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2016 英语语言学期末试题练习 +答案

英语语言学练习题

Ⅰ. Matching

Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.

Column A

1.displacement

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f15599396.html,ngue

3.suprasegmental feature

4.deep structure

5.predication analysis

6.idiolect

7.pidgin

8.mistakes 9.interlanguage

10.motivation

11.arbitrariness

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f15599396.html,petence

13.broad transcription

14.morphology

15.category

16.errors

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f15599396.html,ponential analysis

18.context

19.blending

20.culture

21.learning strategies

22.selectional restrictions

23.phrase structure rules

24.culture diffusion

Column B

A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language

nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9

B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n

learning a second language. 21

C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23

D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of

culture B. 24

E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social,

gender, and age variations. 6

F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak

different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7

G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents-

---- arguments and predicates. 5

H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22

I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization

properties. 4

J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3

K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14

L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f15599396.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1

N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10

O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20

P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18

Q.The way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19

R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 15

S. A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17

T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.12

U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11

V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13

W.They reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16

X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8

Ⅱ.Blank-filling.

Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.

1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of the

a____ nature of language. Arbitrary

2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the

description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic

3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and

performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

Competence

4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no o____. This

marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction

5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are

called the a____ of the phoneme. Allophone

6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. They are

said to be in c____ distribution. Complementary

7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,

they are collectively known as i____. Intonation

8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. Minimum

9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammatical

markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional

10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head, specifier,

and c____. Complement

11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link

between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept

12.The sense relation bet ween “animal” and “dog” is called h____.hyponymy

13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.

Polysemy

14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning

the c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context

15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. Sociolect

16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World Health Organization”. Acronym

17.According to Halliday, language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.

The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.

18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part

of culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion

19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second or foreign language is more commonly

learned consciously. Subconsciously

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f15599396.html,nguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition

21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v”, which is a

feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice

22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.

Suprasegmental

23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.

Formation

24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme

25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” is called s____. Synonym

26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,

i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy

27.In daily communication, people do not always observe the four maxims of the co-operative

principle. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature

28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”.

Acronym

29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding

regional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect

30.RP, the short form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncing

standard English. Received

Ⅲ.Multiple choice.

Choose the best answer to the following items.

1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.

A. N. Chomsky

B. F. de Saussure

C. Leonard Bloomfield

D. M. A. K. Halliday

2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of language which links together the sound

pattern and meaning.

A. morphology and syntax

B. phonetics and semantics

C. semantics and syntax

D. morphology and semantics

3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are perceived by

the hearer.

A. auditory phonetics

B. acoustic phonetics

C. articulatory phonetics

4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____

A. god

B. boss

C. cock

D. dog

5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voiceless fricative? ____

A. rose

B. wave

C. cloth

D. massage

6.Which of the following words contains a back, open and unrounded vowel? ____

A. god

B. boot

C. walk

D. task

7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____

A. [h]

B. [k]

C. [g]

D. [?]

8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____

A. bat, bite

B. kill, pill

C. peak, pig,

D. meat, seat

9.Which of the following is an open class words?____

A. email

B. but

C. the

D. they

10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except

____.

A. paints

B. painter

C. painted

D. painting

11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____

A. psychophysics

B. boyfriends

C. forefather

D. undesirability

12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.

A.gradable antonyms

B. relational opposites

C. complementary antonyms

13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____

A. torch & flashlight

B. die & decease

C. amaze & astound

D. luggage & baggage

14.X: John has given up smoking.

Y: John used to smoke.

The sense relation between the above sentences is ____

A. X entails Y

B. X presupposes Y

C. X is synonymous with Y

D. X is inconsistent with Y

15.X: My father has been to London.

Y: My father has been to UK.

The sense relation between the above sentences is ____

A. X entails Y

B. X presupposes Y

C. X is synonymous with Y

D. X is inconsistent with Y

16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle, our language might become

____.

A. impolite

B. incorrect

C. indirect

D. unclear

17.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the fo llowing is an instance of

directives? ____

A.I fire you!

B.Your money or your life!

C.I’m sorry for the mess I have made.

D.I have never seen the man before.

18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. tree

B. crash

C. typewriter

D. bang

19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.

A. blend

B. coined word

C. clipped word

D. acronym

20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____

A. memo

B. motel

C. quake

D. gym

21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____ of communication.

A. subject

B. role

C. situation

D. means

22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning is

simply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.

A.The behaviorist view

B. The innatist view

C. The interactionist view

D. The cognitive theory

23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.

A.Jane told me to give up smoking.

B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.

C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.

D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.

24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.

A.Critical Period Hypothesis

B. Input Hypothesis

C. Language Acquisition Device Hypothesis

D. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?

A.Paul Grice

B. John Searle

C. Krashen

D. Leech

26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?

A. F. de Saussure

B. N. Chomsky

C. G. Leech

D. M. A. K. Halliday

27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children

learn it as their first language, it becomes .

B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creole

C. C. regional dialect... sociolect

D. sociolect ... regional dialect

28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e., how a speaker uses his speech

organs to articulate speech sounds.

A. Auditory phonetics

B. Acoustic phonetics

C. Articulatory phonetics

29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv. Thus, the process of putting

words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristic is called .

A. categorization

B. subcategorization

C. syntactic categories

D. coordination

30.Which of the following words contains a front, close and unrounded vowel? ____

A. bad

B. bed

C. beat

D. but

31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except

____.

A. faster

B. writer

C. lovely

D. conversion

32.Which of the following is an open class words?____

A. email

B. but

C. the

D. they

33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is c alled ____.

A.gradable antonyms

B. relational opposites

C. complementary antonyms

34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____

A. torch & flashlight

B. pretty & handsome

C. amaze & astound

D. luggage & baggage

35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.

Y: My sister is a married woman.

The sense relation between the above sentences is ____

A. X entails Y

B. X presupposes Y

C. X is synonymous with Y

D. X is inconsistent with Y

36.X: John married a blond heiress.

Y: John married a blond.

The sentence relation between X and Y is ____

A. X entails Y

B. X presupposes Y

C. X is synonymous with Y

D. X is contradictory with Y

37.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the following is Not an instance

of directives? ____

A. Open the window!

B. Your money or your life!

C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?

D. I have never seen the man before.

38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.

A. blend

B. coined word

C. clipped word

D. acronym

39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the _____ of communication.

A. subject

B. role

C. situation

D. means

40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is

known as a( n)

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings are

biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.

A. The behaviorist view

B.The innatist view

C.The interactionist view

D.The cognitive theory

42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .

A. glottis

B. vocal cavity

C. pharynx

D. uvula

43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.

A. Critical Period Hypothesis

B.Input Hypothesis

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f15599396.html,nguage Acquisition Device Hypothesis

D.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ____morpheme.

A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational

45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f15599396.html,nguage is

A. instinctive

B. non-instinctive

C. static

D. genetically transmitted

47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.

A. intonation

B. tone

C. pronunciation

D. voice

48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?

A. [z]

B.[w]

C.[e]

D.[v]

49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?

A. [n]

B. [m]

C. [b]

D. [p]

50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?

A. [i:]

B. [u]

C. [e]

D. [i]

51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?

A. Voiceless

B. Voiced

C. Glottal stop

D. Consonant

52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy”

means .

A. + Human

B. + Human + Adult

C. + Human + Adult – Male

D. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent

53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week." obviously violates

the maxim of ______.

A. quality

B. quantity

C. relation

D. manner

54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.

A. gradable opposites

B. relational opposites

C. co-hyponyms

D. synonyms

55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?

A. other / another

B. much / many

C. stalagmite / stalagtite

D. bow / bow

56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.

A. Truth

B. Truth value

C. Truth condition

D. Falsehood

57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case of

A. one-place predication

B. two-place predication

C. three-place predication

D. no-place predication

58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)

A. entailment

B. presupposition

C. anomaly

D. contradiction

59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning

and in the part of speech.

A. Blending

B. Back-formation

C. Clipping

D. Conversion

60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?

A. sound

B. structure

C. meaning

D. application

Ⅳ.True of false judgment.

Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.

1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not any particular language, e.g. English,

Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T

2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium of human

language. F

3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while in

broad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. T

4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. T

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9f15599396.html,plete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence. T

6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most

highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. F

7.The meaning of the word “seal” in the sentence “the seal could not be found” cannot be

determined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T

8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically

programmed for language. T

9.According to co-operative principle, the conversational participants have to strictly observe

the four maxims, so that the conversation can go on successfully. F

10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.

11.A child who enters a foreign language speech community by the age of three or four can learn

the new language without the trace of an accent. T

12.In communication it will never be the case that what is grammatical is not acceptable, and

what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F

13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T

14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, language is absolutely

arbitrary. F

15.V owels may be distinguished as front, central and back according to the manner of articulation.

16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching

and learning. F

17.A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on

the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F

18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T

19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T

20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, only when the language is modified

and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, do they process and internalize the language items. F

21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a language-specific culture and

becomes socialized in certain ways. T

22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used to perform an action, it also has truth

value. F

23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds of

language samples they receive. F

24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has

two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T

25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations

while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. F

Ⅴ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.

1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. What are

they and how are they related to each other? P66

2.According to Halliday, what is register? What are the social variables that determine the

3.What are the main features of human language that essentially make it different from other

animal communication systems? P8-9

4.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle” suggested by Ogden and Richards.P63-64 Ⅵ. Essay question.

1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an

utterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-82

2.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maxims

gives rise to conversational implicature? P85-88

3.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules does

each of the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning? Please illustrate briefly.

1) He ated the cake yesterday.

2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.

3) The table intended to marry the chair.

4) My favorite fruit is red pears.

Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.

1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components. And it

includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.

2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, which is governed by

the grammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;

3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether a

sentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence

3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there is

no red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.

机工英语会话必考朗读篇

机工英语会话必考朗读篇集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）

Passage 1(P10) It was Sunday, and the weather was sunny, I went to the countryside with my friends, There were green fields everywhere. We could see farmers working busily in the fields. Some children were playing under the trees. Suddenly, we saw a group of ducks enjoy themselves in the river. So we can ran over happily, but the ducks were frightened by the noise of us and hurried off. We all laughed. We were having a wonderful time and didn’t go home until very late. What a wonderful day we had! Passage 2(P10) I’m sorry to hear that you are not very well and feel unhappy. Here is my advice about how to keep healthy. A balanced diet can help you to eat a lot of vegetables, fruit and drink milk every day. And you should do more exercise, such as playing ball games, running, swimming and so on. Good food and exercise will be helpful. You also need enough sleep. It’s really important. What’s more, keep yourself happy. Try to smile everyday. I hope you will be better and enjoy your life. Passage 3(P10) I had a pleasant day last month. In the morning, I got up late and then began to do my homework. It took me about two

七下英语期末模拟试题

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