文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 简明语言学教程4

简明语言学教程4

简明语言学教程4
简明语言学教程4

.

4. Syntax

1 What is syntax

2 Categories

3. Syntactic category

----a word or phrase that perform a particular grammatical function such as subject or object. It includes lexical category such as nouns, adjectives, pronouns; or phrases such as NP, VP, PP etc.

4. determiner—degree—qualifier

Page 49-51

5. phrase category

6. Phrase structural rules

---- a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combination of words to form phrases and sentences. P46

7. Coordination rule

8. sentence rule

9. transformations

Put the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationship: affix suffix free root bound root derivational affix

inflectional affix prefix morpheme bound morpheme free morpheme

Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it.

A B

a. noisy crow 1) compound noun

b. scarecrow 2) root morpheme plus derivational prefix

c. the crow 3) phrase consisting of adjective plus noun

d. crowlike 4) root morpheme plus inflectional affix

e. crows 5) root morpheme plus derivational affix

6) grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morpheme

comment on the difference between the morphemes “-er” in the following two words Londoner----teacher

Explain the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.

Why have prefix and suffix morphemes been called bound morphemes?

What are the main inflectional affixes in English? What grammatical meaning do they convey?

Explain the differences of the morpheme “-er ” in the following three words.

greater singer eraser

List the bound morphemes to be found in the following words:

Misleads, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly

How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?

.Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.

True or False

1. Sentences are considered grammatical if they are judged by native speakers, instead of

grammarians, to be well-formed sentences.

2.Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.

3.The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences that could be produced.

4. A sentence is a grammatical unit that can be endlessly long and at the same time can be realized by a single morpheme.

5. Open class words can also be described as content words while closed class words function words.

6. “The student”in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student”belong to the same syntactic category.

7. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.

8. The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.

9. Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure.

10. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.

11. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to a whole.

12. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences.

13. S-structure is a level of syntacitic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.

Multiple Choice

1. Syntax is the study of ______.

A. language functions

B. sentence structures

C. textual organization

D. word formation

2 .Transformational rules do not change the basis _____ of sentences.

A) meaning B) structure C) form D) sound pattern

3. TG grammar is a type of grammar first proposed by ____ in his book language .

A) Sapir B) Bloomfield C) Saussure D) Chomsky

4. I n the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP”, the arrow can be read as __________.

A) is equal to B) consists of C) has D) generates

5. Hanging at the bottom of the tree diagram of a sentence is ____.

A) finite clause B) words groups

C) sentence D) individual morphemes

6. Transformations may be obligatory or optional. An optional rule refers to one which ____.

A)must be applied B) must not be applied

C) may or may not be applied D)need not be applied

7. A phrase is different from a clause in that it ________.

A) is a group of words B) forms a grammatical unit

C) functions only as a word D) does not contain a finite verb

8. We can make an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length. This is due to ______.

A) combinational rules

B) phrase structure rules

C) recursive property of phrase structure rules

D) X-bar theory

9.The phrase “men and women” belongs to the ______ construction.

A) predicate B)coordinate C) subordinate D) exocentric

10.The most elemental grammatical units in a language are ____.

A) phones B) words C) morphemes D) phrases

11. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.

A) grammatical rules B) selectional restrictions

C) semantic rules D) semantic features

12. The major components of a transformational grammar are __________

A)syntactic,phonological,and semantic

B)base, deep structure, and surface structure

C)deletion, copying ,addition, and reoridering

D)generation and transformation

13. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly

termed the _______.

A) phrase structure B) surface structure

C) syntactic structure D) deep structure.

14. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".

A) hierarchical B)linear C) tree diagram D) vertical

15. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is ______.

A) the city B) Rome C) city D) the city and Rome

16. ______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.

A) Morphology B) Syntax C) Semantics D) Pragmatics

17. ______ does not belong to major syntactic categories.

A) Auxiliary B) NP C) N D) PP

18. ______ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated with another.

A) Conjoining B)Embedding C) Concord D) Government

19. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) ______.

A) finite B) non-finite C) embedded D) matrix

20. The phrase “my small child’s cot” is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ______ tree diagram.

A) one B) two C) three D)four

Questions and Answers

1.Examine each of following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, compound, and complex sentences:

1)Jane did it because she was asked to.

2)The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.

3)David was never there, but his brother was.

4)She leads a tranquil life in the country.

5)Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town.

2Draw phrase structure tree for each of the following sentences.

1) Marie become very ill

2) He often reads detective stories.

3) John went to the supermarket.

3 What are the deep-structure for each of the sentence given?

1) The leader of the majority party was severely criticized by the media.

----The media severely criticized the leader of the majority party.

2) The man threw the rake away in the yard.

----the man threw away the rake in the yard.

3) Will the new shop owner hire her?

----The new shop owner will hire her.

4) What can the robot do for us?

----the robot can do what for us.

《新编简明英语语言学教程》章期末复习

Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.(语音学) The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. (音位学) The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. (形态学) The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax(句法学) The study of meaning in language is called semantics. (语义学) The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. (语用学) 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 (1)Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language

新编简明英语语言学教程第二版整理

实用标准文案 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general) 2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics. (language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9416474152.html,nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use. 5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviors. i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say. 6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory 7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time 3) speech(口语)Writing(书面语) These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9416474152.html,ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate. 9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9416474152.html,petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language 11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky) traditional grammar and modern linguistics 1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive 2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer. 3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. Functions of language. 精彩文档

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答:Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答:The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;

新编简明英语语言学教程

新编简明英语语言学教程 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性

Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence

刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(认知语言学)【圣才出品】

第10章认知语言学 10.1 复习笔记 本章要点: 1. Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 2. Categorization and categories 范畴化与范畴 3. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 概念隐喻与转喻 4. Iconicity and grammaticalization 象似性与语法化 常考考点: 认知语言学定义;范畴化与范畴定义分类等;概念隐喻与转喻的定义,层次分类;象似性的分类以及语法化等。 本章内容索引: I. Definition of cognitive linguistics II. Categorization and categories

1. Definition of categorization 2. The classical theory 3. The prototype theory 4. Levels of categorization III. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 1. Conceptual metaphor 2. Conceptual metonymy IV. Iconicity 1. Iconicity of order 2. Iconicity of distance 3. Iconicity of complexity V. Grammaticalization I. Definition of cognitive linguistics (认知语言学定义) 【考点:名词解释】 Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information. 认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法,集中研究语言组织,处理与传达信息的作用。 II. Categorization and categories (范畴化与范畴) 1. Definition of categorization and categories (定义)

(完整版)戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记_自己整理版

Chapter 1 Introduction What is linguistics? 什么是语言学 [A] The definition of linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究) Process of linguistic study: ① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed; ② Hypotheses are formulated; ③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations; ④ A linguistic theory is constructed. [B] The scope of linguistics General linguistics普通语言学: the study of language as a whole从整体研究 1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified) 2.Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.(How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning) 3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words) 4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences) 5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction 6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics [C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写性 ② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性(现代英语多研究共时性) The description of a language at some point in time; The description of a language as it changes through time. ③ Speech and writing 言语与文字 Spoken language is primary, not the written ④ Langue and parole 语言和言语 Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de Sausse (sociological)

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction What is linguistics? Scientific study of language. Interpretation: ①try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language; ②linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general; ③scientific study because based on systematic investigation of linguistic data. The scope of linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.

Some important distinctions in linguistics

What is language Definitions of language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules; ②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; ④language is human -specific,different from animal communication. Design features of language Proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language: ①arbitrariness No logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words) ②productivity It makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users. ③duality

新编语言学教程第2版第4章答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ... VP →(Qual) V (NP) ... AP →(Deg) A (PP) ... PP →(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. 3. What is category? How to determine a word's category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 若详细回答,则要加上: Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving. The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.

新编语言学教程刘润清版1,2章复习大纲

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Definition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by the three cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy. Linguistics Linguistics versus traditional grammar: Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Stylistics Discourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguistics Definition: Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise. Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions. Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work. Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements. Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature. Design features Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of written language. Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word . pen) and the thing. what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d?g/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speak

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 二、知识点 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9416474152.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家 Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. ⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett 提出了语言的识别特征design features

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档