进行补充。

从语言能力来说,刚刚学习英语的小学生,词汇不够丰富,不能理解复杂的句式,也不能理解复杂的、徽妙的语言表达;从思维方式来说,具体形象思维占优势,抽象逻辑思维开始萌芽;从理解能力来看,分析、综合、概括能力较低,认识事物的表面性特点很突出,不能很好地理解不同国家的文化。在小学阶段,阅读的文章以配图的故事为主,这样的编排体现了英语课程标准中提出的“能借助图片读懂简单的故事或小短文”的目标要求。

在多数的小学英语教材中都安排了故事或语篇的学习内容,学生通过学习,理解故事或语篇的内容大意,发展心智,激发兴趣,体验外语学习的乐趣。他们阅读时常与其他活动密切结合,边读边玩,边读边进行美工制作、角色游戏、戏剧表演等活动,这能使学生得到快乐,获得全方位的发展,而不仅仅是阅读内容的理解。阅读兴趣的培养是小学阅读的重要目标,教师应努力为学生创设积极的阅读

氛围,帮助学生体会阅读的乐趣,从而增强阅读的自信心,这有利于提高学生阅读的主动性。

在小学阶段,教师在教学过程中也可以通过循序渐进的阅读,帮助学生养成良好的阅读习惯,并了解一些简单的阅读方法,但是绝不能把阅读方法的讲解和学习作为阅读教学的主旋律。

在进行阅读教学时,通常分为阅读前、阅读中、阅读后三个学习阶段。那么每个阶段都应该安排怎样的活动,其活动的意图又是什么呢?

( 1 )阅读前阶段

①根据故事内容复习相关的单词和交际用语。

②渗透或初步学习故事中要涉及到新的语言项目。

③通过某种方式使学生大概知道所学故事内容的大意,或者是设置悬念,引起学生阅读故事的兴趣。

主要教学活动方式包括猜谜、谈话、歌曲、视频、提问等方式。

读前活动不易过多,它的作用是营造学习氛围、调动学习兴趣、激活相关知识,把学生带入阅读的文章中,而不是匆匆忙忙把学生赶入阅读文章,在学生没准备好的情况下,强迫学生阅读。阅读教学并不是阅读考试。

( 2 )学习故事阶段

①学生个人或分成小组阅读故事,默读或朗读都可以。

②进一步处理新的语言项目,如单词等,在处理单词的时候可以与阅读理解同步。

③设计相应的阅读理解练习,如根据故事回答问题,或是其它的练习形式。

④在对故事完全理解和处理完生词的情况下,听录音大声朗读故事。

在阅读的过程中,如果仅仅是让学生反复阅读所给文本,教师只是提出简单的问题让学生回答,以检查学生是否读懂的话,这就不是阅读教学,也不是通过阅读讲解新词和新句,而变成了阅读考试。在阅读中教师的任务是帮与扶,帮助学生克服阅读的困难,培养学生养成积极的阅读态度和一定的阅读策略。首先,教师要明确学生阅读的困难是什么,是背景知识,语言知识,还是阅读方法。教师要有的放矢的进行解决。我们在日常教学看见最多的现象就是帮助学生扫清文章中的新词汇。一些教师好像是认为只要文章中有学生不认识的词汇,学生就不可能读懂文章。其实,我们在阅读的过程都知道,即使文章中有几个不认识的生词,并不会太多影响我们对文本的理解。

在阅读中教师选择影响学生理解文本的新词或文化背景知识进行讲解和补充,并培养学生用猜测的方法去猜测词义,以及克服稍微遇到点问题就畏缩不前的不自信心理。

阅读中的重点是让学生在读的过程中理解关键内容,获得关键信息。所以教师可以在读的过程中让学生“ 能做一些事情” ,比如在我们看到的教学中,学生需要把打乱的句条重新排列顺序,构成一个逻辑合理的文章,并仔细阅读找到问题的答案。这种做做读读的活动是小学生非常感兴趣的方式。因为基于游戏的阅读更能激发学生阅读的兴趣和胆量,他们读得会更主动,思维会更活跃。

一般高年级学生读的文章都比较长,在阅读中怎么处理这么大段的内容?教师可以根据故事的发生和发展的顺序把文章分成多个环节引导学生阅读。教师也可能根据文章特点、学生特点及教学目标在处理每个环节时采用不同的方式,无需统一,否则学生会感到更枯燥更疲劳,失去进一步读下去的热情。在对文章中新词汇的处理上,教师也只是帮助孩子们理解即可,并没有花很多精力来解决词汇的学习。正如我们前面谈到的,文章的陌生词汇如果不影响学生阅读可以弃之不理,如果影响了阅读,就可以采用简单的方法达到理解的目的即可。

( 3 )阅读后阶段

①角色扮演:首先,师生看图做进一步的对话,为学生进行角色表演做准备。在学生分角色表演之前,教师要示范,要给学生准备的时间,要允许学生有发挥和创造。

②讲述故事:对于故事不一定都是角色扮演,可以尝试请学生用自己会的语言,讲述故事。在讲述的过程中要允许学生犯错误,教师不要要求过高。

③阅读分享:将自己读过的喜欢的故事介绍给同伴。

读后的活动最好要和读的内容所有联系,要贴近学生的实际生活。小学生学习英语无需学习太多的语法,或过多的句式,学习的重点应该是感知语言。学生在读后要突出语言的运用活动,如在学习完灰姑娘一课后,教师可以让孩子做一本小小故事书,用图片和简单的文字(一两句)介绍灰姑娘,可以小组为单位完成这种类型的读后活动,学生可以在相互交流、相互分享、相互帮助中完成从语言输入到语言输出的活动。而且学生做成的小书又可以成为一种阅读材料。对于低年级的学生,读后的活动可以是画一画、标一标、连一连线等。阅读后的活动是阅读的延伸和拓展。

很多老师喜欢在阅读后让学生复述一下阅读的文章,这是个好的方法,学生可以通过阅读为口语表达奠定基础,但是并不是所有的文章都适合让学生复述,如有些科普类的文章由于内容具有很强的科学性,使用了一些比较生僻的词语,学生虽然能够在图片的帮助下理解文章,但是如果让学生用自己的语言把文章复述下来就比较困难。所以教师在设计和选择读后的活动时一定要考虑文章的特点和学生的语言水平,不能想当然为之,否则不仅不能很好地完成教学任务,还会打消学生的阅读积极性。

3. 如何在英语教学中培养学生“写”的能力

写是语言技能的重要方面,它不仅涉及文字的记忆,还涉及语言组织,表达的逻辑与结构等方面,体现了较强的综合性。写的能力培养也不是一蹴而就的,需要循序渐进的逐步培养。小学阶段没有专门的写作训练课,通常教师都会把“写”

的训练和其他的教学活动融合在一起。

( 1 )良好书写习惯的培养

小学生在书写英语起步阶段教师应该注意:对于低年级英语字母的学习首先应该引导学生观察英文字母,引导学生发现英语有大写字母和小写字母,有印刷体和手写体。英语字母是写在四线三格中,而不是田字格中。字母都向右倾斜,斜度一致。引导学生观察字母占格:大写字母占上格和中格位置,小写字母占格不同,要按占格书写。在观察占格位置的基础上,观察书写笔顺。之后,还要有书空过程,让学生体会书写字母的笔顺。当书空比较熟练时进行模仿书写,如果有条件可以进行描红,或在英语本上模仿。教师要在学生书写过程中巡视,发现学生笔顺的问题、占格的问题一定及时纠正。

学写词与学写字母的过程一样,首先学生一定要观察单词,字母与字母之间的间距大概有多少,字母不要凑得过紧,也不要离得太远;然后观察在单词里面每个字母的占格位置;接下来带领学生书空;最后再进行描红或抄写。

中高年级抄写句子时,也要首先引导学生观察句子中单词与单词之间的距离,同时还要注意句子开头要大写,句尾的标点符号要写在一定的位置上。

( 2 )小学生英语写作能力的培养策略

前面谈到学生英语良好书写习惯的培养,下面我们探讨学生写作能力的培养。

中高年级在写的能力培养时首先要从仿写句子开始。仿写是在学生充分的口语操练的基础上进行的,写的内容应尽量与学生现实生活相结合,强调学生真实情感的表达。

教师还可以采取回答问题的方式进行训练,例如学习完课文We went to the Great Wall.后,教师可以设计一项回答问题的写的活动,让学生明确:当描述过去发生的事情时应该写什么、怎么写,从而培养学生写的能力。

高年级学生语言积累较丰富,可以进行相应的仿写练习。例如学习课文My favorite season is spring.后,可以让学生选择自己喜欢的季节进行仿写,这对写的能力有更高一层次的要求。

( 3 )写作教学中常见的问题

日常教学中,教师在培养学生写的能力时出现的一些问题:

①写作前,语言操练不够

就是写之前,学生从听说,特别是说的角度操练不够,语言的准确性和流畅性没有达到要求,教师就急于让学生写。这样会出现较多的语误,后面老师再去订正,影响教学效果,也影响学生表达的自信心。

例如:我们要学生写一写自己的周末计划,教师要在让学生写之前,通过设计交际活动,让学生从口头上对自己周末的活动安排进行交流、表达。在学生口语表达的内容比较准确和自如的情况下,再布置写的任务,让学生完成,会比直接让学生写的效果好。只有足够的语言输入,才能有语言的书面输出。

②写作任务设计缺乏趣味性

写作任务设计缺乏趣味性,没有与学生交流的需要相结合。学生写只是完成写作任务。

例如:在写自我介绍的时候,很多学生会没有兴趣去写。原因是孩子们在一个班中相处很长时间,对彼此的姓名、年龄、居住城市都非常清楚。这时候让学生去写,学生没有交流的必要,没有新鲜感,所以也没有写的欲望。那么我们可以换种方式。我们可以让每个学生写写二十年后的自己,想想自己所从事的职业,居住的城市,家庭生活等等。写完之后大家互相交流既完成了写的任务,又进行了交流,孩子们还是蛮有兴趣的。

③写作时语言支持不够

? 语言素材不够

小学生在写作中存在的最大问题是语言素材不够,例如学生的词汇、句式不知如何表达,而在学生需要时教师没有提供恰当的支持。

? 范例不够清晰

小学英语教学写的要求基本定位于仿写,仿写其实就是仿照例子尝试着写。有的教师也没有关注到学生英语写作能力的训练,认为让学生多背单词、学好语法,学生就能够完成简单的写的任务,因此教师们在安排写作任务前没有进行详细有序的范例。

? 写作指导不到位

教师在学生写之前没有帮助学生很好的梳理思路,进行说的训练,对所需语言没有指导;教师没有准确预见学生在写作中会出现的问题,在写之前没有针对性的问题指导,如格式问题,动词的变化等;在写的过程中没有及时发现学生出现的困难并帮助学生解决,进行适时指导,如个别单词的拼写,语言的表达等;在写作之后教师对如何欣赏别人的作品,评价自己作品,以及进一步修改自己的作品指导不够。

? 评价、反馈方式单一

学生完成写的作品之后缺少及时有效的反馈方式,大多数的情况是老师将好的作品进行展示,其他人的作品课后交给老师批改,老师主要也是对语言错误进行修正,与学生做情感的沟通不够,形式比较单一。

如当学生满怀激情的写了自己的完美旅行之后没有人与她分享旅游的快乐,得到的是仅有的几个动词没有变成过去式,或者单词拼写有错误的评价。还有当学生满怀爱意地描述自己的小宠物狗的时候,没有人欣赏他的宠物如何的可爱,得到的是“你描述宠物的语言少了Be 动词”的评语。

大多数的学生不能及时得到教师或者同伴的肯定与认可。在写作后体会不到写的乐趣,最终就会降低对写的兴趣。

儿童语言能力的发展是综合的,听、说、读、写各项能力互相促进,任何一项能力的滞后都会影响到其他能力的发展。我们应该更新教学观念,设计一些符合学生认知规律的,实效性较高的写作活动,促进学生的英语技能的全面发展。

( 4 )进一步提高学生“写”的能力的教学建议

①丰富写的形式和内容

单一的英语写作训练形式会使学生感到枯燥乏味。我们面对的是一群活泼、好动、求新、好奇的孩子,因此我们应在英语写作训练形式上应不断学习和创新。

②创设有趣的写作情境

我们可以设置不同的情境,安排各种任务,如为宠物制作宠物秀,为同学撰写学习报告单,为自己喜欢的名胜写导游词,为学校书写英文警示牌,为晚会写邀请函,为自己写成长记录手册,为班级写英文手抄报等等,也可以发挥学生的想象自己制定感兴趣的写作任务。

③针对不同能力层次的学生分层设计写作任务

针对不同能力的同学我们可以进行分层写作。我们可以设计以下活动: A . 填空写,这是能力稍弱的同学完成的,通过填写关键词,完成短文,熟悉句型结构,进行初步语篇表达; B . 完成短文,学生在填写的基础上,部分内容用自己的语言进行表达; C . 老师不规定语言,请学生自由表达,老师没有限制,学生可以有更多自己的自由空间。这样分层写作,不同程度的同学可以根据自己的情况进行选择。

以上我们围绕在《义务教育英语课程标准(2011 年版)》理念指导下小学英语读写能力培养的方法与策略与老师们进行了交流与探讨,希望对老师们的教学起到一定的指导作用,也希望老师们在教学实践中积极探索、创新,进一步促进学生综合语言运用能力的发展。

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