高考英语一轮复习(语法)：名词性从句

高考英语一轮复习（语法）——名词性从句

名词性从句包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连词有：

A.连词：that, whether, if（这三个词都不作从句的成分，同时，that无含义，而whether和if都表“是否”）

B.疑问代词：who, whom, whose, what, which

C.疑问副词：when, where, why, how

（一）主语从句

在复合句中充当主语的从句。

1.that引导主语从句

that引导主语从句时不同于其他的连词，既无词义也不作成分，只起单纯的连接作用，且通常不可以省。为了强调that引导的主语从句而置之于句首时，that不可省。

①That the driver could not control his car was obvious.

②That she was chosen made us very happy.

③That he will come is certain.

④That he would take the risk is true.

⑤That he should have married her isn't surprising.

★通常，that引导主语从句时用it做形式主语，把从句置于句尾，此时that 有时可省。例如：

①It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.

②It made us very happy that she was chosen.

③It is certain that he will come.

④It is true that he would take the risk.

⑤It isn't surprising (that) he should have married her.

★如果以that从句为主语的句子是疑问句，就只能用先行词it结构。例如：

①Is it certain that he will come?

②Is it true that he would take the risk?

▲it做形式主语有以下几种不同的结构：

(1)It + be + 形容词+ that-从句

①It is likely that he will come.

②It is strange that she has ever trusted him.

③It is important that he（should) attend the meeting.

④It is best that he (should) go.

此句型在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时，that从句中的谓语动词也常用（should）+ v原形。

It is strange that no one should have objected to the plan.

(2)It + be +名词+ that-从句

It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish...

It's a pity that he should have massed the train.

(3) It + be + -ed分词 + that从句

It is said that he is a famous writer.

It is reported that there will be a storm this afternoon.

▲在表示建议、要求、命令等意义的被动结构中，that从句中的谓语动词常用（should）do。（参见虚拟语气部分）

It is suggested that the meeting(should）be held this afternoon.

It is demanded that he (should) leave at once.

(4) It + seem/happen/appear等不及物动词+that从句。（look不接that从句，它接to be结构或形容词）

It seems that he is wrong.

It appears that they are in urgent need of help.

He looks (to be) surprised/happy/sad.

2. whether引导主语从句，意为“是否”，只起连接作用，不充当任何成分。(置于句首时必须用whether引导，置于句尾时，间或可用if。)

Whether he will win the game is not clear.

Whether he will come is uncertain.

Whether she comes or not doesn't concern me.

It is not clear whether/if he will come.

It was uncertain whether he would come.

3.连词代词what, who, which, whose等引导的主语从句。

这些连接代词作用相当于代词，在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。What we need is more time.

Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.

Whose book it is not important.

Which school you want to go matters much.

4.连接副词when, where, why, how引导的主语从句。

这些连接副词相当于副词，在从句中充当状语。

Why he did this is not known.

When he will come is still unknown.

It is not known why he did this.

How he succeeded is unknown to us.

Where we should hold the meeting needs to be discussed.

注意 wh-引导的主语从句也常用it作形式主语。

5.也可用whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等词引导主语从句，表示“无论什么”、“无论谁”、“无论何时”、“无论在（到）哪里”等。Whoever told you to give up smoking was quite right.

Whatever he gave you should be handed in.

Whoever told you that was lying.

Whoever comes is welcome.

（二）表语从句

在复合句中充当表语。

1. that在引导表语从句时无含义，不作成分，通常不省。

1)表示事实、真理等的实际内容。

The fact is that he is lying.

The odds are that he will not do it.

2）表示某人的意见、信念等的实际内容。

Our belief is that things will improve.

The trouble is that we are short of money.

2. whether引导表语从句（不可用if)

His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.

The question is whether people will buy it.

3.连接代词引导的表语从句。

This is what I want.

The question is who can be chosen to be manager of the company.

My question is which of them is better.

4.连接副词引导的表语从句。

The problem seemed how we could make him understand it.

The question is where we should go.

5. as if, as though引导的表语从句（常用虚拟语气）

He looks as if he were angry.

It looks as if it's going to rain.

(三)宾语从句

在复合句中充当宾语。

1. that引导宾语从句时无含义，不充当成分，常省略。

★that不引导介词的宾语从句，至于except that, in that, save that, but that 等是复合从属连词。

I know（that）you have met him.

Let's suppose that one day this happens to you.

在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语（指人）。例如：

I told him（that）he was wrong.

在少数动词如：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine,calculate, fancy, reckon, be supposed , seem, appear, feel as if, look as if, look like 等后面的从句中的否定词经常转移到主句谓语动词上,这叫否定前置/否定转移。(hope“希望”, guess“认为”后的宾语从句否定不前置。I hope not.“我希望不是那样的”，是I hope so.的否定式。I don’t hope so.是对hope的否定：“我不希望如此”。)如：

I don't think it will be very cold today.

I don't think you are right.

I don't believe he has finished his work.

注意

①并非必须否定转移。若需要强调从句的否定时就不作转移。

②不可把所有可否定转移动词的否定句都理解为否定宾语从句，要根据句意或语境而定。

I don’t think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise.

我不认为外交是私人可以经营的领域。

We didn’t think we’d be this late.

我们没有料到我们会来得这么晚。

③当think用在疑问句中，或主句中的谓语动词与状语连用，或主句中的谓语动词被do强调时，不能否定转移。

Why do you think we can't change your note?

I do believe Tom never tells a lie.

They still didn’t believe that the food would come.

他们仍然不相信洪水会来临。

I can’t believe that they are married.

我不能相信他们已结婚了。

④否定转移多用在主句动词为一般现在时的情况。

主句动词为一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时，或主句动词与情态动词连用，就不能否定转移。此时若主句动词为否定，应考虑是否是对主句动词的否定。

I had thought that he would not come.

⑤当宾语从句中有no, never, hardly, not at all, not a bit, not...enough, can’t help doing等时不能否定转移。

I think I can't help laughing if I see it.

I believe he never tells a lie.

▲许多带宾语补足语的句子要用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于句尾。

We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.

We thought it a pity that she should have missed the chance.

2. whether, if引导宾语从句：表示“是否”可互换，口语中常用if。

He asked if she would come.

注意下列情况下whether不可用if换：

1)引导主语从句置于句首时。

2)whether后没有单词间隔而直接跟or not时。

I don't know whether or not he will come.

3) whether从句作介词宾语时。

They are talking about whether he will win the game.

Everything depends on whether you agree with us.

4)whether后接不定式时。

I don't know whether to attend the meeting.

5)动词discuss, decide的宾语从句时。

3.连接代词what，who，whose等引导的宾语从句。

Tell me what you want.

Do you know who will come at the meeting?

注意 who,whom按照传统语法，从句中who所取代的名词如果是宾语应用宾格whom,但在口语中常用who,如：

Do you know whom（who）he will invite?

①whose, which, what三个词都带有形容词性质。whose表示所有，意为“谁的”；which意为“哪一个”，what意为“什么”。如：

Whose book it is not important.

Please tell me which school you want to go.

He didn't know what time it was.

②一般说来，which指的是在一个具体的、较明确的、有限的、较小范围；而what 则指较广的或不明确的范围。如：which food，说话人一般指眼前的或明确范围的几种“food”；what food则指许多“food ”，而且说话人心中没有数。

I don't know which / what food you want.

如果范围较大或者没有什么范围，最好用“what food”

4.连接副词when，where，why，how引导的宾语从句。

I don't know when the meeting will be held.

Please tell me where I can find Tom.

He explained to me why he was absent from the meeting.

Can you tell me how I can get to the post office?

5.可用whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever等引导宾语从句。Please write down whatever he is saying.

I don't know whoever will come.

I'll do whatever you ask me to.

6.表示爱憎情感的动词，如：enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, don’t mind, resent, appreciate（感激）等以及某些介词结尾的短语动词如：count on, depend on, rely on, see to, look forward to, be fond of, feel like, see to, 等后，即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。

I like it when she smiles at me.

I love it when you sing.

I hate it if I am spoken to loudly in public.

★★除了but, besides, except, in, save, beyond六个介词后跟that引导的宾语从句外，其他介词都不能。in that是“因为”的意思，其余五个与that 搭配都是“除了…”。

(四)同位语从句

在复合句中充当同位语。

1. that引导同位语从句。

在下列名词后可用that引导同位语从句answer, belief,

doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, news, opinion, plan, suggestion, thought, truth等。

I had no idea that you were here.

The story goes that William killed his wife.

He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health. Suddenly the thought came to me that he would go blind.

注意①同位语从句引导词that无含义，不充当成分，不可省略。②同位语从句与其说明的名词或代词为同一内容,故可以用is把前边的中心词和从句连接成一个句子。

③同位语从句前一般没有逗号。

that引导同位语从句与引导定语从句的区别：that引导同位语从句时只起连接作用，不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，在从句中要作成分，如主语、宾语等。

①He told me the news that our team won.

（that引导同位语从句）

②The news that / which he told me was very exciting.

（that引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语）

2.在no idea, question, problem等后可用wh-疑问词引导同位语从句，if不引导同位语从句。

I have no idea where he has gone.

I have no idea what he said.

3.辨析:引导名词性从句时what与whatever, who与whoever的区别：

what 与whatever：

What you want has been sent here.

( what = the thing(s) that/all that/anything that特指)

Whatever you want makes no difference to me.

(whatever = anything that泛指)

What caused the accident was a broken bottle.（特指）

Whatever caused the accident has not yet been found.（泛指）

who 与whoever ：

Who will go to Beijing on business has not been decided.

(who表疑问，表示“谁”，“哪一个”)。

Whoever breaks the law should be punished.

(whoever = anyone who，表示“无论哪个人”)

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