自主学习5-答案(DOC)

自主学习 5

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please write the corresponding letter for each item in the blank. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.

Reading is an important skill that needs to be developed in children. Not only is it necessary for 1)__ in the world of schools and later on universities, but in adult life as well. The ability to learn about new subjects and find helpful information on anything from health problems and consumer protection to more 2)___ research into science or the arts depends on the ability to read.

the more children read, the better they become at reading. It's as simple as that. The more enjoyable the things they read are, the more they'll 3)__ with them and develop the reading skills that they'll need for full 4)__ to information in their adult lives. Reading should be viewed as a pleasurable activity --- as a source of 5)___ tales and useful and interesting factual information.

The more young children are to read, the greater their interest in mastering reading. Reading out loud 6)___ children to proper grammar and phrasing. It 7)____ the development of their spoken language skills, their ability to express themselves verbally(口头上).

Reading, by way of books, magazines or websites, exposes kids to new vocabulary. Even when they don't understand every new word, they absorb something from the 8)__ that may deepen their understanding of it the next time the word is 9)___. When parents read aloud to children, the children also hear correct pronunciation as they see the words on the page, even if they can't yet read the words 10)___.

A) academic F) context K) exposes

B) access G) enables L)

independently

C) accompany H) encountered M) specific

D) clearly I) enhances N) stick

J) entertaining O) survival

E)

comprehension

1---5 OANBJ 6---10 KIFHL

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.

Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by writing the corresponding letter in the blank.

Google’s Google Problem

Google is killing Google Reader. Use of Google Reader, a tool, by the way, for reading online content via RSS was concentrated among a small group of relatively intense users. As it happens, that small group includes quite a lot of people who write for or as part of their living And so Google Reader has been mourned over, angrily at times, a bit more than the many other Google services that have come and gone.

It isn't that hard to imagine what Google was thinking when it made this decision. It's a big company, but even big companies have finite resources, and devoting those precious resources to something that isn't making money and isn't judged to have much in the way of development potential is not an attractive option. Dropping Reader isn't going to hurt the company's business.

Yet this little contretemps(令人尴尬的事) may suggest bigger trouble ahead for Google and big changes for the internet. One immediate effect is relatively easy to anticipate. John Hempton makes a nice point here: Google is in the process of abandoning its mission. Google's stated mission is to organize all the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. Google no longer cares. It seems what they care about is mass-markets.

Google has asked us to build our lives around it: to use its e-mail system, its search engines, its maps, its calendars, its cloud-based apps and storage services, its video- and photo- hosting services, and on and on and on. Google wants us to use its services in ways that provide it with interesting and valuable information, and eyeballs. If a particular Google experiment isn't cutting it in that category, then Google may feel justified in axing it.

But that makes it increasingly difficult for Google to have success with new services. Why commit to using and coming to rely on something new if it might be pulled away at some future date? This is especially problematic for "social" apps that rely on network effects. Even a bad social service may thrive if it obtains a critical mass. Yanking away services beloved by early adopters almost guarantees that critical masses can't be obtained: not, at any rate, without the provision of an incentive or commitment mechanism to protect the would-be users from the risk of losing a vital service.

There may be bigger implications still, however. As I said, Google has asked us to build our lives around it, and we have responded. This response entails(需要)a powerful self-reinforcement mechanism: Both providers and users of information and other services change their behavior as a result of the availability of a Google product. You can see this on a small scale with Reader. People design their websites and content based on the assumption that others, via an RSS reader, will come across and read that content in a certain way. And readers structure their reading habits, and ultimately their mental models of what information is available and where, based on

the existence of this tool. If you then pull away the product at the heart of that system, you end up causing significant disruption(混乱), assuming there aren't good alternatives available.

The issue becomes a bit more obvious when you think about something like search. Many of us now operate under the assumption that if we want to find something we will be able to do so quickly and easily via Google search. If I want an idea for a unique gift for someone, I can put in related search terms and feel pretty confident that I'll get back store websites and blogs and Pinterest pages and newspaper stories and pictures all providing possible matches.

If I'm a researcher, I know I can quickly find relevant academic papers, data, newspaper accounts, expert analysis, and who knows what else related to an enormous range of topics. Once we all become comfortable with that state of affairs we quickly begin optimizing(优化) the physical and digital resources around us. And once we all become comfortable with that, we begin rearranging our mental architecture. We stop memorizing key data points and start learning how to ask the right questions. We begin to think differently. We stop keeping a mental model of the physical geography of the world around us, because why bother? We can call up an incredibly detailed and accurate map of the world, complete with satellite and street-level images, whenever we want. The bottom line is that the more we all participate in this world, the more we come to depend on it.

What Google has actually done is create a powerful infrastructure(基础设施). The shape of that infrastructure influences everything that goes online. And it influences the allocation of mental resources of everyone who interacts with the online world. But there isn't much to the real human world that isn't shaped by the mental activity of the people in it! That's a lot of power to put in the hands of a company that now seems interested, mostly, in identifying core mass-market services it can use to maximize its return on investment. Now in the short run, that may mostly be a problem for all of us. To the extent that we become worried about this phenomenon, we may go out and find back-up services or other alternatives. This will be less convenient and more costly, in terms of time and money, but those sufficiently foresighted(预见的) might feel it's a better option than opening up gmail one day to read that the email service, and the 10-year's worth of communication it holds, will soon be gone.

But in the long run that's a problem for Google. Because we tend not to entrust(委托) this sort of critical public infrastructure to the private sector. Network externalities are all fine and good to ignore so long as they mainly apply to the sharing of news and pictures from a weekend trip with college friends. Once they concern large amount of economic output and the cognitive activity of millions of people, it is difficult to keep the government out. Maybe that obstacle will be sufficient to keep Google providing its most heavily used products. But maybe not.

I find myself thinking again of the brave new world of the industrial city, when new patterns of interaction led to enormous changes in economic activity, in culture

and personal behavior, and in the way we think. We upgraded ourselves, in terms of education and social norms, to maximize the return to urban life. I think we, meaning users of the web and the companies that provide its blood and bones, are only beginning to deal with the implications of a world awash(充斥的) in information.

11. Once we become comfortable with optimizing the physical and digital resources around us, we will start rearranging our mental architecture.

12. A bad social service may become successful provided that it gets a critical mass.

13. In the long term, people are not inclined to put critical public infrastructure into the hands of the private sector like Google.

14. Google decided to shut down Google Reader because it was not profitable or promising.

15. Everything on the Internet can be influenced by the powerful infrastructure created by Google.

16. The availability of a Google product changes the behavior of the providers and users of information and other services.

17. According to John Hempton, now Google seems to be more concerned with mass-markets than its stated mission.

18. Nowadays, many of us assume that if we would like to search for something quickly and easily, we can Google it.

19. The big changes in economic activity, culture, individual behavior and thinking method resulted from new patterns of interaction.

20. If a service cannot offer interesting and valuable information and eyeballs, Google will think it right to close it down.

11--15 HEJBI 16---20 FCGKD

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), D). You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter in the blank.

Passage One

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

If you are trying to do your bit for sustainability and save water by taking shorter showers, then a new report on sustainability reveals for the first time that there are more effective ways that our everyday choices can have a positive impact on the environment.

For example, the glass of juice you have for breakfast might have used the same amount of water in its production as the amount you have just saved by cutting your shower from 10 to 5 minutes. The milk on your cereal might have used even more.

Balancing Act, a world first that has been developed for the Australia economy by scientists from CSIRO (澳大利亚联邦科学月工业研究组织) and the University

of Sydney, looks across 135 industry sectors of the Australian economy and quantifies the impacts and contributions across ten social, environmental, and financial indicators.

Report co-author CSIRO scientist, Barney Foran, says that sustainability for Australia is a balancing act as we try to make decisions and trade-offs in the face of often-competing economic, social and environmental attributes.

"We still need to eat and shower—and it is still worth taking shorter showers to save our stressed urban water supplies—but now consumers have a new tool to help us make more informed choices about different types of products based on a new sustainability rating," says Foran.

Different to other studies because of its detailed observation of the full production chain, this report is able to show the full effects--both direct and indirect of the production of an individual commodity or service, cappuccinos( 卡布奇诺咖啡)or haircuts. It highlights sustainability challenges for different industries and points out areas in the production chain where a focused effort would make a significant difference.

All effects are referenced back to a consumption dollar roughly the dollar spent by a consumer in everyday life. It also shows that each consumption dollar is quite different-some dollars are positive and create employment, or suck in imports or generate government revenue. Other consumption dollars are less positive through their high use of water or production of greenhouse gas emissions.

This relatively simple presentation of highly complex issues makes this a powerful tool for people who are interested in sustainability to move beyond decisions based on dollars and cents and enables them to make decisions based on a contribution to society, environment, and economy.

21. The new report on sustainability ________.

A) suggests that saving water by raking shorter showers is ineffective

B) provides more effective daily ways that can protect environment

C) indicates that drinking juice wastes more water than taking long shower

D) reveals that milk uses more water in its production than juice does

22. According to the passage, Balancing Act __________.

A) is developed for 135 industry sectors of the Australian economy

B) is the first environmental protection organization developed by scientists

C) quantifies the environmental impact of ten social and financial indicators

D) helps keep sustainability of Australia's economy, society and environment

23. What benefit does Barney Foran think consumers can get from the new report?

A) It urges people to take shorter showers to save water.

B) It enables people to be wiser in selecting products.

C) It saves the urban water supplies for people to take shower.

D) It informs people of a fresh sustainability rating.

24. According to the passage, what makes the new report special?

A) It observes the full production chain in detail.

B) It informs consumers of a new sustainability rating.

C) It shows the indirect effects of an individual product.

D) It stresses the challenges different industries face.

25. By using “a consumption dollar”, the report authors ________.

A) help people make decisions based on dollars and cents

B) simplify the complex issue of greenhouse gas emissions

C) discuss economy’s contribution to society and environment

D) show different impacts and contributions of our daily consumption

Passage Two

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

Marriage emerged as the most popular institution throughout history primarily because it was an effective arrangement to improve the care and upbringing of children. Marriage is not necessary to have children, but it has been of enormous importance in the rearing of children.

With the sharp declines in birth rates since 1970 in Western and other rich countries, including much larger fractions of adults who do not have any children, both men and women have significantly increased their ages marriage, and sharply raised their tendencies to divorce. In 1950, a typical woman and man married at ages 20.3 and 22.8 respectively, whereas now the typical marital ages are 26.0 and 27.7. These changes in age at marriage are related to reduced demand for many children, increased college education of both men and women but especially of women, much greater labor force participation of married and divorced women, and the narrowing of the gender gap in earnings.

The most important economic and social concerns due to low marriage rates are the effects on roaring of children. These effects are not due to lower marriage rates alone, but rather to the close connection between these low rates and high divorce rates, and to the greater tendency of women to have children without being married, or without living with the fathers of their children.

Although many single mothers do an absolutely wonderful job in raising their children, common sense and most academic findings suggest that having a father present during the raising of children generally has a positive effect on the development of non-cognitive ( 非认知性) traits of children, These include a general respect for authority and reduced rebelliousness in school, and the avoidance of gangs and other criminal activities. It also appears that the absence of fathers has a greater effect, on the non-cognitive traits of sons than daughters, although that is a less well-established finding.

I am not claiming that children are worst oft" when their parents divorce if their parents were fighting a lot, or if they bad abusive (粗暴的) fathers. Rather, it, appears that up to a significant point, children are, better off in intact families even when their families are not ideal.

26. What do we learn from the first paragraph about marriage?

A) It is primarily a necessary step to have children.

B) It meets resistance in Western and other rich countries.

C) It has a tremendous impact on the rearing of children.

D) It is the most important institution throughout history.

27. What may give rise to the changes in marriage age?

A) Sharply rising divorce rate.

B) Greater work participation of men.

C) Increased college education of women.

D) Narrowed gender gap in the labor market.

28. What does the author say about low marriage rates?

A) It lowers divorce rates to some extent.

B) It results in greater tendency of single mothers.

C) It is mainly due to the issue of raising children.

D) It provokes economic and social concerns.

29. Some findings suggest that raising children with a father present can_______.

A) urge children to follow all the rules in school

B) avoid children's engagement in criminal activities

C) promote the development of children's cognitive traits

D) have a greater effect on the non-cognitive traits of daughters

30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the author believes_______.

A) parents' divorce will hinder children's development

B) children are worse off ff they had abusive fathers

C) parents should divorce ff they were fighting frequently

D) an intact family is better for children to a certain degree

Part II Vocabulary and Structure (30 minutes)

Section A

Directions: For each of the following incomplete sentence, there are four words or expressions marked A), B,) C) and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Write the corresponding letter in the blanks.

31. This species of dolphin is widely _throughout the world.

A) distributed(分布)B) spread C) extended D) contributed

题意为：这种海豚在全世界都有广泛分布。

32. John ___in asking Mary to marry him until she finally said, “Yes”.

A) consisted B) insisted C) persisted D) assisted

题意为：约翰坚持/执意要玛丽嫁给他，最后她同意了。

33. On hearing the horrible shriek in the next room, everybody sprang ______his feet.

A) to B) on C) up D) by

词组：spring/ rise/get to one’s feet跳/站了起来

34. Europeans are more ____to drink coffee after the meal and to keep their knife and fork in hand until they finish eating.

A) probably B) possibly C) likely D) necessarily

结构：sb./sth. be likely to do意为“很可能做…”

35. The blow on the head damaged his ________.

A) version(版本，译文) B) vision（视力，幻想）

C) outlook（展望，观点，景色）D) view（视野，意见，风景）

题意为：头上挨得的那一击损坏了他的视力。

36. She _____her mother in character, but not in appearance.

A) seems B) looks alike C) assembles D) resembles

resemble为及物动词=look like （长得像…）

题意为：她性格上很像她妈妈，但长得不像。

37. The price of beer ___from 50 cents to $ 4 per liter during the summer season.

A) altered B) ranged C) separated D) differed

range from…to…范围在…与…变动

题意为：夏季啤酒的价格从每公升50美分到4美元不等。

38. Mary doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she prob ably wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.

A) has to get B) had got C) were to get D) could have got

结构：此题为虚拟语气，if从句中were to do表示与将来的事实相反。

题意为：她不想马上工作因为她认为如果她找到了工作她很可能就不能经常见到她的父母了。

39. Make sure you choose a ______of different books so that you can learn some new vocabulary each times.

A) variation B) variable C) variety D) kind

词组：a variety of意为“各种各样的”

题意为：确保你选择了各种各样的不同的书籍以便每次你都能学到新的词汇。

40. Helen turned the radio down lest she ______the phone ringing.

A) missed B) might miss C) would miss D) should miss

结构：lest引导的状语从句中谓语需用虚拟语气（should+ 动词原形，should 可省略）

题意为：海伦把收音机的声音关小唯恐没有听见电话铃响。

41. He’d stayed honest ---______that one time when he had attempted kidnapping.

A) besides B) except C) except for（除了）D) but for(如果没有)

词语except for与except的区别在于：except前后为同一范畴的名词或代词，except for前常为形容词，表示整体，其后往往表示部分的内容。

题意为：除了那次他试图绑架他女儿外，他一直很诚实。

42. Finding a job in the multinational media corporation has always been ______ his wildest dream.

A) under B) over C) above D) beyond（超出）

题意：在跨国媒体公司找到一份工作一直是他无法想象的事/完全超出了他的最大的梦想。

43. If he _____ in asking such awkward questions, then send him to the boss.

A) persists B) insists C) adheres D) resists

（同32题）

题意：如果他坚持稳这么令人尴尬的问题，就送他到老板那儿去。

44. The earthquake was so bad that the town was _____________disappeared.

A) nothing but（只有）B) all but（几乎）

C) anything but（根本不）D) something but

题意为：这次地震如此厉害那个城镇几乎消失了。

45. To undertake this duty involves（需要）_____on holidays; however, she doesn’t mind it at all.

A) work B) to work C) having to work D) to have to work

involve意为“需要”时，后面加名词或动名词短语作宾语。

题意为：承担这份责任需要在假日也工作，但她毫不介意。

46. She ______that he was not much of a（算不上）pianist.

A) denied（拒绝，否认）B) exclaimed（惊叹，惊叫）

C) commented （评论）D) contributed

题意为：她评论说他根本算不上是个钢琴家。

47. I _______a few words of Turkish (土耳其语) when I was in Istanbul(伊斯坦布尔).

A) took up B) built up C) put up D) picked up（不费力的学会）

题意：当我在伊斯坦布尔时，我学会了几句土耳其语。

48. I hold the opinion _______women need their own space to talk freely.

A) what B) that C) which D) whether

that引导的同位语从句说明opinion的内容

题意：我认为妇女需要有自己自由谈话的空间。

49. _____ to my departure, I had made a reservation at the hotel through Internet.

A) Forward B) Prior C) Earlier D) Ahead

Prior to介词，意为“在…之前”

题意：在出发前，我通过互联网预定了一家旅馆。

50. Wounds that are ________to the air heal more quickly.

A) exposed B) exploded C) supposed D) touched

“be exposed to”意为“暴露在…中，与…接触”，

题意：与空气接触的伤口好起来更快。

51. Ann never dreamed of _______for her to be promoted in this big company very soon.

A) there being a chance B) there be a chance

C) there to be a chance D) being a chance

介词of后带名词/代词/动名词。

题意：安从未梦想过在这家大公司里她会有机会这么快得到晋升。

52. Tony is very disappointed ____the result of the exam.

A) with B) for C) toward D) on

“be disappointed with”意为“对…感到失望”

题意：托尼对考试成绩非常失望。

53. He hoped the firm would ______ him to Paris branch.

A) transform（转换）B) transmit（传播，传输）

C) transfer（调动，调任）D) translate

题意：他希望公司会调他去巴黎分公司。

54. ____man forgets his wife’s birthday, which will have bad effect on the marital life.

A) Many B) A great many C) Many a D) Much a

Many a 修饰名词单数做主语时，后面谓语也用第三人称单数

题意：许多男人忘了他们妻子的生日，这对他们的婚姻生活影响很不好。

55. I don’t know the idiom. I had to ________a dictionary.

A) look out（注意，留神）B) make out （理解，辨认出）

C) refer to（查阅，参考，提及，涉及）D) go over（复习，仔细检查）

题意：我不知道这个习语，我得查一下词典。

56. _____ the wide variety of food habits in the world, a relatively small number of basic plants and animals supply most of the world’s food.

A) While B) Though

C) Despite（prep.意为“虽然”）D) With

题意：虽然全世界有各种各样的饮食习惯，但是相对比较少的基本植物和动物提供世界上大多数的食物。

57. The young man looked with perfect _____at his beautiful wife.

A) contentment（n.满足）B) contented C) contents D) contenting

“with perfect contentment”意为“心满意足地”

题意：这位年轻人心满意足地看着自己漂亮的妻子。

58. These seats are _______for the elderly and women with babies.

A) preserved（保藏，保护免遭腐烂，变质）B) conserved （保护以免受损，变化，遗失）C) reserved“预留，保留”D) deserved（值得，应得）题意：这些位子是留给老年人和抱孩子的妇女的。

59. Many women still feel that they are being ___by a male culture, particularly in the professional services sector.

A) held back（阻止，抑制）B) held on（继续，坚持，不挂断）

C) held forth（给予，滔滔不绝的说）D) held out（伸出，提出，维持）

句意：许多女性仍然感到受到男权文化的抑制，特别在专业服务业领域。

60. We _____ our old furniture when we moved to the new apartment.

A) gave up（放弃）B) gave in （让步，上交）

C) gave away（赠送，分发）D) gave off （发出光等）

题意：我们搬到新公寓时把那些老家具都送人了。

Section B

Directions: Complete the following sentences with the proper form of the words given in brackets.

61. Their loud parties have recently caused a number of _【+可数名词复数complaints 】(complain) from the other people in the building.

题意：他们喧闹的聚会最近已经遭到了同幢楼的其他人的许多投诉。

62. The town has changed beyond 【+名词recognition 】_(recognize) since I was here last time.

题意：这个镇跟我上次来时相比变化大的让人认不出来了。

63. He was 【responsive 】(respond) to the idea of starting a new project.

“be responsive to”= respond to意为“对…做出积极反应，对…反应敏捷”

题意：对他们开始新项目，他反应很积极。

64. They have been very _【responsive 】(respond) to the needs of disabled customers.

题意：他们对于残疾人的需要一直都非常关心。

65. Mike seems【unaware 】(aware) of the trouble he’s c ausing, and he still goes his own way（依然我行我素）.

题意：麦克似乎不知道自己在找麻烦，依然我行我素。

66. Vacations have been【lengthened 】(long) and the work week shortened.

题意：假期被延迟了，工作周被缩短了。（lengthen与shorten为反义词）

67. She made gestures with her hands in order to（后接动词不定式）【emphasize 】(emphasis) what she was saying.

题意：她用双手做了个手势来强调她讲的话的重要性。

68. More careful control of drug【prescriptions 】(prescribe) can cut costs and reduce overdoses of medication.

题意：更加仔细地控制药品处方能够降低成本减少药品过量的发生。

69. I always take fuel consumption into【consideration 】(consider) when buying

a car.（词组take …into consideration意为把…考虑进去）

题意：要买了车时，我总是将耗油量考虑进去。

70. The defense policy had to meet three（后接可数名词复数）【criteria】(criterion) if it was to succeed.

题意：如果国防政策想要成功就必须满足三个标准。

71. When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is 【+形容词customary 】(custom) for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them.

【customary为名词custom的形容词，意为“习惯上，习俗上的，符合习俗的】

题意为：客人在餐桌就座时，习惯上男士帮助女士推椅入座。

72. His father _【threatened 】(threat) to beat the boy if he stole again.

73. The patient is fighting for（介词+名词）【survival】(survive) following the operation.

题意：术后病人为活命而努力奋斗。

74. The old couple no longer had the【inclination】(incline) for foreign travel.

（冠词与介词间应该是名词，词语have the inclination for意为“有…倾向，想做…”）

题意：那对老夫妇不再想去国外旅行。

75. There are many 【edible】(eat) fruits growing wild in the coastal forest. 题意：在海边的森林里，野长着很多可以吃的果子。

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