考研英语阅读理解精读100篇(高分版) UNIT 3

UNIT THREE

TEXT ONE

Scores of workers from MTV Networks walked off the job yesterday afternoon, filling the sidewalk outside the headquarters of its corporate parent, Viacom, to protest recent changes in benefits. The walkout highlighted the concerns of a category of workers who are sometimes called permalancers: permanent freelancers who work like full-time employees but do not receive the same benefits.

Waving signs that read ''Shame on Viacom,'' the workers, most of them in their 20s, demanded that MTV Networks reverse a plan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning Jan. 1. In a statement, MTV Networks noted that its benefits program for full-time employees had also undergone changes, and it emphasized that the plan for freelancers was still highly competitive within the industry. Many freelancers receive no corporate benefits. But some of the protesters asserted that corporations were competing to see which could provide the most mediocre health care coverage. Matthew Yonda, who works at Nickelodeon, held a sign that labeled the network ''Sick-elodeon.'' ''I've worked here every day for three years -- I'm not a freelancer,'' Mr. Yonda said. ''They just call us freelancers in order to bar us from getting the same benefits as employees.'' The changes to the benefits package were announced last Tuesday. Freelancers were told that they would become eligible for benefits after 160 days of work, beginning in January. While that eased previous eligibility rules, which required freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible, it would have required all freelancers not yet eligible for benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1. The 401(k) plan was also removed. On Thursday, acknowledging the complaints, MTV Networks reinstated the 401(k) plan and said freelancers who had worked consistently since March would be eligible.

Fueled by a series of blog posts on the media Web site Gawker -- the first post was headlined ''The Viacom Permalance Slave System'' -- a loose cohort of freelancers created protest stickers and distributed walkout fliers last week. Caroline O'Hare, a unit manager who has worked for MTV for more than two years, said the new health care plan -- with higher deductibles and a $2,000 cap on hospital expenses each year -- had provoked outrage. ''They think they can treat us like children that don't have families, mortgages or dreams of retirement,'' she said.

Outside Viacom's headquarters, several workers held posters with the words, ''There's too many of us to ignore.'' It was unclear how many freelancers are on the company's payroll; an MTV Networks spokeswoman said the figure was not known because it rises and falls throughout the year. The company has 5,500 full-time

employees, excluding freelancers, around the world.

Two freelancers and one full-time employee, who asked not to be identified for fear of retribution, estimated that the percentage of freelancers in some departments exceeded 75 percent. Another labor action is expected to take place outside Viacom later this week. Members of the Writers Guild of America, who have been on strike for five weeks, are expected to picket there on Thursday.

1．Which one of the following statements is NOT true of MTV Networks’new benefits plan for freelancers?

[A] Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry.

[B] Its freelancers cannot receive the same benefits as the full-time employees.

[C] The freelancers who are not eligible for benefits should start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1.

[D] The freelancers are against the new plan which substantially but their benefit 2. According to the new benefits program of MTV Networks, the following freelancers are eligible for benefits except_____

[A] those who have worked for 160 days.

[B] those who have worked for 1 year.

[C] those who have worked since March.

[D] those who have worked since Jan. 1.

3.The word “reinstate” (Line 6, Paragraph

3) most probably means_____

[A] redesign.

[B] restore. [C] repair.

[D] reset.

4. The MTV Networks spokeswoman did not provide the number of freelancers on the payroll mostly probably because_____

[A] the figure fluctuates throughout the year and it is impossible to calculate the precise number.

[B] the company wants to keep it as a secret so as to better stand the protest. [C] the company has no record of the freelancers since there is no such necessity.

[D] the company does not want to provide the freelancers with benefits enjoyed by the full-time employee.

5. Towards MTV Networks’ change on the benefits plan, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____

[A] affirmative.

[B] negative.

[C] biased.

[D] neutral.

文章剖析：

这篇文章介绍了MTV Networks公司修改其对于雇用的自由职员的福利待遇方案的调整以及引起的反响。文章第一段第二段介绍MTV Networks公司的自由职员举行罢工游行的情况；第三段讲述福利方案调整的一些内容；第四段讲述其他的一些抗议形式；第五段第六段是关于MTV Networks公司雇用的自由职员的数量的一些情况。

词汇注释：

freelancer n. 自由职业者reverse v. 撤销或取消

mediocre adj. 普通的，劣等的reinstate n. 恢复

cohort n. 一群一群或一帮人sticker n. 张贴物

flier n. 传单

deductible n. 扣除条款,保险单内的条款之一，免除保险人对被保险户承受的损失赔偿最初的规定的金额

retribution n. 惩罚，报偿

picket v. 派出纠察员，在罢工或示威期间设置一个或几个纠察队

难句突破：

(1)Waving signs that read ''Shame on Viacom,'' the workers, most of them in their 20s,

demanded that MTV Networks reverse a plan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning Jan. 1.

[主体句式] The workers demanded that…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面的现在分词短语作为主语的伴随状语；most of them in their 20s是主语的同位语；谓语demand后是一个宾语从句，在该从句中，beginning Jan 1是一个现在分词短语作a plan的定语。

[句子译文] 这些工人大多数都是二十多岁，他们手中挥舞着写有“Viacom 无耻”的标语，要求MTV Networks收回于1月1日开始实施的旨在减少自由职业者健康和牙齿医疗方面福利的计划。

(2)While that eased previous eligibility rules, which required freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible, it would have required all freelancers not yet eligible for

benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1.

[主体句式] While that … it would have…

[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，前半分句中有一个which 引导的非限定性从句修饰previous eligibility rules，后半分句中not yet eligible for benefits 是后置定语用来修饰all freelancers。

[句子译文] 虽然这样一来放宽了以前的资格规定（该规定要求自由职业者必须工作52周后才能成为合格员工），但却要求所有尚无资格享受福利的自由职业者从1月1日重新开始计算等待期。

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。题目要求找出和新福利方案不符合的一项，关于A在第二段由所提及，是MTV为自己辩护的证据；B在全文中都有体现，第一段工人罢工的原因就是自由职业者不能和正式员工享受一样的福利；选项C在文章的第三段提到，虽然一开始计划改变后是这样规定的，但因职员的抗议，公司又重新恢复了401方案，只要从三月份以来一直在工作的员工就可以享受新的福利方案。选项D，全文中各个段落都提到了这一点。因此，只有C是符合题干的。

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。MTV修改了的新福利方案对享受福利待遇的职工作了新定义，这在第三段有说明。新方案规定从一月份开始在公司工作了160天的员工有这个资格，之前的规定是工作达52周的员工；不过这个新规定要求所有还没有资格享受福利的员工要从一月一日开始重新计算工作时间，不过由于职员的抗议，公司决定只要从三月份以来一直在公司工作的员工就有这个资格。那么四个选项中，A是符合的，B无论什么情况下也都符合，C在公司修改后也符合，只有D不符合，没有该资格。

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析] 猜词题。首先看到reinstate这个词是由re开头的，因此这个单词应该有“重复”或者“重新”的意思。有了这个前提，再结合上下文来看，401方案取消后，员工进行了抗议，因此MTV对该方案采取了一定行动。可以推测，是一种公司缓和气氛而作的努力，那么应该是恢复了该方案。答案为B。选项的几个单词都比较类似，也都是以re开头的词汇，但是它们之间有一些小小的区别，要注意区分。这道题主要考察了考生的词汇量、以及辨别相近词之间区别的能力。

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。第五段中提到，目前工资薪水册上有多少自由职员还不清楚，一位MTV Networks发言人声称是因为这个数字全年都来回波动，这很明显是一个托词，因为每家公司都会有其各种人员的登记，要掌握具体的数据并不困难。只是公布该数据对公司不利，因为公司自知有大量的自由职员，如果数据公布对罢工者有利，对公司反而是不利证据，因此是因为公司不想让外人知道，以便于在这场罢工斗争中争取有利形势。因此B为正确答案。C和D选项属于无中生有。

[难度系数] ☆

[分析] 态度题。文章虽然措辞比较客观，但是从作者引用的例子等还是可以发现，作者对MTV Network公司所作的福利方案变动还是有一定的想法。如他引用的几个自由职业者的陈述都可以表现出这一点来。因此，答案为B。

参考译文：

昨天下午，MTV Networks的许多工人进行了一场罢工，站满了其上级公司Viacom总部外的人行道，抗议最近福利方面的变化。这次罢工突出反映了那些有时被称作永久自由职业者的工人们的忧虑：他们和全职员工一样工作，但是却得不到同样的福利。

这些工人大多数都是二十多岁，他们手中挥舞着写有“Viacom 无耻”的标语，要求MTV Networks收回于1月1日开始实施的旨在减少自由职业者健康和牙齿医疗方面福利的计划。MTV Networks在一份声明中提到其全职员工的福利计划也发生了一些变化，并且强调他们对自由职业者的福利计划在行业中是有一定优势的。许多自由职业者没有任何的公司福利。但是一些抗议者声称公司在比看谁提供的医疗保健计划最普通。在Nickelodeon工作的Matthew Yonda手中的标语写着“恶心的elodeon”。“我三年来每天都在这里工作——我不是自由职业者，”Yonda这样说，“他们叫我们自由职业者，目的就是不让我们享受和正式员工一样的福利。”

福利变化是于上周二公布的，自由职业者被告知他们只能在从１月１日起的160天后才有资格享受福利。虽然这样一来放宽了以前的资格规定（该规定要求自

由职业者必须工作52周后才能成为合格员工），但却要求所有尚无资格享受福利的自由职业者从1月1日重新开始计算等待期。401（k）计划也被取消了。星期四，MTV Networks在收到申诉后又恢复了401（k）计划，宣布从三月以来一直工作的自由职业者可以不用等候就可以有资格享受福利。其他的一些改变也引起了公愤。

媒体网Gawker张贴的一系列的博客公告更是火上浇油（第一篇公告的标题为“Viacom 的永久自由职业者奴隶体系”），一群组织松散的自由职业者上周做了抗议张贴物并散发罢工传单。Caroline O'Hare是曾在MTV工作过两年多的部门经理，她说这个新的健康保障计划含有更高的扣除条款，并设定了每年医疗花费2000美元的最高限额，已经引起了公愤。“他们觉得可以对待我们可以像对待没有家庭、抵押贷款和退休梦想的孩子一样。”她这样说。

在Viacom总部外，几个工人手中的条幅这样写着：“我们人数众多，不容忽视。”目前尚不清楚到底有多少自由职业者被划入该公司的薪水册中，MTV Networks一位女发言人声称由于一年中这个数字起起伏伏，所以现在这个数字还不能确定。该公司除自由职业者外，在全世界有5500个全职员工。

据两个自由职业者和一个全职员工估计在某些部门自由职业者的比例高达75%，这三个人因害怕被公司报复要求而不要公开他们身份。另外一项劳动诉讼可能将于本周晚些时候在Viacom外进行。美国作家协会的成员已经罢工五周，可望于周四在此派出纠察员。

TEXT TWO

A boy or a girl? That is usually the first question asked when a woman gives birth. Remarkably, the answer varies with where the mother lives. In rich countries the chances of its being a boy are about 5% higher than in poor ones. Equally remarkably, that figure has been falling recently. Several theories have been put forward to explain these observations. Some argue that smoking plays a role, others that diet may be important. Neither of these ideas has been supported by evidence from large studies. But new research points to a different factor: stress.

Strange as it might seem, the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 shed light on the enigma. Studies noting the sex of babies conceived in New York during the week of the attacks found a drop in the ratio of males to females. That is consistent with earlier studies, which revealed a similar shift in women who became pregnant during floods and earthquakes and in time of war. Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.

Taken together, these results suggest that acute stress to a woman at the time of conception shifts the sex ratio towards girls. However, Carsten Obel, a researcher at Aarhus who was not involved in the earlier study, wondered if the same might be true of chronic stress too. In a paper just published in Human Development, he shows that it is.

Dr Obel used a set of data collected between 1989 and 1992. During that period 8,719 expectant mothers were asked to fill in questionnaires that inquired, among other things, about their level of stress. Dr Obel found that the more stressed a mother had been, the less chance she had of having given birth to a boy. Only 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males. That compared with 52% for women in the bottom quartile. Dr Obel suspects the immediate cause is that male pregnancies are more likely to miscarry in response to stress than female pregnancies are, especially during the first three months. However, that is difficult to prove. More intriguing, though, is the ultimate cause, for he thinks it might be adaptive, rather than pathological.

That is because the chances are that a daughter who reaches adulthood will find a mate and thus produce grandchildren. A son is a different matter. Healthy, strapping sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren, by several women—or would have done in the hunter-gatherer societies in which most human evolution took place. Weak ones would be marginalised and maybe even killed in the cut and thrust of male competition. If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense. That, in turn, would explain why women in rich countries, who are less likely to suffer from hunger and disease, are more likely to give birth to sons. That this likelihood is, nevertheless, falling suggests that rich women's lives may be more stressful than they used to be.

1. The author begins the passage by_____

[A] presenting an argumentation.

[B] explaining a phenomenon.

[C] raising a question.

[D] making a comparison

2. The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because_____

[A] the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impact.

[B] women are facing greater pressure than past. [C] women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the past.

[D] male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry.

3. Which of the following can explain Dr Obel’s opinion that the ultimat cause is adaptive rather than pathological?

[A] 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.

[B] Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys.

[C] Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringing them to term for fear of male competition.

[D] Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.

4. Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because_____

[A] they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the evolutionary sense.

[B] sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several women. [C] they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mate. [D] they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources.

5.From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that_____

[A] acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stress.

[B] stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girls.

[C] more girls will be born in the future because today’s women, in both rich and poor countries, suffer from increasing pressure.

[D] chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women’s pregnancies.

文章剖析：

这篇文章是介绍影响婴儿出生性别原因的一个新的研究成果－－压力。文章第一段提出以往人们对该问题的看法，然后引出新的研究结果；第二段用一些事例来证明突发压力对于婴儿性别的影响；第三段、第四段讲述Obel博士调查研究表明慢性压力在这方面的影响；第五段对Obel博士的研究结果作了一些论证；第六段是对第一段提到的现象用得出的结论做解释。

词汇注释：

enigma n. 谜conception n. 受精

chronic adj. 长期的，持续的questionnarie n. 调查表

quartile n. 四分位值miscarry v. 流产

pathological adj. 病理的strapping adj. 伟岸的，魁梧的

fetus n. 胎儿

难句突破：

(1) Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.

[主体句式] A study revealed that…

[结构分析]这是一个复合

句，主语后面是一个过去分词短语做定语；revealed后面的宾语从句比较复杂，从句的主体句式为wom en or spouse were likely to …，状语中that 引导的定语从句用来修饰time,

第一个主语women后有一个以who引导的定语从句。

[句子译文] 而且，八年前奥尔胡斯大学研究者们做的一项研究也表明，经过头胎死亡经历或配偶在其怀孕期间患上一些灾难性疾病的妇女更有可能生女孩。

(2) If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense.

[主体句式] If… then selectively aborting boys…would make sense.

[结构分析] 这是一个带有条件状语从句的复合句，主语由现在分词短语构成。

[句子译文] 如果母亲受到的压力对胎儿发展起到相反作用，选择性地将男孩流产，而不是浪费时间和资源将他们养大，这从进化意义上说得通的。

[答案]A

[难度系数] ☆

[分析]推理题。作者在文章一开始就指出在富裕国家中妇女生男孩的比率比贫穷国家高出5%，但目前这个比率在下降，有许多人给出自己的解释，但都不能被大型的研究所证明，而现在又有新的论点，就是压力的作用。接下来的几段就是对这个论点的证实。可见，作者是以提出一个论点的形式来开始这篇文章的。

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆ [分析]推理题。首先A 选项明显是错误的，因为这个影响只限于美国，并不包括所有的富裕国家。D 也是错误选项，因为文章第四段中提到了这一点，但是选项中却丢掉了一个重要前提，也就是在较大的压力下，怀了男孩的女性才更加容易流产。题干要求找出富裕国家目前男孩出生率下降的原因，文章整篇都在讨论压力对于婴儿性别的作用，而最后一段的最后一句话作者指出，目前这个比率下降可能是因为富裕国家妇女现在承受的压力要比以前多，但是没有说明有新的压力。因此，答案为B 。

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]细节题。第四段中提到，Obel 博士认为导致女性在面临压力时生女孩的几率更大，其根本原因应该是

适应性的原因而不是生理性原因。第四段提到，Obel 怀疑是其直接原因是面临压力时如果怀孕的是男孩那么就更容易流产。紧接着第五段就给出了解释，那就是在资源紧缺的男性竞争社会中，弱小的男性更容易被边缘化，被淘汰，而女性则不存在这个问题，所以面对这种压力，妇女生育孩子时会选择将男婴流产，这是一种适应环境的做法。因此，答案中C 是可以说明他的这个观点的，A 、B 、D 只是一些表象。

[答案]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]推理题。文章第五段指出在原始狩猎社会中，健康、强壮的男性可以和几位女性一起繁殖许多后代，而弱小的则会被边缘化甚至在男性竞争中被杀死。妇女在生育孩子时就会面临这样的压力，她更情愿将男婴流产，也不愿意花费了如此多的时间和精力后将男婴生出来，却面临被淘汰的压力。因此，在原始狩猎社会中，女孩出生率较高的原因是因为妇女生育时面临的这种压力。选项中，D为正确答案。A选项显然是错误的，原始人不会以进化的观点去思考问题。B选项的说法只是一个现象，并不是题干的原因。C选项的说法与原文相反。

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]

推理题。题干要求根据整篇文章推导出一个结论，本文主要讲述了压力对于婴儿出生性别的影响，分别用一些数据和事实证明突发压力和慢性压力都有一定的影响，从中可以得出结论，就是突发与急性压力都会

使得女孩出生率高一些。答案A、D文中并没有进行比较、缺少证据，C的内容也文中也没有提到。因此，正确答案为B。

参考译文：

男孩还是女孩？这通常是一个女人生完孩子后问的第一个问题。很显然的，因为这位母亲所在的地方不同答案也就不同。在富裕国家中生男孩的比率要比贫穷国家高5%。同样引人注目的是，最近这个数字有所降低。人们提出了几个理论来解释这些现象。有人认为吸烟可能是原因所在，也有人认为节食的影响较大。但大规模研究的证据却都不支持这两个观点，而新的研究指出了另外一个因素：压力。

虽然看起来很奇怪，但2001年“9·11”恐怖袭击揭示了这个问题的谜底。对恐怖袭击的那一周在纽约出生婴儿的性别研究发现男女性别比例下降了，这与早期的研究一致。早期研究表明洪水、地震和战争期间怀孕妇女生育男女的比例也有相似的变化。而且，八年前奥尔胡斯大学研究者们做的一项研究也表明，经过头胎死亡经历或配偶在其怀孕期间患上一些灾难性疾病的妇女更有可能生女孩。

综合这些研究结果表明女性在受精时如果受到突然的压力，那么生女孩的比例就会增大。但是，奥尔胡斯的一位研究者CarstenObel并没有参与早期的研究，他怀疑持续的压力是否也会有同样的影响。他刚刚在《人类发展》上发表的一篇论文表明事实确实如此。

Obel博士使用了1989年至1992年间的一组数字。在这个时期，8791名妇女受邀填写问卷调查，调查其中一项就是她们压力程度。Obel博士发现一个妇女承受的压力越重，她生男孩的概率就越小。压力最大的四成妇女只有47%生育男孩，而最小的四成妇女比例为52%。Obel博士怀疑这种现象的直接原因是在压力的情况下，怀男婴的妇女比怀女婴的妇女更容易流产，尤其是在前三个月。这一点很难证实。更让人迷惑的是他认为根本原因是适应性的而不是生理性的。

这是因为可能的情况是女孩成年后就要找一位男性，然后生育后代。而男孩则不一样。健康、魁梧的男性更有可能与几位女性生育很多后代，至少在原始狩猎族社会是这样的，大多数人类进化就是这样进行的。弱小的将会被边缘化，甚至有可能在男性的竞争性打斗中被杀死。如果母亲受到的压力对胎儿发展起到相反作用，选择性地将男孩流产，而不是浪费时间和资源将他们养大，这从进化意义上说得通的。

这反过来也可以解释为什么在富裕国家中女性很少受到饥饿和疾病的威胁，更容易生育男孩。尽管存在这种可能，但是数据的下降说明富裕女性目前所受的压力要比以前大得多。

TEXT THREE

Despite bulging order books, the mood at Airbus and Boeing is far from celebratory. Both aviation giants are moaning loudly that their production systems and supply chains are flawed, albeit for ostensibly different reasons. This week Louis Gallois, the boss of EADS, the Franco-German aerospace consortium that owns Airbus, added substance to warnings a week earlier by the planemaker's chief executive, Tom Enders, that the dollar's decline was “life-threatening” for the firm. Mr Gallois said it was no longer just a

possibility that Airbus would have to move a large part of its production to “the dollar zone” or low-cost countries, but a certainty.

Airbus is already in the middle of Power8, a big restructuring plan that involves the loss of 10,000 jobs and the sale of several plants, which is meant to offset the losses caused by the delays in delivering the A380 superjumbo. But Power8 assumed that a euro was worth $1.35, not today's $1.47. Mr Gallois estimates that each 10-cent rise in the euro costs Airbus €1 billion. At present, Airbus makes 76% of its purchases within Europe, but generates over 60% of its sales elsewhere. It must now shift some production abroad.

Airbus is now likely to forge ahead much further. Mr Gallois suggests that when the A350 enters service in 2013, 70% of it will have been “purchased” in dollars, against 50% for the A380 and an average 24% of Airbus production today. Because Airbus insists that some of its European suppliers price in dollars that means about 50% of the A350's production will be outsourced. New aircraft, such as the A320's successor, may be made almost entirely outside the euro-zone.

Airbus maintains that exchange rates are not the only reason for outsourcing: it is keen to tap into composite-manufacturing expertise wherever it exists. It also insists that it will not repeat the mistakes Boeing has made with its new 787 Dreamliner, about 80% of which has been outsourced. A few weeks ago Mike Bair, the executive responsible for the 787 programme, who was recently moved sideways after mounting production delays, launched a withering attack on some of the companies recruited to build the plane. He said that in future Boeing would not entrust design work to partners who “proved incapable o f doing it”, and would make suppliers build factories close to Boeing's main assembly operation, rather than flying semi-finished sections of the aircraft round the world on huge Dreamlifter transporters.

It is too early to conclude that the two rivals are heading in opposite directions—Boeing renouncing the global supply chain just as Airbus adopts it. Each company has its own axe to grind. Airbus needs greater flexibility, and the weak dollar provides helpful cover as it takes on its grumbling unions. Boeing, for its part, wants to shift the blame for delays to the 787 on to its partners. The logic of global outsourcing in the aerospace industry remains powerful. Whatever they may be saying now, Airbus and Boeing are more likely to converge than to diverge.

1. Airbus carries out Power 8 because_____

[A] it cannot make up the deficits caused by the dalays in delivering A380.

[B] it wants to move its production abroad to handle the problem of dollar’s decline.

[C] it has not predicted the dollar decline at the beginning.

[D] it wants to raise money to build new production sector in low-cost countries.

2. The lesson Airbus learns from Boeing’s case of 787 Dreamliner is_____ [A] it should not adopt outsourcing at all given its uncertainty and insecurity.

[B] it should not coopearte with partners in designing.

[C] it should not waste time in flying the semi-finished sections of the aircraft.

[D] it should make use of the local manufacturing expertise instead of international partners.

3. According to the passage, the 787 programme is delayed probably because_____ [A] the parteners are not incapable of building

the plane.

[B] The suppliers are far away from the main assembly operation.

[C] 80% of it has been outsourced to other countries which affected efficiency.

[D] the executive is not qualified incapable of finding qualified partners. 4. The word “converge”(Line 6, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____

[A] unite.

[B] combine.

[C] meet.

[D] cooperate.

5. Why Airbus and Boeing are more likely to converge than to diverge?

[A] Boeing quits the global supply chain while Airbus adopts it.

[B] Both of them need to adopt greater flexibility in the working process.

[C] Both of them need to make their foreign purchases and outsourcing more skillful and powerful.

[D] Both of them have to take measures to deal with problmes caused by weak dollar.

篇章剖析：

这篇文章主要介绍了空中客车目前在生产和采购方面的一些新的动向和调整，也提到了波音公司的一些调整。第一段讲述空中客车和波音两大飞机公司目前在生产、供应方面都面临一些新的问题，空中客车已决定要采取海外计划；第二段讲述空中客车目前的一些问题；第三段讲述空中客车将来在采购方面的计划；第四段讲述空中客车海外计划的另外一个原因；第五段讲述空中客车和波音公司虽然表面看起来采取的措施不同，但其海外采购的大方向是确定的。

词汇注释：

albeit conj. 虽然ostensibly adv. 表面上

consortium n. 社团，协会superjumbo n. 巨型喷气式飞机

forge ahead v. 向前迈进outsource v. 外部买办，采购

tap into v. 接入renounce v. 放弃

grumbling adj. 嘟嘟囔囔的, 抱怨的; 疼痛的converge v. 会聚，会合

难句突破：

(1)This week Louis Gallois, the boss of EADS, the Franco-German aerospace

consortium that owns Airbus, added substance to warnings a week earlier by the planemaker's chief executive, Tom Enders, that the dollar's decline was

“life-threatening” for the firm.

[主体句式] Louis Gallois added substance to warnings.

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，the boss of EADS是主语的同位语，而the Franco-German aerospace consortium that owns

Airbus又是EADS的同位语；最后that引导的定语从句是用来修饰前面的warnings。

[句子译文]法德航天财团EADS（空中客车属于该财团）老总Louis Galloi本周强调了一周前飞机制造首席执行官Tom Enders的警告，指出美元的贬值对于公司造成了生命威胁。

(2)A few weeks ago Mike Bair, the executive responsible for the 787 programme, who

was recently moved sideways after mounting production delays, launched a

withering attack on some of the companies recruited to build the plane.

[主体句式] Mike Bair launched …

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，短语the executive…是主语的同位语，后面who

引导的定语从句是修饰主语的。

[句子译文]负负责787项目的主管Mike Bair因为延误了生产近期换到别处，几周前他对一些已参与制造该飞机的公司进行了毁灭性的攻击。

题目分析：

[答案] A

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析]推理题。文章第一段指出Gallois已经决定将一大部门生产放到海外，同时

第二段紧接着就说空中客车已经实施能量8计划了，目的就是要弥补因为A380交付延误造成的损失。那么，选项A最为符合文章内容。B选项不是实施这一计划的直接原因，可以排除。C选项是无中生有，而最后一个选项是该计划的一个结果之一，而不是原因。

[答案]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]推理题。第四段中提到了波音787计划，提到其主管指出波音公司今后不会再将设计工作交给不能胜任的合作人，还会在装配车间旁边直接让供应商建工厂以免去运输飞机半成品部件的费用。那么可见波音在该项目中主要的问题就是这两方面的，而本段主要是讲述空中客车指出要海外采购的另外一方面原因是如果当地有制造技术那么就直接运用该技术。从这两方面可以看出，空中客车得到的经验应该是制造方面应利用本地资源。那么，答案D最为符合。

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]推理题。文章第四段中提到了波音787计划，提到其主管指出波音公司今后不会再将设计工作交给不能胜任的合作人，还会在装配车间旁边直接让供应商建工厂以免去运输飞机半成品部件的费用。那么可以推断，延误的主要原因可能就是这两方面，答案A、B涉及这两个方面，但A与原文不符，原文是合作人在设计飞机方面不能胜任，而不是制造飞机方面；B是原文提到的第二方面，符合题意，为正确答案。C和D选项可以比较容易地排除，首先相关段落没有提到效率的问题，因此可以排除C选项。而D选项利用了文章中executive，qualified partners 这些词汇，但组成的句子却是与原文无关的。

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析]猜词题。根据上下文来理解这个词，文章最后一段提到现在就下结论说这两个公司今后会向不同方向发展还为时尚早，虽然他们说法不同，但对于海外采购的态度还是肯定的，因此说它们今后更可能是向同一个方向会合而不是各自走上不同的道路。另外，从最后一句话可以大致分析，converg e和diverge应该是相反的意思，那么也可以猜出这个词的意思应当是“会合”，答案C最为符合。

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析]推理题。文章最后一段提出，表面上看好像它们采取的方法会有很大不同，波音要放弃全球供应链但空中巴士却决定要采取这个方案，但每个公司故事不同，空中客车需要更大的灵活度，而波音却是向要通过这个决定把787项目的责任转移到合作商身上，但其实全球采购这个逻辑在这个行业还是盛行的。可见，它们终究还是需要进行海外采购，同时文章也指出了他们的海外采购需要有所改进，分别都要改进灵活性并且时海外采购变得更加强大。文章最后一句指出，两个公司其实是走得更近而不是兵分两路，也是C选项的佐证。因此，之所以说它们向一个方向会合就是在全球采购这方面而言的，因此，答案为C选项。

参考译文：

尽管收到大量的订单，空中客车和波音公司中却丝毫没有庆祝的气氛。两个航空巨头都在大声抱怨其生产系统和供应链有缺陷，虽然表面上看起来其原因不同。法德航天财团EADS（空中客车属于该财团）老总Louis Galloi本周强调了一周前飞机制造首席执行官Tom Enders的警告，指出美元的贬值对于公司造成了生命威胁。Gallois先生表示，空中客车将其很大一部分生产转移到“美元区”或低成本国家不再是一种可能，而成为了一种必然。

空中客车正在进行能量8计划，这项大型重组计划将导致一万名员工丧失工作，以及出售数家工厂，目的是弥补在因延迟交付A380巨型喷气式飞机造成的损失。但开始时能量8假定1欧元对1.35美元，而不是现在的1.47美元。Gallois先生估计欧元每升值10分，空中客车就要损失10亿欧元。目前，空中客车75%的采购都在欧洲，但60%的销售却在别的地方。现在它必须将一些生产转移到海外去。

现在空中客车可能要往前更进一步。Gallois先生建议2013年A350进入市场后，其70%的采购将以美元进行，而目前A38050%的美元采购和空中客车平均24%的生产为美元采购。因为空中客车强调其欧洲供应商必须以美元定价，也就是A350 50%的生产将在海外采购。新的飞机如下一代A32可能全部都要在欧元区之外的地方生产。

空中客车认为汇率并不是海外采购的唯一原因，它还希望接纳复合的制造技术，无论哪里有这种技术。公司还强调不会重复波音在新的787“梦之机”上已经犯过的错误，该机型80%的采购都外包出去了。负责787项目的主管Mike Bair因为延误了生产近期换到别处，几周前他对一些已参与制造该飞机的公司进行了毁灭性的攻击。他说未来波音公司不会将任何设计工作委托给“被证明不能胜任”的合作者，也将会让供应商在波音主要的组装车间旁建立工厂，而不再用大型的Dreamlifter运输机将飞机的半成品部分进行环绕世界的运输。

正当空中客车刚刚采用了全球供应链时波音公司却放弃了这种模式，但是现在就下结论说这两个对手正朝两个不同的方向发展还为时太早。每个公司都有自己的斧头需要研磨，空中客车需要更大的灵活性，而疲软的美元为这家受工会抱怨地公司提供了很好的掩盖。而波音却想将787项目延迟的责任推到其合作者身上。航空业全球外包逻辑还是非常强大的，不管空中客车和波音公司现在说的是什么，它们其实是在走得更近而不是兵分两路。

TEXT FOUR

Imagine how much sleep future musicologists will lose over Philip Glass. Throughout his career he has changed his scores to suit the circumstances, trimming them for recordings, for example, because he believes that nonvisual performances benefit from (relative) concision. The notion of an immutable, sacrosanct urtext -- the very thing musicologists sift historical evidence hoping to establish -- is entirely alien to him.

Still, you would think that if Mr. Glass held anything sacred, it would be the structure and format of ''Einstein on the Beach.'' At that opera's premiere in 1976, and in its 1984 and 1992 revivals, ''Einstein'' played for five hours with no intermission. Free of narrative but rich in associations and imagery -- Einstein as a madly ecstatic violinist but also as the father of nuclear power -- the work unfolded inexorably, its repeated musical phrases creating rhythmic wheels within wheels. The libretto, mostly numbers, solfege syllables and quirky, stream-of-consciousness spoken texts, works its own hypnotic spell. Listeners were free to come and go as they pleased, but some of the work's power came from its relentlessness, to say nothing of the quirkiness of Robert Wilson's staging.

The version that Mr. Glass and his ensemble presented at Carnegie Hall on Thursday evening swept away the elements that made the work a happening and transformed it into a concert piece: three hours long, with an intermission and with formal seating rules in force. The breadth of the work was presented, if not its full sweep. The two-hour trim was accomplished by deleting sections from all but a few scenes. Some trims were noticeable: Lucinda Childs's tale of the multicolored bathing cap was intact, as were the quotations from Carole King's ''I Feel the Earth Move,'' but Mr. Bojangles was evicted from this version.

Musically, the score survived the trims and might even have benefited from them: The brisker movement from one section to the next highlighted the degree of inventiveness that drives this piece and pointed up passages of real beauty. In ''Knee Play 3,'' for example, the unaccompanied chorus sings streams of numbers, yet the music has the grandeur of a sacred setting much of the time and, at others, the energy of a symphonic presto. And Tim Fain, the violinist, gave the solo passages in the second, fourth and fifth ''Knee Plays'' and in the climactic, swirling ''Spaceship Interior'' scene an electrifying, virtuosic workout.

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