2003 专八真题 附带答案解析

2003年专业8级考试真题及答案

试卷一 (95 min)

Part ⅠListening Comprehension(40min)

In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen

carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct

answer to each question on your COLORED ANSWER SHEET. SECTION A TALK

Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the

talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five

questions. Now listen to the talk.

1. Which of the following statements about offices is NOT true according

to the talk?

A.Offices throughout the world are basically alike.

B.There are primarily two kinds of office layout.

C.Office surroundings used to depend on company size.

D.Office atmosphere influences workers? performance.

2. We can infer from the talk that harmonious work relations may have

a direct impact on your ____.

A.promotion

B.colleagues

C.management

D.union

3. Supposing you were working in a small firm, which of the following

would you do when you had some grievances?

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A.Request a formal special meeting with the boss.

B.Draft a formal agenda for a special meeting.

C.Contact a consultative committee first.

D.Ask to see the boss for a talk immediately.

4. According to the talk, the union plays the following roles EXCPET

____.

A.mediation

B.arbitration

C.negotiation

D.representation

5. Which topic is NOT covered in the talk?

A.Role of the union.

B.Work relations.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a16352621.html,pany structure.

D.Office layout.

SECTION B INTERVIEW

Questions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview

you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five

questions. Now listen to the interview.

6. Which of the following satements is INCORRECT about David?s

personal background?

A.He had excellent academic records at school and university.

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B.He was once on a PhD programme at Yale University.

C.He received professional training in acting.

D.He came from a single-parent family.

7. David is inclined to believe in ____.

A.aliens

B.UFOs

C.the TV character

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a16352621.html,ernment conspiracies

8. David thinks he is fit for the TV role because of his ____.

A.professional training

B.personality

C.life experience

D.appearance

9. From the interview, we know that at present David feels ____.

A.a sense of frustration

B.haunted by the unknown things

C.confident but moody

D.successful yet unsatisfied

10. How does David feel about the divorce of his parents?

A.He feels a sense of anger.

B.He has a sense of sadness.

C.It helped him grow up.

D.It left no effect on him. 230

SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

Question 11 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item,

you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the

news.

11. What is the main idea of the news item?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a16352621.html, concern over the forthcoming peace talks.

B.Peace efforts by the Palestinian Authority.

C.Recommendations by the Mitchell Commission.

D.Bomb attacks aimed at Israeli civilians.

Question 12 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item,

you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question.

Now listen to the

news.

12. Some voters will waste their ballots because ____.

A.they like neither candidate

B.they are all ill-informed

C.the candidates do not differ much

D.they do not want to vote twice

Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the

news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the questions.

Now listen to the news.

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13. According to the UN Human Development Report, which is the best

place for women in the world?

A.Canada.

B.The US.

C.Australia.

D.Scandinavia.

14. ____ is in the 12th place in overall ranking.

A.Britain

B.France

C.Finland

D.Switzerland

15. According to the UN report, the least developed country is ____.

A.Ethiopia

B.Mali

C.Sierra Leon

D.Central African Republic

SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING

In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture

ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points.

Fill in each of the gaps with ONE word. You may refer to your notes.

Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically

acceptable.

Maslow?s Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs, which

can be arranged in order of importance.

Physiological needs: the most (1)____ ones for survival. They include

such needs as food, water, etc. And there is usually one way to satisfy

these needs.

(2)____ needs: needs for 〖ZK(〗a)physical security;

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b) (3)____ security. 〖ZK)〗

The former means no illness or injury, while the latter is concerned

with freedom from (4)____, misfortunes, etc. These needs can be met

through a variety of means, e.g. job security, (5)____ plans, and safe

working conditions.

Social needs: human requirements for 〖ZK(〗a) love and affection;

b) a sense of belonging.〖ZK)〗

There are two ways to satisfy these needs: 〖ZK(〗a) 〖ZK(〗formation

of relationships at workplace;〖ZK)〗

b) 〖ZK(〗formation of relationships outside workplace.〖ZK)〗〖ZK)〗

Esteem needs: 〖ZK(〗a) self-esteem, i.e. one?s sense of achievement;

b) 〖ZK(〗esteem of others, i.e. others? respect as a result of one?s

(6)____.〖ZK)〗〖ZK)〗

There needs can be fulfilled by achievement, promotion, honours, etc.

Self-realization needs: need to realize one?s potential. Ways to

realize these needs are individually (7)____. Features of the hierarchy of needs: 〖ZK(〗a) 〖ZK(〗Social, esteem

and self-realization needs are exclusively

(8)____ nees.〖ZK)〗

b) 〖ZK(#〗Nesds are satisfied in a fixed order from the

bottom up.

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c) (9)____ for needs comes from the lowest un-met level.

d) Different levels of needs may (10)____ when they comes into play.

〖ZK)〗

[]

(1)____

(2)____

(3)____

(4)____

(5)____

(6)____

(7)____

(8)____

(9)____

(10)____〖DZ〗〗

Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min)

The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a

maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should

proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:

For a worng word, underline the wrong word and write the correct

one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”

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sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided

at the end of the line.

For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”

and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.

Example

When ∧ art museum wants a new exhibit,

[JY](1)[ZZ(Z]an[ZZ)]

it never buys things in finished form and hangs [JY](2)[ZZ(Z]never[ZZ)]

them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an [ZZ(Z]exhibition[ZZ)], it must often build it. [JY](3)[ZZ(Z]exhibit[ZZ)]〖FK)〗〖CSD〗〖CSX〗Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period

were more eager than over to establish families. They quickly

brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and

brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than

[JY](1)____

a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom”.

[JY](2)____

There young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively

large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major

but [JY](3)____

temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s

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through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a

[JY](4)____

younger age than their Europe counterparts.

[JY](5)____

Less noted but equally more significant, the man and women

[JY](6)____

who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced

[JY](7)____

the divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact

to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier

[JY](8)____

as well as later decades. Since the United States maintained its

[JY](9)____

dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate

in the world,

the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in

[JY](10)____

Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner

and homemaker was not abandoned.

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 min)

SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 min)

In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total

of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark

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your answers on your COLORED ANSWER SHEET.

TEXT A

Hostility to Gypsies has existed almost from the time they first

appeared in Europe in the 14th century. The origins of the Gypsies,

with little written history, were shrouded in mystery. What is known

now from clues in the various dialects of their language, Romany, is

that they came from northern India to the Middle East a thousand years

ago, working as minstrels and mercenaries, metalsmiths and servants.

Europeans misnamed them Egyptians, soon shortened to Gypsies. A clan

system, based mostly on their traditional crafts and geography, has

made them a deeply fragmented and fractious people, only really

unifying in the face of enmity from non-Gypsies, whom they call gadje.

Today many Gypsy activists prefer to be called Roma, which comes from

the Romany word for “man”. But on my travels among them most still

referred to themselves as Gypsies.

In Europe their persecution by the gadje began quickly, with the church

seeing heresy in their fortune-telling and the state

seeing anti-social

behaviour in their nomadism. At various times they have been forbidden

to wear their distinctive bright clothes, to speak their own language,

to travel, to marry one another, or to ply their traditional crafts.

In some countries they were reduced to slavery—it wasn?t until the

mid-1800s that Gypsy slaves were freed in Romania. In more recent times

the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi ethnic hysteria, and perhaps half

a million perished in the Holocaust. Their horses have been shot and

the wheels removed from their wagons, their names have been changed,

their women have been sterilized, and their children have been forcibly

given for adoption to non-Gypsy families.

But the Gypsies have confounded predictions of their disappearance as

a distinct ethnic group, and their numbers have burgeoned. Today there

are an estimated 8 to 12 million Gypsies scattered across Europe, making

them the continent?s largest minority. The exact number is hard to

pin down. Gypsies have regularly been undercounted, both by regimes

anxious to downplay their profile and by Gypsies themselves, seeking

to avoid bureaucracies. Attempting to remedy past inequities, activist

groups may overcount. Hundreds of thousands more have emigrated to the

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Americans and elsewhere. With very few exceptions Gypsies have

expressed no great desire for a country to call their own—unlike the

Jews, to whom the Gypsy experience is often compared. “Romanestan,”said Ronald Lee, the Canadian Gypsy writer, “is wher e

my two feet stand.”

16. Gypsies are united only when they ____.

A.are engaged in traditional crafts

B.call themselves Roma

C.live under a clan system

D.face external threats

17. In history hostility to Gypsies in Europe resulted in their

persecution by all the following EXCEPT ____.

A.the Egyptians

B.the state

C.the church

D.the Nazis

18. According to the passage, the main difference between the Gypsies

and the Jews lies in their concepts of ____.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a16352621.html,nguage

B.culture

C.identity

D.custom

Text B

I was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time,

almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the Hotel Theresa, a grand brick

structure at 125th Street and Seventh Avenus. Once, in the hotel

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restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown,

the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit paunchy but still the

champ as far as I was concerned.

Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some

say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry what they see as outside

forces running roughshod over the old Harlem.

New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever

I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in

1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie

money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I

am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years

ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching at

memories between

sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old

Harlem—the New York Amsterdam News—when a tourist asking directions

to Sylvia?s, a prominent Harlem restaurant, penetrates my daydreaming.

He?s carrying a book: Touring Historic Harlem. History. I miss Mr. Michaux?s bookstore, his House of Common Sense,

which was across from the Theresa. He had a big billboard out front

with brown and black faces painted on it that said in large

letters:“World History Book Outlet on 2 000 000 000 Africans and

Nonwhite Peoples.”An ugly state office building has swallowed that

space.

I miss speaker like Carlos Cooks, who was always on the southwest corner

of 125th and Seventh, urging listeners to support Africa. Harlem?s

powerful political electricity seems unplugged—although the streets

are still energized, especially by West African immigrants.

Hardworking southern newcomers formed the bulk of the community back

in the 1920s and ?30s, when Harlem renaissance artists, writers, and

intellectuals gave it a glitter and renown that made it the capital

of black America. From Harlem, W. E. B. Dubois, Langston Hughes, Paul

Robeson, Zora Hurston, and others helped power America?s cultural

influence around the world.

By the 1970s and ?80s drugs and crime had ravaged parts of the community.

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And the life expectancy for men in Harlem was less than that of men

in Bangladesh. Harlem had become a symbol of the dangers

of inner-city

life.

Now, you want to shout “Lookin? good!”at this place that has been

neglected for so long. Crowds push into Harlem USA, a new shopping

centre on 125th, where a Disney store shares space with HMV Records,

the New York Sports Club, and a nine-screen Magic Johnson theatre

complex. Nearb, a Rite Aid drugstore also opened. Maybe part of the

reason Harlem seems to be undergoing a rebirth is that it is finally

getting what most people take for granted.

Harlem is also part of an “empowerment zone”—a federal designation

aimed at fostering economic growth that will bring over half a billion

in federal, state, and local dollars. Just the shells of once elegant

old brownstones now can cost several hundred thousand dollars. Rents

are skyrocketing. An improved economy, tougher law enforcement, and

community efforts against drugs have contributed to a 60 percent drop

in crime since 1993.

19. At the beginning the author seems to indicate that Harlem ____.

A.has remained unchanged all these years

B.has undergone drastic changes

C.has become the capital of Black America

D.has remained a symbol of dangers of inner-city life

20. When the author recalls Harlem in the old days, he has a feeling

of ____.

A.indifference

B.discomfort

C.delight

D.nostalgia 240

21. Harlem was called the capital of Black America in the 1920s and ?

30s mainly because of its ____.

A.art and culture

B.immigrant population

C.political enthusiasm

D.distinctive architecture

22. From the passage we can infer that, generally speaking, the author

____.

A.has strong reservations about the changes

B.has slight reservations about the changes

C.welcomes the changes in Harlem

D.is completely opposed to the changes

TEXT C

The senior partner, Oliver Lambert, studied the resume for the

hundredth time and again found nothing he disliked about Mitchell Y.

McDeere, at least not on paper. He had the brains, the ambition, the

good looks. And he was hungry; with his background, he had to be. He

was married, and that was mandatory. The firm had never hired an

unmarried lawyer, and it frowned heavily on divorce, as well as

womanizing and drinking. Drug testing was in the contract. He had a

degree in accounting, passed the CPA exam the first time he took it

and wanted to be a tax lawyer, which of course was a requirement with

a tax firm. He was white, and the firm had never hired a black. They

managed this by being secretive and clubbish and never soliciting job

applications. Other firms solicited, and hired blacks. This firm

recruited, and remained lily white. Plus, the firm was in Memphis, and

the top blacks wanted New York or Washington or Chicago. McDeere was

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a male, and there were no women in the firm. That mistake had been made

in the mid-seventies when they recruited the number one grad from

Harvard, who happened to be a she and a wizard at taxation. She lasted

four turbulent years and was killed in a car wreck.

He looked good, on paper. He was their top choice. In fact, for this

year there were no other prospects. The list was very short. It was

McDeere, or no one.

The managing partner, Royce McKnight, studied a dossier labeled

“Mitchell Y. McDeere—Harvard.”An inch thick with small print and

a few photographs; it had been prepared by some exCIA agents in a private

intelligence outfit in Bethesda. They were clients of the firm and each

year did the investigating for no fee. It was easy work, they said,

checking out unsuspecting law students. They learned, for instance,

that he preferred to leave the Northeast, that he was holding three

job offers, two in New York and one in Chicago, and that the highest

offer was $ 76 000 and the lowest was $ 68 000. He was in demand. He

had been given the opportunity to cheat on a securities exam during

his second year. He declined, and made the highest grade in the class.

Two months ago he had been offered cocaine at a law school party. He

said no and left when everyone began snorting. He drank an occasional

beer, but drinking was expensive and he had no money. He owed close

to $ 23 000 in student loans. He was hungry.

Royce McKnight flipped through the dossier and smiled. McDeere was

their man.

Lamar Quin was thirty-two and not yet a partner. He had been brought

along to look young and act young and project a youthful image for

Bendini, Lambert & Locke, which in fact was a young firm, since most

of the partners retired in their late forties or early

fifties with

money to burn. He would make partner in this firm. With a six-figure

income guaranteed for the rest of his life, Lamar could enjoy the

twelve-hundred-dollar tailored suits that hung so comfortably from his

tall, athletic frame. He strolled nonchalantly across the thousand

dollar a day suite and poured another cup of decaf. He checked

his watch. He glanced at the two partners sitting at the small

conference table near the windows.

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Precisely at two-thirty someone knocked on the door. Lamar looked at

the partners, who slid the resume and dossier into an open briefcase.

All three reached for their jackets. Lamar buttoned his top button and

opened the door.

23. Which of the following is NOT the firm?s recruitment requirement?

A.Marriage.

B.Background.

C.Relevant degree.

D.Male.

24. The details of the private investigation show that the firm ____.

A.was interested in his family background

B.intended to check out his other job offers

C.wanted to know something about his preference

D.was interested in any personal detail of the man

25. According to the passage, the main reason Lama Quin was there at

the interview was that ____.

A.his image could help impress McDeere

B.he would soon become a partner himself

C.he was good at interviewing applicants

D.his background was similar to McDeere?s

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26. We get the impression from the passage that in job recruitment the

firm was NOT ____.

A.selective

B.secretive

C.perfunctory

D.racially biased

TEXT D

Harry Truman didn?t think his successor had the right training to be

president. “Poor Ike—it won?t be a bit like the Army,”he said.

“He?ll sit there all day saying …do this, do that,?and nothing will

happen.”Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a

fractious alliance—you didn?t tell Winston Churchill what to do—in

a massive, chaotic war. He was used to politics. But Truman?s insight

could well be applied to another, even more venerated Washington figure:

the CEO-turned cabinet secretary.

A 20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs are geniuses, so

watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and Paul O?

Neill. Here are two highly regarded businessmen, obviously intelligent

and well-informed, foundering in their jobs. Actually, we shouldn?t be surprised. Rumsfeld and O? Neill are not

doing badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it. The

record of senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved

disappointment. In fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin, it is

difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government.

Why is this? Well, first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer

the CEO. He is at best an adviser to the CEO, the president. But even

the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation

is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is

diffuse and horizontally spread out. The secretary might think he?s

in charge of his agency. But the chairman of the

congressional committee

funding that agency feels the same. In his famous study “Presidential

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Power and the Modern Presidents,”Richard Neustadt explains how little

power the president actually has and concludes that the only lasting

presidential power is “the power to persuade.”

Take Rumseld?s attempt to transform the cold-war military into one

geared for the future. It?s innovative but deeply threatening to almost

everyone in Washington. The Defense secretary did not try to sell it

to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress, the budget office of the White

House. As a result, the idea is collapsing. Second, what power you have, you must use carefully. For example, O?

Ne ill?s position as Treasury secretary is one with little formal

authority. Unlike Finance ministers around the world, Treasury does

not control the budget. But it has symbolic power. The secretary is

seen as the chief economic spokesman for the administration and, if

he plays it right, the chief economic adviser for the president.

O? Neill has been publicly critical of the IMF?s bailout packages

for developing countries while at the same time approving such packages

for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil. As a result, he has gotten the worst

of both worlds. The bailouts continue, but their effect in holstering

investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his

skepticism.

Perhaps the government doesn?t do bailouts well. But that leads to

a third rule: you can?t just quit. Jack Welch?s famous

law for

re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given

product category, or else get out of that business. But if the

government isn?t doing a particular job at peak level, it doesn?t

always have the option of relieving itself of that function. The

Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money. But it can?t get out of the

national-security business.

The key to former Treasury secretary Rubin?s success may have been

that he fully understood that business and government are, in his words,

“necessarily and properly very different.”In a recent speech he

explained, “Business functions around one predominate organizing

principle, profitability ... Government, on the other hand, deals with

a vast number of equally legitimate and often potentially competing

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objectives—for example, energy production versus environmental

protection, or safety regulations versus productivity.”

Rubin?s example shows that talented people can do well in government

if they are willing to treat it as its own separate, serious endeavour.

But having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery, it?s

difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen and learn,

particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens,

politicians, bureaucrats and the media. And even if he knows it

intellectually, he just can?t live with it.

27. For a CEO to be successful in government, he has to ____.

A.regard the president as the CEO

B.take absolute control of his department

C.exercise more power than the congressional committee

D.become acquainted with its power structure

28. In commenting on O? Neill?s record as Treasury Secretary, the

passage seems to indicate that ____.

A.O? Neill has failed to use his power well

B.O? Neill policies w ere well received

C.O? Neill has been consistent in his policies

D.O? Neill uncertain about the package he?s approved

29. According to the passage, the differences between government and

business lie in the following areas EXCEPT ____. 246

A.nature of activity

B.optin of withdrawal

C.legitimacy of activity

D.power distribution

30. The author seems to suggest that CEO-turned government officials

____.

A.are able to fit into their new roles

B.are unlikely to adapt to their new roles

C.can respond to new situations intelligently

D.may feel uncertain in their new posts

SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 min)

In this section there are seven passages with ten multiple-choice

questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers

on COLORED ANSWER SHEET.

TEXT E

First read the question.

31. The passage is mainly concerned with ____ in the U.S.A.

A.traveling

B.big cities

C.cybercafes D .inventions Now go through TEXT E quickly to answer question 31. 247

Planning to answer your e-mail while on holiday in New York? That

may not be easy. The Internet may have been invented in the United States,

but America is one of the least likely places where a traveller might

find an Internet cafe. “Every major city in the world

has more

cybercafes than New York,”says Jo ie Kelly, who runs https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a16352621.html,. The numbers seem to bear her out: according to

various directories, London has more than 30, Paris 19, Istanbul 17,

but New York has only 8. Other U.S. cities fare just as poorly: Los

Angeles has about 11, Chicago has 4. “Here it?s quite hard work to

find a cafe. I was surprised,”says Michael Robson, a sportswriter from

York, England, who was visibly relieved to be checking his e-mail at

CyberCafe near New York?s Times Square.

Why the lack of places to plug in? Americans enjoy one of the highest

rates of Internet access from work and home in the world, and they?ve

never really taken to cafes. About 80 percent of CyberCafe?s clients,

for instance, are tourists from overseas. Greek tycoon Stelios

HajiIoannou also thinks high prices drive away locals. Last November

he oppened a branch of his Internet-cafe chain easyEverything in Times

Square. With 800 terminals, it?s the largest Net cafe in the world.

While the typical American cafe charges $ 8 to $ 12 an hour,

easyEverything charges $ 1 to 4. Marketing manager Stephaine Engelsen

says half the cafe?s customers are locals. “We get policemen, firemen,

nurses who don?t work at desks with computers, actors between

auditions.”easyEverything is now planning to open new locations in

Harlem, and possibly SoHo. Unless there?s some cultural shift afoot,

however, New York will continue to lag behind metropolises from Mexico

City to Moscow.

First read the question.

32. In the passage below the author primarily attempts to ____.

A.criticize yogis in the West

B.define what yoag is 248

C.teach yoga postures

D.experiment with yoga

Now go through TEXT F quickly to answer question 32. Most of the so-called yogis in the West seem to focus on figure

correction, not true awareness. They make statements about yoga being

for the body, mind and soul. But this is just semantics. Asanas

(postures), which get such huge play in the West, are the smallest

aspect of yoga. Either you practice yoga as a whole or you don?t. If

one is practicing just for health, better to take up walking. Need to

cure a disease? See a doctor. Yoga is not about fancy asanas or breath

control. Nor is it a therapy or a philosophy. Yoga is about inside

awareness. It is the process of union of the self with the whole. Yoga

is becoming the Buddha.

Yogis are experimentalists. In the West, scientists research mainly

external phenomena. Yogis focus on the inside. They know that the

external world is maya (illusionary) and everything inside is sathya

(truth). In maya everything goes, but if you know yourself nothing goes.

The West tends to practice only what we call cultural asanas that focus

on the external. We don?t practice asanas just to become fit. Indian

yogis have discovered 8.4 million such postures. It is essential to

train our bodies to find the most comfortable pose that we can sit in

for hours. Beyond that there is no role for physical