1 上海高考英语作文命题特点

1 上海高考英语作文命题特点

1.写作话题

每年高考在即，会出现许多对高考英语写作话题的预测，但这种具体的预测往往是徒劳的。分析近年来真题规律，上海市高考英语写作的话题都是跟高中生的生活密切相关，而非政治性或社会性话题。例如，2006年的话题是“选择大学”的问题；2007年的话题是“礼物”；2008年的话题是“集体舞比赛”；2009年是“参加夏令营的课程”；2010年则是“学生上课情景”。这些话题都源于高中生的日常生活。因此，考生不必担心无话可说。在备考过程也不必将过多精力放在一些重大的社会性及政治性话题上。

2.写作体裁

近年来，上海市高考英语写作从体裁上来说主要是偏重于叙议结合的文章，例如在2008年的高考中，考生首先要说明自己是否要参加集体舞比赛，之后要阐述自己的理由。又如，在2009年的高考中，考生首先要根据材料说明自己要参加夏令营的哪个课程，其次要阐述自己的理由以及描述一下希望从课程中学到的内容。刚刚结束的2010年高考题要求学生描述图片以及自己同时期上课的情景，再简单发表感想。纵观近三年的高考，都是夹叙夹议的文章，因此这种体裁的文章是考生接下来备考的重点。

2.如何写好高考作文

高考英语作文的考核目标是看学生能否根据题意连贯、贴切地进行书面表达。我们在写作时应注意：

1.认真审题，确定内容。弄清写作要求是写好作文的前提，也是书面表达的基础。审题时应注意以下几个方面：

1)审题时要确定文章的体裁。

例：(2010年高考)下图是小学新生的课堂一角，对照你当时的上课情况，做出比较并谈谈你的感受。你的作文必须包括：描述图片里学生上课的场景；比较你同时期的上课情况；简单谈谈你的感受。

这篇文章的内容必须覆盖题目给出的三块内容，其中前两项“描述图片里学生上课的场景”和“比较你同时期的上课情况”皆是记叙和描绘的部分。只有最后一部分“简要发表感想”是议论。

2)审题时，把握题目中的关键内容，以免跑题或遗漏。

例：(2009)高考作文：某海外学校举办英语夏令营，开设了如下课程：园艺(gardening)、烹调(cooking)、防身术(self-defense)、护理(nursing)。假如你是王跃华(不可以用自己的真实姓名)，写一封申请信，报名参加其中一门课程的学习。信的内容必须包括：你感兴趣的课程；你期望从这门课程中学到什么；为什么想学这些内容。

这个命题的关键内容有三块：是什么、为什么和学什么。很多同学在审题时把重点放在了“为什么要学”上，

却忽略了“想学什么”这个关键内容。文章的主体段只交待了为什么要学习某个课程，却只字不提想学习这个课程的哪些方面，遗漏了关键的内容。

2.语言表达上要从三方面把好语言关。

1)准确性：在写作的过程中最好用自己熟悉的句型和词语，力求语言表达正确流畅。

2)句式多样性：在写作过程中，过多使用简单句和短句，会使文章显得罗嗦，幼稚。我们在书面表达时应学会合并短句，并注意句式的多样性。

3)语言恰当性：在高考英语写作时，还应注意用词的恰当性。有些同学喜欢用一些词汇等级较高的词以显示语言的水平，但若不贴切文章的内容，效果往往适得其反。比如，在一篇描写同学间友谊的文章中，用“It is universally acknowledged that friendship is very important to us”这样的语句来开头，就显得过大，十分不适合文章的主题和作者的身份。

3.组织结构上要做到结构正确，层次分明，运用适当的连接词使上下文连贯一致。

1)注意篇章结构，合理布局开始部分(Opening paragraph )——说出文中的要点、核心问题。正文部分(Body paragraphs)——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。结尾部分(Concluding paragraph)——对全文的总结和概括。

2)运用适当的连接词使段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。记叙文一般按照时间顺序来写，用一些表示先后顺序的连接词能使记叙的事件脉络更清楚。议论文中用一些连接词可以使文章层次分明，上下连贯。

3.高考作文的写作步骤：

高考写作理想时间是30分钟，最少不能少于20分钟，拿到考题后，写作的一般步骤为：

第一步：审题

第二步：谋篇布局

1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。

2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些词汇和句型等。

3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性

第三步：写后检查，写后复查全文，看内容要点有无遗漏，标点、格式、大小写是否规范，是否有语病，卷面是否整洁等。

2010年高考题：

图意：看图作文让学生有话可说

今年高考英语作文部分继续延用看图作文的形式，以外国一年级小学生在课堂上积极举手发言的图片为材料，要求考生从3个层次来写作：其一，描述图片的状况；其二，回忆同期的“你”是怎样表现；其三，就此现象谈一下看法。大多数学生认为“这个题材贴近生活，既有对比，也结合自己实际，所以有话可以写”。当然，要注意时态的运用。如第一段，描述图片情况，要用一般现在时或现在进行时态，人称用第三人称复数；第二段，比较“你”同期的上课状况，用一般过去时，人称用第一人称单数；第三段，简要谈感受，要求一般现在时，人称要求在第三人称复数和第一人称单数之间转换。

下面就结合高三某英语模拟考试中比较优秀的一篇作文进行点评。这是一篇看图作文，图中有一只大手握住一只小手，在一张表格上填写高考志愿，大手代表父母，小手则代表考生。写作要求同学们简述这幅图并阐述个人观点。作文的主题一目了然，这幅图所反映的是目前我们家庭教育中的一个普遍的不正常的现象：父母包办一切，父母决定孩子的前途和命运。孩子能够做的就是无可奈何地服从和顺从。象填报高考志愿这种理应由孩子个人决定的事，当前在许多家庭里仍然是由父母说了算。下面我们就那么这篇作文究竟有哪些地方值得大家学习和借鉴呢？

首先，我们来看文章的开头部分。

It is somewhat painful to realize that we students are on the verge of losing our justifiable right of decision, as is shown in the picture: the trembling hand of a student is overshadowed by the firm hand of his parent, which with a pen is writing down the names of universities and majors the parent himself expects, or rather, compels his child to apply for!

开头部分写得比较好。不仅简单明了，而且别具一格，不落俗套。看图作文和单纯的议论文还是略为有一些区别的。议论文一般是直奔主题，而看图作文则必须先简单说明一下这幅图所表现的主题内容，这样的写作是很有些讲究的。这次考试阅卷时我们发现不少同学在简述这幅图时，不是描述不到位，就是面面俱到，废话过多，却没有能够突出主题。而这篇文章的开头部分通过一个长句子，既点了主题，又亮明了自己的观点。由于作者的语言功底不错，没有出现病句和语法错误。

其次，再来看文章的第二部分。

To compare parents of this sort to imperious monarchs can never be too exaggerating. They allow little freedom of thoughts for their children and are always keen on subjecting their children to their own wills, whether the children like it or not. These parents have carried their self-centeredness to such an unbearable extent in the upbringing of their children that they deserve to be condemned. Only by creating a both physically and mentally independent environment for children can parents expect them to grow healthily and soundly. Parents should respect the inner thoughts of their children and leave the job of decision to the children themselves while they stand aside to offer their help readily if necessary.

第二段的论述写得比较有层次，先是表达了自己对这种凡事都一味由家长决定的现象的强烈不满，接着就恰如其分地提出了建设性的意见，认为父母应该给孩子营造一种身心宽舒的氛围，他们才能健康茁壮地成长。家长必须尊重孩子自己的意愿，放手让他们自己作出决定，家长只需要在必要的时候给予一些帮助就行了。由于英语作文的篇幅所限，考生一般不可能像中文作文那样，可以比较全面地来表达自己的思想。由于英语不是母语，考生也无法象中文作文那样表达得很有深度。我个人感到余鼎同学的论述部分的两个方面已经基本表现出了主题，而且他的用词造句比较贴切，除了“imperious monarchs”（专横的君主）以外，几乎没有什么生词。所用的句型全部都是中学课本里曾经学过的，比如：compare…to, can never be too…, are always keen on, subjecting …to their own wills, whether …. or not, to such an unbearable extent, Only by…can parents expect…, stand aside等。应该说，该同学在写作时对这些句型把握得比较好，正确地论述了自己对这一现象的立场和观点。

最后，我们来看结尾部分：

I will conclude my writing with an earnest appeal to all parents: Please let your children decide for themselves, for this is the only way that an independent and wholesome character can be sculpted.

结尾部分比较简洁，他向所有的家长们发出了呼吁：放手让孩子们决定自己的事，并强调这样才可以培养和塑造他们健全的性格。不过三言两语，却再次点题，并且首尾呼应。

总体上看，这篇习作有这么几个优点：

一、语言简练，开头和结尾虽然都只有一两句话，但都恰到好处地点明了主题。

二、条理清楚，语句通顺。文章的构思从开头的点题，到中间的论述以及结尾的归纳，层次分明，紧扣主题。

三、整篇文章几乎没有语法错误以及错词、病句，显示出良好的语言功底。

四、比较好地把握了中学课本里所学过的词语和句型，并且在文章中运用得当，使得文章的语句较为流畅。

根据上面的分析，建议在写作时采取这样一些对策：

一、开头部分最好三言两语，只用一两句话，简洁明了，直点主题。

二、在英语写作技巧上应当多下点功夫，力争掌握一些有关议论文、记述文、应用文这三种文体的基本写作手法以及常用的技巧。如果是应用文，必须注意格式的正确。如果是议论文，则应在论述部分必须围绕主题来摆事实，讲道理，层次分明。若是记叙文，时间、地点、人物、事情等一定要表达清楚，主题突出，有条不紊。

三、不全盘拷贝所背诵的范文，但是我以为完全可以引用其中的一些经典名句，借鉴一些有效的写作技巧。所以，平时背诵一些优秀的经典短文还是很有必要的。

四、多做一些类型不一、题材不同、内容广泛的作文，不做偏题怪题，但可以有与众不同的思路，富有个性的想法和观点。有的时候考生独特的、颇有创意的、言之有理的见解可以出其不意地引起阅卷老师的共鸣，取得意想不到的好效果。

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